diff --git a/src/xenia/base/math.h b/src/xenia/base/math.h
index c33e27019..e2d321702 100644
--- a/src/xenia/base/math.h
+++ b/src/xenia/base/math.h
@@ -26,23 +26,28 @@
 namespace xe {
 
 template <typename T, size_t N>
-size_t countof(T (&arr)[N]) {
+constexpr size_t countof(T (&arr)[N]) {
   return std::extent<T[N]>::value;
 }
 
+template <typename T>
+constexpr bool is_pow2(T value) {
+  return (value & (value - 1)) == 0;
+}
+
 // Rounds up the given value to the given alignment.
 template <typename T>
-T align(T value, T alignment) {
+constexpr T align(T value, T alignment) {
   return (value + alignment - 1) & ~(alignment - 1);
 }
 
 // Rounds the given number up to the next highest multiple.
 template <typename T, typename V>
-T round_up(T value, V multiple) {
+constexpr T round_up(T value, V multiple) {
   return value ? (((value + multiple - 1) / multiple) * multiple) : multiple;
 }
 
-inline float saturate(float value) {
+constexpr float saturate(float value) {
   return std::max(std::min(1.0f, value), -1.0f);
 }
 
@@ -62,7 +67,7 @@ T next_pow2(T value) {
 
 #if __cpp_lib_gcd_lcm
 template <typename T>
-inline constexpr T greatest_common_divisor(T a, T b) {
+constexpr T greatest_common_divisor(T a, T b) {
   return std::gcd(a, b);
 }
 #else
@@ -77,14 +82,14 @@ constexpr T greatest_common_divisor(T a, T b) {
 #endif
 
 template <typename T>
-inline constexpr void reduce_fraction(T& numerator, T& denominator) {
+constexpr void reduce_fraction(T& numerator, T& denominator) {
   auto gcd = greatest_common_divisor(numerator, denominator);
   numerator /= gcd;
   denominator /= gcd;
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-inline constexpr void reduce_fraction(std::pair<T, T>& fraction) {
+constexpr void reduce_fraction(std::pair<T, T>& fraction) {
   reduce_fraction<T>(fraction.first, fraction.second);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/d3d12_command_processor.cc b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/d3d12_command_processor.cc
index 23163a609..ec45089a9 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/d3d12_command_processor.cc
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/d3d12_command_processor.cc
@@ -438,9 +438,10 @@ uint64_t D3D12CommandProcessor::RequestViewBindfulDescriptors(
   uint64_t current_heap_index = view_bindful_heap_pool_->Request(
       frame_current_, previous_heap_index, count_for_partial_update,
       count_for_full_update, descriptor_index);
-  if (current_heap_index == ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid) {
+  if (current_heap_index ==
+      ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid) {
     // There was an error.
-    return ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid;
+    return ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid;
   }
   ID3D12DescriptorHeap* heap = view_bindful_heap_pool_->GetLastRequestHeap();
   if (view_bindful_heap_current_ != heap) {
@@ -511,9 +512,9 @@ bool D3D12CommandProcessor::RequestOneUseSingleViewDescriptors(
     D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE cpu_handle_start;
     D3D12_GPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE gpu_handle_start;
     if (RequestViewBindfulDescriptors(
-            ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid, count, count,
+            ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid, count, count,
             cpu_handle_start, gpu_handle_start) ==
-        ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid) {
+        ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid) {
       return false;
     }
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
@@ -609,9 +610,10 @@ uint64_t D3D12CommandProcessor::RequestSamplerBindfulDescriptors(
   uint64_t current_heap_index = sampler_bindful_heap_pool_->Request(
       frame_current_, previous_heap_index, count_for_partial_update,
       count_for_full_update, descriptor_index);
-  if (current_heap_index == ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid) {
+  if (current_heap_index ==
+      ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid) {
     // There was an error.
-    return ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid;
+    return ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid;
   }
   ID3D12DescriptorHeap* heap = sampler_bindful_heap_pool_->GetLastRequestHeap();
   if (sampler_bindful_heap_current_ != heap) {
@@ -890,8 +892,10 @@ bool D3D12CommandProcessor::SetupContext() {
       cvars::d3d12_edram_rov && provider.AreRasterizerOrderedViewsSupported();
 
   // Initialize resource binding.
-  constant_buffer_pool_ =
-      std::make_unique<ui::d3d12::UploadBufferPool>(provider, 1024 * 1024);
+  constant_buffer_pool_ = std::make_unique<ui::d3d12::D3D12UploadBufferPool>(
+      provider,
+      std::max(ui::d3d12::D3D12UploadBufferPool::kDefaultPageSize,
+               sizeof(float) * 4 * D3D12_REQ_CONSTANT_BUFFER_ELEMENT_COUNT));
   if (bindless_resources_used_) {
     D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_DESC view_bindless_heap_desc;
     view_bindless_heap_desc.Type = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_CBV_SRV_UAV;
@@ -927,10 +931,12 @@ bool D3D12CommandProcessor::SetupContext() {
         sampler_bindless_heap_current_->GetGPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart();
     sampler_bindless_heap_allocated_ = 0;
   } else {
-    view_bindful_heap_pool_ = std::make_unique<ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool>(
-        device, D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_CBV_SRV_UAV, kViewBindfulHeapSize);
+    view_bindful_heap_pool_ =
+        std::make_unique<ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool>(
+            device, D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_CBV_SRV_UAV,
+            kViewBindfulHeapSize);
     sampler_bindful_heap_pool_ =
-        std::make_unique<ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool>(
+        std::make_unique<ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool>(
             device, D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_SAMPLER, kSamplerHeapSize);
   }
 
@@ -2506,9 +2512,9 @@ void D3D12CommandProcessor::BeginSubmission(bool is_guest_command) {
       cbuffer_binding_descriptor_indices_pixel_.up_to_date = false;
     } else {
       draw_view_bindful_heap_index_ =
-          ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid;
+          ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid;
       draw_sampler_bindful_heap_index_ =
-          ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid;
+          ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid;
       bindful_textures_written_vertex_ = false;
       bindful_textures_written_pixel_ = false;
       bindful_samplers_written_vertex_ = false;
@@ -3519,13 +3525,6 @@ bool D3D12CommandProcessor::UpdateBindings(
   const Shader::ConstantRegisterMap& float_constant_map_vertex =
       vertex_shader->constant_register_map();
   uint32_t float_constant_count_vertex = float_constant_map_vertex.float_count;
-  // Even if the shader doesn't need any float constants, a valid binding must
-  // still be provided, so if the first draw in the frame with the current root
-  // signature doesn't have float constants at all, still allocate an empty
-  // buffer.
-  uint32_t float_constant_size_vertex = xe::align(
-      uint32_t(std::max(float_constant_count_vertex, 1u) * 4 * sizeof(float)),
-      256u);
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
     if (current_float_constant_map_vertex_[i] !=
         float_constant_map_vertex.float_bitmap[i]) {
@@ -3557,15 +3556,13 @@ bool D3D12CommandProcessor::UpdateBindings(
     std::memset(current_float_constant_map_pixel_, 0,
                 sizeof(current_float_constant_map_pixel_));
   }
-  uint32_t float_constant_size_pixel = xe::align(
-      uint32_t(std::max(float_constant_count_pixel, 1u) * 4 * sizeof(float)),
-      256u);
 
   // Write the constant buffer data.
   if (!cbuffer_binding_system_.up_to_date) {
     uint8_t* system_constants = constant_buffer_pool_->Request(
-        frame_current_, xe::align(uint32_t(sizeof(system_constants_)), 256u),
-        nullptr, nullptr, &cbuffer_binding_system_.address);
+        frame_current_, sizeof(system_constants_),
+        D3D12_CONSTANT_BUFFER_DATA_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT, nullptr, nullptr,
+        &cbuffer_binding_system_.address);
     if (system_constants == nullptr) {
       return false;
     }
@@ -3576,8 +3573,14 @@ bool D3D12CommandProcessor::UpdateBindings(
         ~(1u << root_parameter_system_constants);
   }
   if (!cbuffer_binding_float_vertex_.up_to_date) {
+    // Even if the shader doesn't need any float constants, a valid binding must
+    // still be provided, so if the first draw in the frame with the current
+    // root signature doesn't have float constants at all, still allocate an
+    // empty buffer.
     uint8_t* float_constants = constant_buffer_pool_->Request(
-        frame_current_, float_constant_size_vertex, nullptr, nullptr,
+        frame_current_,
+        sizeof(float) * 4 * std::max(float_constant_count_vertex, uint32_t(1)),
+        D3D12_CONSTANT_BUFFER_DATA_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT, nullptr, nullptr,
         &cbuffer_binding_float_vertex_.address);
     if (float_constants == nullptr) {
       return false;
@@ -3603,7 +3606,9 @@ bool D3D12CommandProcessor::UpdateBindings(
   }
   if (!cbuffer_binding_float_pixel_.up_to_date) {
     uint8_t* float_constants = constant_buffer_pool_->Request(
-        frame_current_, float_constant_size_pixel, nullptr, nullptr,
+        frame_current_,
+        sizeof(float) * 4 * std::max(float_constant_count_pixel, uint32_t(1)),
+        D3D12_CONSTANT_BUFFER_DATA_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT, nullptr, nullptr,
         &cbuffer_binding_float_pixel_.address);
     if (float_constants == nullptr) {
       return false;
@@ -3632,28 +3637,33 @@ bool D3D12CommandProcessor::UpdateBindings(
         ~(1u << root_parameter_float_constants_pixel);
   }
   if (!cbuffer_binding_bool_loop_.up_to_date) {
-    uint8_t* bool_loop_constants =
-        constant_buffer_pool_->Request(frame_current_, 256, nullptr, nullptr,
-                                       &cbuffer_binding_bool_loop_.address);
+    constexpr uint32_t kBoolLoopConstantsSize = (8 + 32) * sizeof(uint32_t);
+    uint8_t* bool_loop_constants = constant_buffer_pool_->Request(
+        frame_current_, kBoolLoopConstantsSize,
+        D3D12_CONSTANT_BUFFER_DATA_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT, nullptr, nullptr,
+        &cbuffer_binding_bool_loop_.address);
     if (bool_loop_constants == nullptr) {
       return false;
     }
     std::memcpy(bool_loop_constants,
                 &regs[XE_GPU_REG_SHADER_CONSTANT_BOOL_000_031].u32,
-                (8 + 32) * sizeof(uint32_t));
+                kBoolLoopConstantsSize);
     cbuffer_binding_bool_loop_.up_to_date = true;
     current_graphics_root_up_to_date_ &=
         ~(1u << root_parameter_bool_loop_constants);
   }
   if (!cbuffer_binding_fetch_.up_to_date) {
+    constexpr uint32_t kFetchConstantsSize = 32 * 6 * sizeof(uint32_t);
     uint8_t* fetch_constants = constant_buffer_pool_->Request(
-        frame_current_, 768, nullptr, nullptr, &cbuffer_binding_fetch_.address);
+        frame_current_, kFetchConstantsSize,
+        D3D12_CONSTANT_BUFFER_DATA_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT, nullptr, nullptr,
+        &cbuffer_binding_fetch_.address);
     if (fetch_constants == nullptr) {
       return false;
     }
     std::memcpy(fetch_constants,
                 &regs[XE_GPU_REG_SHADER_CONSTANT_FETCH_00_0].u32,
-                32 * 6 * sizeof(uint32_t));
+                kFetchConstantsSize);
     cbuffer_binding_fetch_.up_to_date = true;
     current_graphics_root_up_to_date_ &=
         ~(1u << root_parameter_fetch_constants);
@@ -3885,12 +3895,10 @@ bool D3D12CommandProcessor::UpdateBindings(
       uint32_t* descriptor_indices =
           reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(constant_buffer_pool_->Request(
               frame_current_,
-              xe::align(
-                  uint32_t(std::max(texture_count_vertex + sampler_count_vertex,
-                                    uint32_t(1)) *
-                           sizeof(uint32_t)),
-                  uint32_t(256)),
-              nullptr, nullptr,
+              std::max(texture_count_vertex + sampler_count_vertex,
+                       uint32_t(1)) *
+                  sizeof(uint32_t),
+              D3D12_CONSTANT_BUFFER_DATA_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT, nullptr, nullptr,
               &cbuffer_binding_descriptor_indices_vertex_.address));
       if (!descriptor_indices) {
         return false;
@@ -3923,12 +3931,9 @@ bool D3D12CommandProcessor::UpdateBindings(
       uint32_t* descriptor_indices =
           reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(constant_buffer_pool_->Request(
               frame_current_,
-              xe::align(
-                  uint32_t(std::max(texture_count_pixel + sampler_count_pixel,
-                                    uint32_t(1)) *
-                           sizeof(uint32_t)),
-                  uint32_t(256)),
-              nullptr, nullptr,
+              std::max(texture_count_pixel + sampler_count_pixel, uint32_t(1)) *
+                  sizeof(uint32_t),
+              D3D12_CONSTANT_BUFFER_DATA_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT, nullptr, nullptr,
               &cbuffer_binding_descriptor_indices_pixel_.address));
       if (!descriptor_indices) {
         return false;
@@ -4003,7 +4008,8 @@ bool D3D12CommandProcessor::UpdateBindings(
     uint64_t view_heap_index = RequestViewBindfulDescriptors(
         draw_view_bindful_heap_index_, view_count_partial_update,
         view_count_full_update, view_cpu_handle, view_gpu_handle);
-    if (view_heap_index == ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid) {
+    if (view_heap_index ==
+        ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid) {
       XELOGE("Failed to allocate view descriptors");
       return false;
     }
@@ -4018,14 +4024,14 @@ bool D3D12CommandProcessor::UpdateBindings(
     D3D12_GPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE sampler_gpu_handle = {};
     uint32_t descriptor_size_sampler = provider.GetSamplerDescriptorSize();
     uint64_t sampler_heap_index =
-        ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid;
+        ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid;
     if (sampler_count_vertex != 0 || sampler_count_pixel != 0) {
       sampler_heap_index = RequestSamplerBindfulDescriptors(
           draw_sampler_bindful_heap_index_, sampler_count_partial_update,
           sampler_count_vertex + sampler_count_pixel, sampler_cpu_handle,
           sampler_gpu_handle);
       if (sampler_heap_index ==
-          ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid) {
+          ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid) {
         XELOGE("Failed to allocate sampler descriptors");
         return false;
       }
@@ -4055,7 +4061,7 @@ bool D3D12CommandProcessor::UpdateBindings(
           ~(1u << kRootParameter_Bindful_SharedMemoryAndEdram);
     }
     if (sampler_heap_index !=
-            ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid &&
+            ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid &&
         draw_sampler_bindful_heap_index_ != sampler_heap_index) {
       write_samplers_vertex = sampler_count_vertex != 0;
       write_samplers_pixel = sampler_count_pixel != 0;
@@ -4139,7 +4145,7 @@ bool D3D12CommandProcessor::UpdateBindings(
     // Wrote new descriptors on the current page.
     draw_view_bindful_heap_index_ = view_heap_index;
     if (sampler_heap_index !=
-        ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid) {
+        ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid) {
       draw_sampler_bindful_heap_index_ = sampler_heap_index;
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/d3d12_command_processor.h b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/d3d12_command_processor.h
index 4921d0e44..52adcd692 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/d3d12_command_processor.h
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/d3d12_command_processor.h
@@ -30,8 +30,9 @@
 #include "xenia/gpu/xenos.h"
 #include "xenia/kernel/kernel_state.h"
 #include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_context.h"
+#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_descriptor_heap_pool.h"
+#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_upload_buffer_pool.h"
 #include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_util.h"
-#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/pools.h"
 
 DECLARE_int32(internal_tile_height);
 DECLARE_int32(internal_tile_width);
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ class D3D12CommandProcessor : public CommandProcessor {
   ID3D12RootSignature* GetRootSignature(const D3D12Shader* vertex_shader,
                                         const D3D12Shader* pixel_shader);
 
-  ui::d3d12::UploadBufferPool& GetConstantBufferPool() const {
+  ui::d3d12::D3D12UploadBufferPool& GetConstantBufferPool() const {
     return *constant_buffer_pool_;
   }
 
@@ -315,8 +316,8 @@ class D3D12CommandProcessor : public CommandProcessor {
   void ClearCommandAllocatorCache();
 
   // Request descriptors and automatically rebind the descriptor heap on the
-  // draw command list. Refer to DescriptorHeapPool::Request for partial/full
-  // update explanation. Doesn't work when bindless descriptors are used.
+  // draw command list. Refer to D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::Request for partial /
+  // full update explanation. Doesn't work when bindless descriptors are used.
   uint64_t RequestViewBindfulDescriptors(
       uint64_t previous_heap_index, uint32_t count_for_partial_update,
       uint32_t count_for_full_update,
@@ -379,7 +380,7 @@ class D3D12CommandProcessor : public CommandProcessor {
   CommandAllocator* command_allocator_submitted_last_ = nullptr;
   ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* command_list_ = nullptr;
   ID3D12GraphicsCommandList1* command_list_1_ = nullptr;
-  std::unique_ptr<DeferredCommandList> deferred_command_list_ = nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<DeferredCommandList> deferred_command_list_;
 
   // Should bindless textures and samplers be used - many times faster
   // UpdateBindings than bindful (that becomes a significant bottleneck with
@@ -391,13 +392,12 @@ class D3D12CommandProcessor : public CommandProcessor {
   // targets.
   bool edram_rov_used_ = false;
 
-  std::unique_ptr<ui::d3d12::UploadBufferPool> constant_buffer_pool_ = nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<ui::d3d12::D3D12UploadBufferPool> constant_buffer_pool_;
 
   static constexpr uint32_t kViewBindfulHeapSize = 32768;
   static_assert(kViewBindfulHeapSize <=
                 D3D12_MAX_SHADER_VISIBLE_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_SIZE_TIER_1);
-  std::unique_ptr<ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool> view_bindful_heap_pool_ =
-      nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool> view_bindful_heap_pool_;
   // Currently bound descriptor heap - updated by RequestViewBindfulDescriptors.
   ID3D12DescriptorHeap* view_bindful_heap_current_;
   // Rationale: textures have 4 KB alignment in guest memory, and there can be
@@ -427,8 +427,8 @@ class D3D12CommandProcessor : public CommandProcessor {
   // FIXME(Triang3l): Investigate the issue with the sampler 2047 on Nvidia.
   static constexpr uint32_t kSamplerHeapSize = 2000;
   static_assert(kSamplerHeapSize <= D3D12_MAX_SHADER_VISIBLE_SAMPLER_HEAP_SIZE);
-  std::unique_ptr<ui::d3d12::DescriptorHeapPool> sampler_bindful_heap_pool_ =
-      nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<ui::d3d12::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool>
+      sampler_bindful_heap_pool_;
   ID3D12DescriptorHeap* sampler_bindful_heap_current_;
   ID3D12DescriptorHeap* sampler_bindless_heap_current_ = nullptr;
   D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE sampler_bindless_heap_cpu_start_;
@@ -454,15 +454,15 @@ class D3D12CommandProcessor : public CommandProcessor {
   ID3D12RootSignature* root_signature_bindless_vs_ = nullptr;
   ID3D12RootSignature* root_signature_bindless_ds_ = nullptr;
 
-  std::unique_ptr<SharedMemory> shared_memory_ = nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<SharedMemory> shared_memory_;
 
-  std::unique_ptr<PipelineCache> pipeline_cache_ = nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<PipelineCache> pipeline_cache_;
 
-  std::unique_ptr<TextureCache> texture_cache_ = nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<TextureCache> texture_cache_;
 
-  std::unique_ptr<RenderTargetCache> render_target_cache_ = nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<RenderTargetCache> render_target_cache_;
 
-  std::unique_ptr<PrimitiveConverter> primitive_converter_ = nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<PrimitiveConverter> primitive_converter_;
 
   // Mip 0 contains the normal gamma ramp (256 entries), mip 1 contains the PWL
   // ramp (128 entries). DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UNORM 1D.
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/d3d12_graphics_system.cc b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/d3d12_graphics_system.cc
index 835c94c07..e50bbbaac 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/d3d12_graphics_system.cc
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/d3d12_graphics_system.cc
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ X_STATUS D3D12GraphicsSystem::Setup(cpu::Processor* processor,
   stretch_pipeline_desc.VS.BytecodeLength = sizeof(fullscreen_vs);
   stretch_pipeline_desc.PS.pShaderBytecode = stretch_ps;
   stretch_pipeline_desc.PS.BytecodeLength = sizeof(stretch_ps);
+  // The shader will set alpha to 1, don't use output-merger to preserve it.
   stretch_pipeline_desc.BlendState.RenderTarget[0].RenderTargetWriteMask =
       D3D12_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_ALL;
   stretch_pipeline_desc.SampleMask = UINT_MAX;
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/pipeline_cache.h b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/pipeline_cache.h
index 30fd68a4e..cdc6ed5f3 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/pipeline_cache.h
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/pipeline_cache.h
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ class PipelineCache {
   uint32_t resolution_scale_;
 
   // Reusable shader translator.
-  std::unique_ptr<DxbcShaderTranslator> shader_translator_ = nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<DxbcShaderTranslator> shader_translator_;
 
   // Command processor thread DXIL conversion/disassembly interfaces, if DXIL
   // disassembly is enabled.
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ class PipelineCache {
   // Manual-reset event set when the last queued pipeline state object is
   // created and there are no more pipeline state objects to create. This is
   // triggered by the thread creating the last pipeline state object.
-  std::unique_ptr<xe::threading::Event> creation_completion_event_ = nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<xe::threading::Event> creation_completion_event_;
   // Whether setting the event on completion is queued. Protected with
   // creation_request_lock_, notify_one creation_request_cond_ when set.
   bool creation_completion_set_event_ = false;
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/primitive_converter.cc b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/primitive_converter.cc
index ab2138b47..eba3585ba 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/primitive_converter.cc
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/primitive_converter.cc
@@ -52,11 +52,13 @@ bool PrimitiveConverter::Initialize() {
   D3D12_HEAP_FLAGS heap_flag_create_not_zeroed =
       provider.GetHeapFlagCreateNotZeroed();
 
-  // There can be at most 65535 indices in a Xenos draw call, but they can be up
-  // to 4 bytes large, and conversion can add more indices (almost triple the
-  // count for triangle strips, for instance).
-  buffer_pool_ =
-      std::make_unique<ui::d3d12::UploadBufferPool>(provider, 4 * 1024 * 1024);
+  // There can be at most 65535 indices in a Xenos draw call (16 bit index
+  // count), but they can be up to 4 bytes large, and conversion can add more
+  // indices (almost triple the count for triangle strips or fans, for
+  // instance).
+  buffer_pool_ = std::make_unique<ui::d3d12::D3D12UploadBufferPool>(
+      provider, std::max(sizeof(uint32_t) * 3 * 65535,
+                         ui::d3d12::D3D12UploadBufferPool::kDefaultPageSize));
 
   // Create the static index buffer for non-indexed drawing.
   D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC static_ib_desc;
@@ -697,8 +699,8 @@ void* PrimitiveConverter::AllocateIndices(
   }
   D3D12_GPU_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS gpu_address;
   uint8_t* mapping =
-      buffer_pool_->Request(command_processor_.GetCurrentFrame(), size, nullptr,
-                            nullptr, &gpu_address);
+      buffer_pool_->Request(command_processor_.GetCurrentFrame(), size, 16,
+                            nullptr, nullptr, &gpu_address);
   if (mapping == nullptr) {
     XELOGE("Failed to allocate space for {} converted {}-bit vertex indices",
            count, format == xenos::IndexFormat::kInt32 ? 32 : 16);
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/primitive_converter.h b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/primitive_converter.h
index 8da664ed2..4d5c80f2d 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/primitive_converter.h
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/primitive_converter.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include "xenia/gpu/xenos.h"
 #include "xenia/memory.h"
 #include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_context.h"
-#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/pools.h"
+#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_upload_buffer_pool.h"
 
 namespace xe {
 namespace gpu {
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class PrimitiveConverter {
   Memory& memory_;
   TraceWriter& trace_writer_;
 
-  std::unique_ptr<ui::d3d12::UploadBufferPool> buffer_pool_ = nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<ui::d3d12::D3D12UploadBufferPool> buffer_pool_;
 
   // Static index buffers for emulating unsupported primitive types when drawing
   // without an index buffer.
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/render_target_cache.cc b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/render_target_cache.cc
index cfc7f6f47..3cc9d8262 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/render_target_cache.cc
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/render_target_cache.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 #include "xenia/gpu/texture_info.h"
 #include "xenia/gpu/texture_util.h"
 #include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_util.h"
-#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/pools.h"
 
 DEFINE_bool(d3d12_16bit_rtv_full_range, true,
             "Use full -32...32 range for RG16 and RGBA16 render targets "
@@ -1501,13 +1500,13 @@ void RenderTargetCache::RestoreEdramSnapshot(const void* snapshot) {
   auto& provider = command_processor_.GetD3D12Context().GetD3D12Provider();
   if (!edram_snapshot_restore_pool_) {
     edram_snapshot_restore_pool_ =
-        std::make_unique<ui::d3d12::UploadBufferPool>(provider,
-                                                      xenos::kEdramSizeBytes);
+        std::make_unique<ui::d3d12::D3D12UploadBufferPool>(
+            provider, xenos::kEdramSizeBytes);
   }
   ID3D12Resource* upload_buffer;
-  uint32_t upload_buffer_offset;
+  size_t upload_buffer_offset;
   void* upload_buffer_mapping = edram_snapshot_restore_pool_->Request(
-      command_processor_.GetCurrentSubmission(), xenos::kEdramSizeBytes,
+      command_processor_.GetCurrentSubmission(), xenos::kEdramSizeBytes, 1,
       &upload_buffer, &upload_buffer_offset, nullptr);
   if (!upload_buffer_mapping) {
     XELOGE("Failed to get a buffer for restoring a EDRAM snapshot");
@@ -1518,7 +1517,7 @@ void RenderTargetCache::RestoreEdramSnapshot(const void* snapshot) {
   TransitionEdramBuffer(D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_COPY_DEST);
   command_processor_.SubmitBarriers();
   command_list.D3DCopyBufferRegion(edram_buffer_, 0, upload_buffer,
-                                   upload_buffer_offset,
+                                   UINT64(upload_buffer_offset),
                                    xenos::kEdramSizeBytes);
   if (!edram_rov_used_) {
     // Clear and ignore the old 32-bit float depth - the non-ROV path is
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/render_target_cache.h b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/render_target_cache.h
index e343c6991..cf575dcdf 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/render_target_cache.h
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/render_target_cache.h
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include "xenia/gpu/xenos.h"
 #include "xenia/memory.h"
 #include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_api.h"
-#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/pools.h"
+#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_upload_buffer_pool.h"
 
 DECLARE_bool(d3d12_16bit_rtv_full_range);
 
@@ -602,8 +602,8 @@ class RenderTargetCache {
 
   // For traces only.
   ID3D12Resource* edram_snapshot_download_buffer_ = nullptr;
-  std::unique_ptr<ui::d3d12::UploadBufferPool> edram_snapshot_restore_pool_ =
-      nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<ui::d3d12::D3D12UploadBufferPool>
+      edram_snapshot_restore_pool_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace d3d12
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_gamma_ps.cso b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_gamma_ps.cso
index 6a1fe6724..229d21858 100644
Binary files a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_gamma_ps.cso and b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_gamma_ps.cso differ
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_gamma_ps.h b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_gamma_ps.h
index c41cf6287..e6fd53b4f 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_gamma_ps.h
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_gamma_ps.h
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 // generated from `xb buildhlsl`
 // source: stretch_gamma.ps.hlsl
 const uint8_t stretch_gamma_ps[] = {
-    0x44, 0x58, 0x42, 0x43, 0x8D, 0x1B, 0xAE, 0x52, 0x96, 0x87, 0x7B, 0x8F,
-    0xCB, 0xD3, 0xBC, 0x4B, 0xCF, 0xAF, 0x66, 0xA9, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x10, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x34, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x44, 0x58, 0x42, 0x43, 0x46, 0xCD, 0x15, 0xA8, 0x4D, 0x5B, 0xFD, 0x07,
+    0x4C, 0x62, 0xA7, 0xD0, 0x61, 0x89, 0x85, 0xA6, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x24, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x34, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x14, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x48, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7C, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x74, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x52, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46, 0xD8, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x88, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x52, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46, 0xD8, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x2C, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x3C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x05, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00,
     0xB0, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x13, 0x13, 0x44, 0x25, 0x3C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ const uint8_t stretch_gamma_ps[] = {
     0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xF4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ const uint8_t stretch_gamma_ps[] = {
     0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x53, 0x56, 0x5F, 0x54, 0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x65, 0x74, 0x00, 0xAB, 0xAB,
-    0x53, 0x48, 0x45, 0x58, 0xF0, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x51, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x7C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6A, 0x08, 0x00, 0x01, 0x59, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07,
+    0x53, 0x48, 0x45, 0x58, 0x04, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x51, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x81, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6A, 0x08, 0x00, 0x01, 0x59, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07,
     0x46, 0x8E, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x5A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x46, 0x6E, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
@@ -67,20 +67,20 @@ const uint8_t stretch_gamma_ps[] = {
     0x55, 0x55, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x62, 0x10, 0x00, 0x03,
     0x32, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x65, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03,
     0xF2, 0x20, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x68, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02,
-    0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x48, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0D, 0xF2, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00,
+    0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x48, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0D, 0x72, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x46, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x46, 0x7E, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x60, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x01, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0A,
-    0x12, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0A, 0x80, 0x30, 0x80,
+    0x82, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0A, 0x80, 0x30, 0x80,
     0x41, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x3F,
-    0x38, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x22, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x38, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x12, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x0A, 0x80, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3F,
     0x32, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x72, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x46, 0x02, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00,
-    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x56, 0x05, 0x10, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x46, 0x02, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xF6, 0x0F, 0x10, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x48, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0D, 0x12, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x0A, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x46, 0x7E, 0x20, 0x00,
     0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x20, 0x00,
@@ -94,19 +94,21 @@ const uint8_t stretch_gamma_ps[] = {
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x46, 0x7E, 0x20, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0xF2, 0x20, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x46, 0x0E, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
-    0x53, 0x54, 0x41, 0x54, 0x94, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x72, 0x20, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x46, 0x02, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05,
+    0x82, 0x20, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x3F, 0x3E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x53, 0x54, 0x41, 0x54,
+    0x94, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
 };
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_gamma_ps.txt b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_gamma_ps.txt
index c4addc470..2a06727e9 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_gamma_ps.txt
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_gamma_ps.txt
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 // Name                                 Type  Format         Dim      ID      HLSL Bind  Count
 // ------------------------------ ---------- ------- ----------- ------- -------------- ------
 // xe_sampler_linear_clamp           sampler      NA          NA      S0             s0      1 
-// xe_texture                        texture  float4          2d      T0             t0      1 
+// xe_texture                        texture  float3          2d      T0             t0      1 
 // xe_gamma_ramp                     texture  float3          1d      T1             t1      1 
 // XeStretchGammaRootConstants       cbuffer      NA          NA     CB0            cb0      1 
 //
@@ -45,13 +45,14 @@ dcl_resource_texture1d (float,float,float,float) T1[1:1], space=0
 dcl_input_ps linear v0.xy
 dcl_output o0.xyzw
 dcl_temps 2
-sample_l r0.xyzw, v0.xyxx, T0[0].xyzw, S0[0], l(0.000000)
-add r1.x, -CB0[0][0].x, l(1.000000)
-mul r1.y, CB0[0][0].x, l(0.500000)
-mad r0.xyz, r0.xyzx, r1.xxxx, r1.yyyy
+sample_l r0.xyz, v0.xyxx, T0[0].xyzw, S0[0], l(0.000000)
+add r0.w, -CB0[0][0].x, l(1.000000)
+mul r1.x, CB0[0][0].x, l(0.500000)
+mad r0.xyz, r0.xyzx, r0.wwww, r1.xxxx
 sample_l r0.x, r0.x, T1[1].xyzw, S0[0], l(0.000000)
 sample_l r0.y, r0.y, T1[1].xyzw, S0[0], l(0.000000)
 sample_l r0.z, r0.z, T1[1].xyzw, S0[0], l(0.000000)
-mov o0.xyzw, r0.xyzw
+mov o0.xyz, r0.xyzx
+mov o0.w, l(1.000000)
 ret 
-// Approximately 9 instruction slots used
+// Approximately 10 instruction slots used
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_ps.cso b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_ps.cso
index 1843dd639..c5a49abfd 100644
Binary files a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_ps.cso and b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_ps.cso differ
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_ps.h b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_ps.h
index 5aa4fdb1e..7f850d127 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_ps.h
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_ps.h
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 // generated from `xb buildhlsl`
 // source: stretch.ps.hlsl
 const uint8_t stretch_ps[] = {
-    0x44, 0x58, 0x42, 0x43, 0x84, 0x8B, 0x62, 0x99, 0x4D, 0x9D, 0x1A, 0x13,
-    0x49, 0x13, 0xF7, 0x6B, 0x9F, 0x69, 0x25, 0x8A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0xB0, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x34, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x44, 0x58, 0x42, 0x43, 0x0B, 0x39, 0x5E, 0x9C, 0x0F, 0x3E, 0xAC, 0xF6,
+    0x9E, 0xB3, 0x11, 0xC0, 0x9B, 0x25, 0x2E, 0x6E, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0xE0, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x34, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x14, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x48, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7C, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x14, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x52, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46, 0xD8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x44, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x52, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46, 0xD8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x3C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x05, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00,
     0xAF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x13, 0x13, 0x44, 0x25, 0x3C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ const uint8_t stretch_ps[] = {
     0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xA4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x65, 0x5F, 0x73,
     0x61, 0x6D, 0x70, 0x6C, 0x65, 0x72, 0x5F, 0x6C, 0x69, 0x6E, 0x65, 0x61,
     0x72, 0x5F, 0x63, 0x6C, 0x61, 0x6D, 0x70, 0x00, 0x78, 0x65, 0x5F, 0x74,
@@ -33,26 +33,30 @@ const uint8_t stretch_ps[] = {
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x53, 0x56, 0x5F, 0x54,
     0x61, 0x72, 0x67, 0x65, 0x74, 0x00, 0xAB, 0xAB, 0x53, 0x48, 0x45, 0x58,
-    0x90, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x51, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x24, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0xC0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x51, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x6A, 0x08, 0x00, 0x01, 0x5A, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x46, 0x6E, 0x30, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x58, 0x18, 0x00, 0x07, 0x46, 0x7E, 0x30, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x55, 0x55, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x62, 0x10, 0x00, 0x03,
     0x32, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x65, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03,
-    0xF2, 0x20, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x48, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0D,
-    0xF2, 0x20, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x46, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00,
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x46, 0x7E, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0xF2, 0x20, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x68, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02,
+    0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x48, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0D, 0x72, 0x00, 0x10, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x46, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x46, 0x7E, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x60, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x01, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05,
+    0x72, 0x20, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x46, 0x02, 0x10, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x82, 0x20, 0x10, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x80, 0x3F,
     0x3E, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x53, 0x54, 0x41, 0x54, 0x94, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_ps.txt b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_ps.txt
index ff7c711a5..8495d8f55 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_ps.txt
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/stretch_ps.txt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 // Name                                 Type  Format         Dim      ID      HLSL Bind  Count
 // ------------------------------ ---------- ------- ----------- ------- -------------- ------
 // xe_sampler_linear_clamp           sampler      NA          NA      S0             s0      1 
-// xe_texture                        texture  float4          2d      T0             t0      1 
+// xe_texture                        texture  float3          2d      T0             t0      1 
 //
 //
 //
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ dcl_sampler S0[0:0], mode_default, space=0
 dcl_resource_texture2d (float,float,float,float) T0[0:0], space=0
 dcl_input_ps linear v0.xy
 dcl_output o0.xyzw
-sample_l o0.xyzw, v0.xyxx, T0[0].xyzw, S0[0], l(0.000000)
+dcl_temps 1
+sample_l r0.xyz, v0.xyxx, T0[0].xyzw, S0[0], l(0.000000)
+mov o0.xyz, r0.xyzx
+mov o0.w, l(1.000000)
 ret 
-// Approximately 2 instruction slots used
+// Approximately 4 instruction slots used
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/stretch.ps.hlsl b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/stretch.ps.hlsl
index 681552587..c7a568434 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/stretch.ps.hlsl
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/stretch.ps.hlsl
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-Texture2D<float4> xe_texture : register(t0);
+Texture2D<float3> xe_texture : register(t0);
 SamplerState xe_sampler_linear_clamp : register(s0);
 
 float4 main(float2 xe_texcoord : TEXCOORD) : SV_Target {
-  return xe_texture.SampleLevel(xe_sampler_linear_clamp, xe_texcoord, 0.0f);
+  // Force alpha to 1 to make sure the surface won't be translucent.
+  return float4(
+      xe_texture.SampleLevel(xe_sampler_linear_clamp, xe_texcoord, 0.0f), 1.0f);
 }
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/stretch_gamma.ps.hlsl b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/stretch_gamma.ps.hlsl
index cfa545aa1..a13e333a8 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/stretch_gamma.ps.hlsl
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shaders/stretch_gamma.ps.hlsl
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Texture2D<float4> xe_texture : register(t0);
+Texture2D<float3> xe_texture : register(t0);
 Texture1D<float3> xe_gamma_ramp : register(t1);
 SamplerState xe_sampler_linear_clamp : register(s0);
 cbuffer XeStretchGammaRootConstants : register(b0) {
@@ -6,14 +6,15 @@ cbuffer XeStretchGammaRootConstants : register(b0) {
 };
 
 float4 main(float2 xe_texcoord : TEXCOORD) : SV_Target {
-  float4 color =
+  float3 color =
       xe_texture.SampleLevel(xe_sampler_linear_clamp, xe_texcoord, 0.0f);
   // The center of the first texel of the LUT contains the value for 0, and the
   // center of the last texel contains the value for 1.
-  color.rgb = color.rgb * (1.0f - xe_gamma_ramp_inv_size) +
-              (0.5 * xe_gamma_ramp_inv_size);
+  color =
+      color * (1.0f - xe_gamma_ramp_inv_size) + (0.5 * xe_gamma_ramp_inv_size);
   color.r = xe_gamma_ramp.SampleLevel(xe_sampler_linear_clamp, color.r, 0.0f).r;
   color.g = xe_gamma_ramp.SampleLevel(xe_sampler_linear_clamp, color.g, 0.0f).g;
   color.b = xe_gamma_ramp.SampleLevel(xe_sampler_linear_clamp, color.b, 0.0f).b;
-  return color;
+  // Force alpha to 1 to make sure the surface won't be translucent.
+  return float4(color, 1.0f);
 }
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shared_memory.cc b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shared_memory.cc
index c24336664..bd57eb981 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shared_memory.cc
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shared_memory.cc
@@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ bool SharedMemory::Initialize() {
   system_page_flags_.clear();
   system_page_flags_.resize((page_count_ + 63) / 64);
 
-  upload_buffer_pool_ = std::make_unique<ui::d3d12::UploadBufferPool>(
-      provider,
-      xe::align(uint32_t(4 * 1024 * 1024), uint32_t(1) << page_size_log2_));
+  upload_buffer_pool_ = std::make_unique<ui::d3d12::D3D12UploadBufferPool>(
+      provider, xe::align(ui::d3d12::D3D12UploadBufferPool::kDefaultPageSize,
+                          size_t(1) << page_size_log2_));
 
   memory_invalidation_callback_handle_ =
       memory_.RegisterPhysicalMemoryInvalidationCallback(
@@ -439,25 +439,26 @@ bool SharedMemory::RequestRange(uint32_t start, uint32_t length) {
                                   upload_range_length << page_size_log2_);
     while (upload_range_length != 0) {
       ID3D12Resource* upload_buffer;
-      uint32_t upload_buffer_offset, upload_buffer_size;
+      size_t upload_buffer_offset, upload_buffer_size;
       uint8_t* upload_buffer_mapping = upload_buffer_pool_->RequestPartial(
           command_processor_.GetCurrentSubmission(),
-          upload_range_length << page_size_log2_, &upload_buffer,
-          &upload_buffer_offset, &upload_buffer_size, nullptr);
+          upload_range_length << page_size_log2_, size_t(1) << page_size_log2_,
+          &upload_buffer, &upload_buffer_offset, &upload_buffer_size, nullptr);
       if (upload_buffer_mapping == nullptr) {
         XELOGE("Shared memory: Failed to get an upload buffer");
         return false;
       }
-      uint32_t upload_buffer_pages = upload_buffer_size >> page_size_log2_;
       MakeRangeValid(upload_range_start << page_size_log2_,
-                     upload_buffer_pages << page_size_log2_, false);
+                     uint32_t(upload_buffer_size), false);
       std::memcpy(
           upload_buffer_mapping,
           memory_.TranslatePhysical(upload_range_start << page_size_log2_),
           upload_buffer_size);
       command_list.D3DCopyBufferRegion(
           buffer_, upload_range_start << page_size_log2_, upload_buffer,
-          upload_buffer_offset, upload_buffer_size);
+          UINT64(upload_buffer_offset), UINT64(upload_buffer_size));
+      uint32_t upload_buffer_pages =
+          uint32_t(upload_buffer_size >> page_size_log2_);
       upload_range_start += upload_buffer_pages;
       upload_range_length -= upload_buffer_pages;
     }
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shared_memory.h b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shared_memory.h
index e1b48d0e6..86a55b2b7 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shared_memory.h
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/shared_memory.h
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include "xenia/gpu/trace_writer.h"
 #include "xenia/memory.h"
 #include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_api.h"
-#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/pools.h"
+#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_upload_buffer_pool.h"
 
 namespace xe {
 namespace gpu {
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ class SharedMemory {
   std::vector<UploadRange> upload_ranges_;
   void GetRangesToUpload(uint32_t request_page_first,
                          uint32_t request_page_last);
-  std::unique_ptr<ui::d3d12::UploadBufferPool> upload_buffer_pool_ = nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<ui::d3d12::D3D12UploadBufferPool> upload_buffer_pool_;
 
   // GPU-written memory downloading for traces.
   // Start page, length in pages.
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/texture_cache.cc b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/texture_cache.cc
index 821a0136f..1c345b1bb 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/texture_cache.cc
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/d3d12/texture_cache.cc
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@
 #include "xenia/gpu/gpu_flags.h"
 #include "xenia/gpu/texture_info.h"
 #include "xenia/gpu/texture_util.h"
+#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_upload_buffer_pool.h"
 #include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_util.h"
-#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/pools.h"
 
 DEFINE_int32(d3d12_resolution_scale, 1,
              "Scale of rendering width and height (currently only 1 and 2 "
@@ -2396,9 +2396,9 @@ bool TextureCache::LoadTextureData(Texture* texture) {
       }
       D3D12_GPU_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS cbuffer_gpu_address;
       uint8_t* cbuffer_mapping = cbuffer_pool.Request(
-          command_processor_.GetCurrentFrame(),
-          xe::align(uint32_t(sizeof(load_constants)), uint32_t(256)), nullptr,
-          nullptr, &cbuffer_gpu_address);
+          command_processor_.GetCurrentFrame(), sizeof(load_constants),
+          D3D12_CONSTANT_BUFFER_DATA_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT, nullptr, nullptr,
+          &cbuffer_gpu_address);
       if (cbuffer_mapping == nullptr) {
         command_processor_.ReleaseScratchGPUBuffer(copy_buffer,
                                                    copy_buffer_state);
diff --git a/src/xenia/gpu/vulkan/texture_cache.cc b/src/xenia/gpu/vulkan/texture_cache.cc
index 39a88ef38..fa6cdcd69 100644
--- a/src/xenia/gpu/vulkan/texture_cache.cc
+++ b/src/xenia/gpu/vulkan/texture_cache.cc
@@ -672,17 +672,10 @@ TextureCache::TextureView* TextureCache::DemandView(Texture* texture,
       swizzle_component_map[(swizzle >> 9) & 0x7],
   };
 
-#define SWIZZLE_VECTOR(r, x)                                        \
-  {                                                                 \
-    assert_true(config.vector_swizzle.x >= 0 &&                     \
-                config.vector_swizzle.x < xe::countof(components)); \
-    view_info.components.r = components[config.vector_swizzle.x];   \
-  }
-  SWIZZLE_VECTOR(r, x);
-  SWIZZLE_VECTOR(g, y);
-  SWIZZLE_VECTOR(b, z);
-  SWIZZLE_VECTOR(a, w);
-#undef SWIZZLE_CHANNEL
+  view_info.components.r = components[config.vector_swizzle.x];
+  view_info.components.g = components[config.vector_swizzle.y];
+  view_info.components.b = components[config.vector_swizzle.z];
+  view_info.components.a = components[config.vector_swizzle.w];
 
   if (texture->format == VK_FORMAT_D16_UNORM_S8_UINT ||
       texture->format == VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT ||
diff --git a/src/xenia/kernel/xboxkrnl/xboxkrnl_usbcam.cc b/src/xenia/kernel/xboxkrnl/xboxkrnl_usbcam.cc
index 8c02e50c6..40c3f1987 100644
--- a/src/xenia/kernel/xboxkrnl/xboxkrnl_usbcam.cc
+++ b/src/xenia/kernel/xboxkrnl/xboxkrnl_usbcam.cc
@@ -17,11 +17,17 @@ namespace xe {
 namespace kernel {
 namespace xboxkrnl {
 
-dword_result_t XUsbcamCreate(unknown_t unk1,  // E
-                             unknown_t unk2,  // 0x4B000
+dword_result_t XUsbcamCreate(dword_t buffer,
+                             dword_t buffer_size,  // 0x4B000 640x480?
                              lpunknown_t unk3_ptr) {
-  // 0 = success.
-  return X_ERROR_DEVICE_NOT_CONNECTED;
+  // This function should return success.
+  // It looks like it only allocates space for usbcam support.
+  // returning error code might cause games to initialize incorrectly.
+  // "Carcassonne" initalization function checks for result from this
+  // function. If value is different than 0 instead of loading
+  // rest of the game it returns from initalization function and tries
+  // to run game normally which causes crash, due to uninitialized data.
+  return X_STATUS_SUCCESS;
 }
 DECLARE_XBOXKRNL_EXPORT1(XUsbcamCreate, kNone, kStub);
 
diff --git a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_context.h b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_context.h
index c9f235b97..8ae3a0b2c 100644
--- a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_context.h
+++ b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_context.h
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class D3D12Context : public GraphicsContext {
   //     kSwapCommandAllocatorCount.
   ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* swap_command_list_ = nullptr;
 
-  std::unique_ptr<D3D12ImmediateDrawer> immediate_drawer_ = nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<D3D12ImmediateDrawer> immediate_drawer_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace d3d12
diff --git a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_descriptor_heap_pool.cc b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_descriptor_heap_pool.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d3dac99d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_descriptor_heap_pool.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+/**
+ ******************************************************************************
+ * Xenia : Xbox 360 Emulator Research Project                                 *
+ ******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright 2020 Ben Vanik. All rights reserved.                             *
+ * Released under the BSD license - see LICENSE in the root for more details. *
+ ******************************************************************************
+ */
+
+#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_descriptor_heap_pool.h"
+
+#include "xenia/base/assert.h"
+#include "xenia/base/logging.h"
+
+namespace xe {
+namespace ui {
+namespace d3d12 {
+
+D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::D3D12DescriptorHeapPool(
+    ID3D12Device* device, D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE type, uint32_t page_size)
+    : device_(device), type_(type), page_size_(page_size) {}
+
+D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::~D3D12DescriptorHeapPool() { ClearCache(); }
+
+void D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::Reclaim(uint64_t completed_submission_index) {
+  while (submitted_first_) {
+    if (submitted_first_->last_submission_index > completed_submission_index) {
+      break;
+    }
+    if (writable_last_) {
+      writable_last_->next = submitted_first_;
+    } else {
+      writable_first_ = submitted_first_;
+    }
+    writable_last_ = submitted_first_;
+    submitted_first_ = submitted_first_->next;
+    writable_last_->next = nullptr;
+  }
+  if (!submitted_first_) {
+    submitted_last_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+void D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::ClearCache() {
+  // Not checking current_page_used_ != 0 because asking for 0 descriptors
+  // returns a valid heap also - but actually the new heap will be different now
+  // and the old one must be unbound since it doesn't exist anymore.
+  ++current_heap_index_;
+  current_page_used_ = 0;
+  while (submitted_first_) {
+    auto next = submitted_first_->next;
+    submitted_first_->heap->Release();
+    delete submitted_first_;
+    submitted_first_ = next;
+  }
+  submitted_last_ = nullptr;
+  while (writable_first_) {
+    auto next = writable_first_->next;
+    writable_first_->heap->Release();
+    delete writable_first_;
+    writable_first_ = next;
+  }
+  writable_last_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+uint64_t D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::Request(uint64_t submission_index,
+                                          uint64_t previous_heap_index,
+                                          uint32_t count_for_partial_update,
+                                          uint32_t count_for_full_update,
+                                          uint32_t& index_out) {
+  assert_true(count_for_partial_update <= count_for_full_update);
+  assert_true(count_for_full_update <= page_size_);
+  if (count_for_partial_update > count_for_full_update ||
+      count_for_full_update > page_size_) {
+    return kHeapIndexInvalid;
+  }
+  assert_true(!current_page_used_ ||
+              submission_index >= writable_first_->last_submission_index);
+  assert_true(!submitted_last_ ||
+              submission_index >= submitted_last_->last_submission_index);
+  // If the last full update happened on the current page, a partial update is
+  // possible.
+  uint32_t count = previous_heap_index == current_heap_index_
+                       ? count_for_partial_update
+                       : count_for_full_update;
+  // Go to the next page if there's not enough free space on the current one,
+  // or because the previous page may be outdated. In this case, a full update
+  // is necessary.
+  if (page_size_ - current_page_used_ < count) {
+    // Close the page that was current.
+    if (submitted_last_) {
+      submitted_last_->next = writable_first_;
+    } else {
+      submitted_first_ = writable_first_;
+    }
+    submitted_last_ = writable_first_;
+    writable_first_ = writable_first_->next;
+    submitted_last_->next = nullptr;
+    if (!writable_first_) {
+      writable_last_ = nullptr;
+    }
+    ++current_heap_index_;
+    current_page_used_ = 0;
+    count = count_for_full_update;
+  }
+  // Create the page if needed (may be the first call for the page).
+  if (!writable_first_) {
+    D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_DESC new_heap_desc;
+    new_heap_desc.Type = type_;
+    new_heap_desc.NumDescriptors = page_size_;
+    new_heap_desc.Flags = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_FLAG_SHADER_VISIBLE;
+    new_heap_desc.NodeMask = 0;
+    ID3D12DescriptorHeap* new_heap;
+    if (FAILED(device_->CreateDescriptorHeap(&new_heap_desc,
+                                             IID_PPV_ARGS(&new_heap)))) {
+      XELOGE("Failed to create a heap for {} shader-visible descriptors",
+             page_size_);
+      return kHeapIndexInvalid;
+    }
+    writable_first_ = new Page;
+    writable_first_->heap = new_heap;
+    writable_first_->cpu_start = new_heap->GetCPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart();
+    writable_first_->gpu_start = new_heap->GetGPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart();
+    writable_first_->last_submission_index = submission_index;
+    writable_first_->next = nullptr;
+    writable_last_ = writable_first_;
+  }
+  writable_first_->last_submission_index = submission_index;
+  index_out = current_page_used_;
+  current_page_used_ += count;
+  return current_heap_index_;
+}
+
+}  // namespace d3d12
+}  // namespace ui
+}  // namespace xe
diff --git a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/pools.h b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_descriptor_heap_pool.h
similarity index 67%
rename from src/xenia/ui/d3d12/pools.h
rename to src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_descriptor_heap_pool.h
index 21606cc42..fbc77aeef 100644
--- a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/pools.h
+++ b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_descriptor_heap_pool.h
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
  ******************************************************************************
  * Xenia : Xbox 360 Emulator Research Project                                 *
  ******************************************************************************
- * Copyright 2018 Ben Vanik. All rights reserved.                             *
+ * Copyright 2020 Ben Vanik. All rights reserved.                             *
  * Released under the BSD license - see LICENSE in the root for more details. *
  ******************************************************************************
  */
 
-#ifndef XENIA_UI_D3D12_POOLS_H_
-#define XENIA_UI_D3D12_POOLS_H_
+#ifndef XENIA_UI_D3D12_D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_POOL_H_
+#define XENIA_UI_D3D12_D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_POOL_H_
 
 #include <cstdint>
 
@@ -21,55 +21,13 @@ namespace d3d12 {
 // Submission index is the fence value or a value derived from it (if reclaiming
 // less often than once per fence value, for instance).
 
-class UploadBufferPool {
- public:
-  UploadBufferPool(D3D12Provider& provider, uint32_t page_size);
-  ~UploadBufferPool();
-
-  void Reclaim(uint64_t completed_submission_index);
-  void ClearCache();
-
-  // Request to write data in a single piece, creating a new page if the current
-  // one doesn't have enough free space.
-  uint8_t* Request(uint64_t submission_index, uint32_t size,
-                   ID3D12Resource** buffer_out, uint32_t* offset_out,
-                   D3D12_GPU_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS* gpu_address_out);
-  // Request to write data in multiple parts, filling the buffer entirely.
-  uint8_t* RequestPartial(uint64_t submission_index, uint32_t size,
-                          ID3D12Resource** buffer_out, uint32_t* offset_out,
-                          uint32_t* size_out,
-                          D3D12_GPU_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS* gpu_address_out);
-
- private:
-  D3D12Provider& provider_;
-  uint32_t page_size_;
-
-  struct Page {
-    ID3D12Resource* buffer;
-    D3D12_GPU_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS gpu_address;
-    void* mapping;
-    uint64_t last_submission_index;
-    Page* next;
-  };
-
-  // A list of buffers with free space, with the first buffer being the one
-  // currently being filled.
-  Page* writable_first_ = nullptr;
-  Page* writable_last_ = nullptr;
-  // A list of full buffers that can be reclaimed when the GPU doesn't use them
-  // anymore.
-  Page* submitted_first_ = nullptr;
-  Page* submitted_last_ = nullptr;
-  uint32_t current_page_used_ = 0;
-};
-
-class DescriptorHeapPool {
+class D3D12DescriptorHeapPool {
  public:
   static constexpr uint64_t kHeapIndexInvalid = UINT64_MAX;
 
-  DescriptorHeapPool(ID3D12Device* device, D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE type,
-                     uint32_t page_size);
-  ~DescriptorHeapPool();
+  D3D12DescriptorHeapPool(ID3D12Device* device, D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE type,
+                          uint32_t page_size);
+  ~D3D12DescriptorHeapPool();
 
   void Reclaim(uint64_t completed_submission_index);
   void ClearCache();
@@ -148,4 +106,4 @@ class DescriptorHeapPool {
 }  // namespace ui
 }  // namespace xe
 
-#endif  // XENIA_UI_D3D12_POOLS_H_
+#endif  // XENIA_UI_D3D12_D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_POOL_H_
diff --git a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_immediate_drawer.cc b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_immediate_drawer.cc
index 3c0ea8a3a..c1bcac5e6 100644
--- a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_immediate_drawer.cc
+++ b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_immediate_drawer.cc
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ bool D3D12ImmediateDrawer::Initialize() {
   }
   {
     auto& root_parameter =
-        root_parameters[size_t(RootParameter::kViewportInvSize)];
+        root_parameters[size_t(RootParameter::kViewportSizeInv)];
     root_parameter.ParameterType = D3D12_ROOT_PARAMETER_TYPE_32BIT_CONSTANTS;
     root_parameter.Constants.ShaderRegister = 0;
     root_parameter.Constants.RegisterSpace = 0;
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ bool D3D12ImmediateDrawer::Initialize() {
     return false;
   }
 
-  // Create the pipelines.
+  // Create the pipeline states.
   D3D12_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_STATE_DESC pipeline_desc = {};
   pipeline_desc.pRootSignature = root_signature_;
   pipeline_desc.VS.pShaderBytecode = immediate_vs;
@@ -192,10 +192,13 @@ bool D3D12ImmediateDrawer::Initialize() {
   pipeline_blend_desc.SrcBlend = D3D12_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA;
   pipeline_blend_desc.DestBlend = D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA;
   pipeline_blend_desc.BlendOp = D3D12_BLEND_OP_ADD;
-  pipeline_blend_desc.SrcBlendAlpha = D3D12_BLEND_SRC_ALPHA;
-  pipeline_blend_desc.DestBlendAlpha = D3D12_BLEND_INV_SRC_ALPHA;
+  // Don't change alpha (always 1).
+  pipeline_blend_desc.SrcBlendAlpha = D3D12_BLEND_ZERO;
+  pipeline_blend_desc.DestBlendAlpha = D3D12_BLEND_ONE;
   pipeline_blend_desc.BlendOpAlpha = D3D12_BLEND_OP_ADD;
-  pipeline_blend_desc.RenderTargetWriteMask = D3D12_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_ALL;
+  pipeline_blend_desc.RenderTargetWriteMask = D3D12_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_RED |
+                                              D3D12_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_GREEN |
+                                              D3D12_COLOR_WRITE_ENABLE_BLUE;
   pipeline_desc.SampleMask = UINT_MAX;
   pipeline_desc.RasterizerState.FillMode = D3D12_FILL_MODE_SOLID;
   pipeline_desc.RasterizerState.CullMode = D3D12_CULL_MODE_NONE;
@@ -287,14 +290,15 @@ bool D3D12ImmediateDrawer::Initialize() {
   device->CreateSampler(&sampler_desc, sampler_handle);
 
   // Create pools for draws.
-  vertex_buffer_pool_ =
-      std::make_unique<UploadBufferPool>(provider, 2 * 1024 * 1024);
-  texture_descriptor_pool_ = std::make_unique<DescriptorHeapPool>(
+  vertex_buffer_pool_ = std::make_unique<D3D12UploadBufferPool>(provider);
+  texture_descriptor_pool_ = std::make_unique<D3D12DescriptorHeapPool>(
       device, D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE_CBV_SRV_UAV, 2048);
-  texture_descriptor_pool_heap_index_ = DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid;
+  texture_descriptor_pool_heap_index_ =
+      D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid;
 
   // Reset the current state.
   current_command_list_ = nullptr;
+  batch_open_ = false;
 
   return true;
 }
@@ -415,6 +419,9 @@ void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::UpdateTexture(ImmediateTexture* texture,
 
 void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::Begin(int render_target_width,
                                  int render_target_height) {
+  assert_null(current_command_list_);
+  assert_false(batch_open_);
+
   auto device = context_.GetD3D12Provider().GetDevice();
 
   // Use the compositing command list.
@@ -466,7 +473,8 @@ void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::Begin(int render_target_width,
 
   vertex_buffer_pool_->Reclaim(completed_fence_value);
   texture_descriptor_pool_->Reclaim(completed_fence_value);
-  texture_descriptor_pool_heap_index_ = DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid;
+  texture_descriptor_pool_heap_index_ =
+      D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid;
 
   current_render_target_width_ = render_target_width;
   current_render_target_height_ = render_target_height;
@@ -478,13 +486,17 @@ void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::Begin(int render_target_width,
   viewport.MinDepth = 0.0f;
   viewport.MaxDepth = 1.0f;
   current_command_list_->RSSetViewports(1, &viewport);
+  current_scissor_.left = 0;
+  current_scissor_.top = 0;
+  current_scissor_.right = 0;
+  current_scissor_.bottom = 0;
 
   current_command_list_->SetGraphicsRootSignature(root_signature_);
   float viewport_inv_size[2];
   viewport_inv_size[0] = 1.0f / viewport.Width;
   viewport_inv_size[1] = 1.0f / viewport.Height;
   current_command_list_->SetGraphicsRoot32BitConstants(
-      UINT(RootParameter::kViewportInvSize), 2, viewport_inv_size, 0);
+      UINT(RootParameter::kViewportSizeInv), 2, viewport_inv_size, 0);
 
   current_primitive_topology_ = D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_UNDEFINED;
   current_texture_ = nullptr;
@@ -492,22 +504,19 @@ void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::Begin(int render_target_width,
 }
 
 void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::BeginDrawBatch(const ImmediateDrawBatch& batch) {
+  assert_false(batch_open_);
   assert_not_null(current_command_list_);
-  if (current_command_list_ == nullptr) {
-    return;
-  }
-  uint64_t current_fence_value = context_.GetSwapCurrentFenceValue();
 
-  batch_open_ = false;
+  uint64_t current_fence_value = context_.GetSwapCurrentFenceValue();
 
   // Bind the vertices.
   D3D12_VERTEX_BUFFER_VIEW vertex_buffer_view;
   vertex_buffer_view.StrideInBytes = UINT(sizeof(ImmediateVertex));
   vertex_buffer_view.SizeInBytes =
-      batch.vertex_count * uint32_t(sizeof(ImmediateVertex));
+      UINT(sizeof(ImmediateVertex)) * batch.vertex_count;
   void* vertex_buffer_mapping = vertex_buffer_pool_->Request(
-      current_fence_value, vertex_buffer_view.SizeInBytes, nullptr, nullptr,
-      &vertex_buffer_view.BufferLocation);
+      current_fence_value, vertex_buffer_view.SizeInBytes, sizeof(float),
+      nullptr, nullptr, &vertex_buffer_view.BufferLocation);
   if (vertex_buffer_mapping == nullptr) {
     XELOGE("Failed to get a buffer for {} vertices in the immediate drawer",
            batch.vertex_count);
@@ -521,11 +530,10 @@ void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::BeginDrawBatch(const ImmediateDrawBatch& batch) {
   batch_has_index_buffer_ = batch.indices != nullptr;
   if (batch_has_index_buffer_) {
     D3D12_INDEX_BUFFER_VIEW index_buffer_view;
-    index_buffer_view.SizeInBytes = batch.index_count * sizeof(uint16_t);
+    index_buffer_view.SizeInBytes = UINT(sizeof(uint16_t)) * batch.index_count;
     index_buffer_view.Format = DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT;
     void* index_buffer_mapping = vertex_buffer_pool_->Request(
-        current_fence_value,
-        xe::align(index_buffer_view.SizeInBytes, UINT(sizeof(uint32_t))),
+        current_fence_value, index_buffer_view.SizeInBytes, sizeof(uint16_t),
         nullptr, nullptr, &index_buffer_view.BufferLocation);
     if (index_buffer_mapping == nullptr) {
       XELOGE("Failed to get a buffer for {} indices in the immediate drawer",
@@ -541,11 +549,6 @@ void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::BeginDrawBatch(const ImmediateDrawBatch& batch) {
 }
 
 void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::Draw(const ImmediateDraw& draw) {
-  assert_not_null(current_command_list_);
-  if (current_command_list_ == nullptr) {
-    return;
-  }
-
   if (!batch_open_) {
     // Could be an error while obtaining the vertex and index buffers.
     return;
@@ -554,6 +557,32 @@ void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::Draw(const ImmediateDraw& draw) {
   auto& provider = context_.GetD3D12Provider();
   auto device = provider.GetDevice();
 
+  // Set the scissor rectangle if enabled.
+  D3D12_RECT scissor;
+  if (draw.scissor) {
+    scissor.left = draw.scissor_rect[0];
+    scissor.top = current_render_target_height_ -
+                  (draw.scissor_rect[1] + draw.scissor_rect[3]);
+    scissor.right = scissor.left + draw.scissor_rect[2];
+    scissor.bottom = scissor.top + draw.scissor_rect[3];
+  } else {
+    scissor.left = 0;
+    scissor.top = 0;
+    scissor.right = current_render_target_width_;
+    scissor.bottom = current_render_target_height_;
+  }
+  if (scissor.right <= scissor.left || scissor.bottom <= scissor.top) {
+    // Nothing is visible (used as the default current_scissor_ value also).
+    return;
+  }
+  if (current_scissor_.left != scissor.left ||
+      current_scissor_.top != scissor.top ||
+      current_scissor_.right != scissor.right ||
+      current_scissor_.bottom != scissor.bottom) {
+    current_scissor_ = scissor;
+    current_command_list_->RSSetScissorRects(1, &scissor);
+  }
+
   // Bind the texture.
   auto texture = reinterpret_cast<D3D12ImmediateTexture*>(draw.texture_handle);
   ID3D12Resource* texture_resource;
@@ -569,7 +598,7 @@ void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::Draw(const ImmediateDraw& draw) {
   uint64_t texture_heap_index = texture_descriptor_pool_->Request(
       context_.GetSwapCurrentFenceValue(), texture_descriptor_pool_heap_index_,
       bind_texture ? 1 : 0, 1, texture_descriptor_index);
-  if (texture_heap_index == DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid) {
+  if (texture_heap_index == D3D12DescriptorHeapPool::kHeapIndexInvalid) {
     return;
   }
   if (texture_descriptor_pool_heap_index_ != texture_heap_index) {
@@ -580,6 +609,7 @@ void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::Draw(const ImmediateDraw& draw) {
     current_command_list_->SetDescriptorHeaps(2, descriptor_heaps);
   }
   if (bind_texture) {
+    current_texture_ = texture;
     D3D12_SHADER_RESOURCE_VIEW_DESC texture_view_desc;
     texture_view_desc.Format = D3D12ImmediateTexture::kFormat;
     texture_view_desc.ViewDimension = D3D12_SRV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
@@ -599,7 +629,6 @@ void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::Draw(const ImmediateDraw& draw) {
         provider.OffsetViewDescriptor(
             texture_descriptor_pool_->GetLastRequestHeapGPUStart(),
             texture_descriptor_index));
-    current_texture_ = texture;
   }
 
   // Bind the sampler.
@@ -616,11 +645,11 @@ void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::Draw(const ImmediateDraw& draw) {
     sampler_index = SamplerIndex::kNearestClamp;
   }
   if (current_sampler_index_ != sampler_index) {
+    current_sampler_index_ = sampler_index;
     current_command_list_->SetGraphicsRootDescriptorTable(
         UINT(RootParameter::kSampler),
         provider.OffsetSamplerDescriptor(sampler_heap_gpu_start_,
                                          uint32_t(sampler_index)));
-    current_sampler_index_ = sampler_index;
   }
 
   // Set whether texture coordinates need to be restricted.
@@ -646,27 +675,11 @@ void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::Draw(const ImmediateDraw& draw) {
       return;
   }
   if (current_primitive_topology_ != primitive_topology) {
+    current_primitive_topology_ = primitive_topology;
     current_command_list_->IASetPrimitiveTopology(primitive_topology);
     current_command_list_->SetPipelineState(pipeline);
-    current_primitive_topology_ = primitive_topology;
   }
 
-  // Set the scissor rectangle if enabled.
-  D3D12_RECT scissor;
-  if (draw.scissor) {
-    scissor.left = draw.scissor_rect[0];
-    scissor.top = current_render_target_height_ -
-                  (draw.scissor_rect[1] + draw.scissor_rect[3]);
-    scissor.right = scissor.left + draw.scissor_rect[2];
-    scissor.bottom = scissor.top + draw.scissor_rect[3];
-  } else {
-    scissor.left = 0;
-    scissor.top = 0;
-    scissor.right = current_render_target_width_;
-    scissor.bottom = current_render_target_height_;
-  }
-  current_command_list_->RSSetScissorRects(1, &scissor);
-
   // Draw.
   if (batch_has_index_buffer_) {
     current_command_list_->DrawIndexedInstanced(
@@ -678,7 +691,10 @@ void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::Draw(const ImmediateDraw& draw) {
 
 void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::EndDrawBatch() { batch_open_ = false; }
 
-void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::End() { current_command_list_ = nullptr; }
+void D3D12ImmediateDrawer::End() {
+  assert_false(batch_open_);
+  current_command_list_ = nullptr;
+}
 
 }  // namespace d3d12
 }  // namespace ui
diff --git a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_immediate_drawer.h b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_immediate_drawer.h
index f2d5df829..53ae81054 100644
--- a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_immediate_drawer.h
+++ b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_immediate_drawer.h
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_api.h"
-#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/pools.h"
+#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_descriptor_heap_pool.h"
+#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_upload_buffer_pool.h"
 #include "xenia/ui/immediate_drawer.h"
 
 namespace xe {
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ class D3D12ImmediateDrawer : public ImmediateDrawer {
     kRestrictTextureSamples,
     kTexture,
     kSampler,
-    kViewportInvSize,
+    kViewportSizeInv,
 
     kCount
   };
@@ -74,8 +75,8 @@ class D3D12ImmediateDrawer : public ImmediateDrawer {
   D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE sampler_heap_cpu_start_;
   D3D12_GPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE sampler_heap_gpu_start_;
 
-  std::unique_ptr<UploadBufferPool> vertex_buffer_pool_ = nullptr;
-  std::unique_ptr<DescriptorHeapPool> texture_descriptor_pool_ = nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<D3D12UploadBufferPool> vertex_buffer_pool_;
+  std::unique_ptr<D3D12DescriptorHeapPool> texture_descriptor_pool_;
   uint64_t texture_descriptor_pool_heap_index_;
 
   struct PendingTextureUpload {
@@ -94,6 +95,7 @@ class D3D12ImmediateDrawer : public ImmediateDrawer {
   int current_render_target_width_, current_render_target_height_;
   bool batch_open_ = false;
   bool batch_has_index_buffer_;
+  D3D12_RECT current_scissor_;
   D3D_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY current_primitive_topology_;
   ImmediateTexture* current_texture_;
   SamplerIndex current_sampler_index_;
diff --git a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_upload_buffer_pool.cc b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_upload_buffer_pool.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4675280dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_upload_buffer_pool.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/**
+ ******************************************************************************
+ * Xenia : Xbox 360 Emulator Research Project                                 *
+ ******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright 2020 Ben Vanik. All rights reserved.                             *
+ * Released under the BSD license - see LICENSE in the root for more details. *
+ ******************************************************************************
+ */
+
+#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_upload_buffer_pool.h"
+
+#include "xenia/base/logging.h"
+#include "xenia/base/math.h"
+#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_util.h"
+
+namespace xe {
+namespace ui {
+namespace d3d12 {
+
+// Align to D3D12_DEFAULT_RESOURCE_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT not to waste any space if
+// it's smaller (the size of the heap backing the buffer will be aligned to
+// D3D12_DEFAULT_RESOURCE_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT anyway).
+D3D12UploadBufferPool::D3D12UploadBufferPool(D3D12Provider& provider,
+                                             size_t page_size)
+    : GraphicsUploadBufferPool(xe::align(
+          page_size, size_t(D3D12_DEFAULT_RESOURCE_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT))),
+      provider_(provider) {}
+
+uint8_t* D3D12UploadBufferPool::Request(
+    uint64_t submission_index, size_t size, size_t alignment,
+    ID3D12Resource** buffer_out, size_t* offset_out,
+    D3D12_GPU_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS* gpu_address_out) {
+  size_t offset;
+  const D3D12Page* page =
+      static_cast<const D3D12Page*>(GraphicsUploadBufferPool::Request(
+          submission_index, size, alignment, offset));
+  if (!page) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  if (buffer_out) {
+    *buffer_out = page->buffer_;
+  }
+  if (offset_out) {
+    *offset_out = offset;
+  }
+  if (gpu_address_out) {
+    *gpu_address_out = page->gpu_address_ + offset;
+  }
+  return reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(page->mapping_) + offset;
+}
+
+uint8_t* D3D12UploadBufferPool::RequestPartial(
+    uint64_t submission_index, size_t size, size_t alignment,
+    ID3D12Resource** buffer_out, size_t* offset_out, size_t* size_out,
+    D3D12_GPU_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS* gpu_address_out) {
+  size_t offset, size_obtained;
+  const D3D12Page* page =
+      static_cast<const D3D12Page*>(GraphicsUploadBufferPool::RequestPartial(
+          submission_index, size, alignment, offset, size_obtained));
+  if (!page) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  if (buffer_out) {
+    *buffer_out = page->buffer_;
+  }
+  if (offset_out) {
+    *offset_out = offset;
+  }
+  if (size_out) {
+    *size_out = size_obtained;
+  }
+  if (gpu_address_out) {
+    *gpu_address_out = page->gpu_address_ + offset;
+  }
+  return reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(page->mapping_) + offset;
+}
+
+GraphicsUploadBufferPool::Page*
+D3D12UploadBufferPool::CreatePageImplementation() {
+  D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC buffer_desc;
+  util::FillBufferResourceDesc(buffer_desc, page_size_,
+                               D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_NONE);
+  ID3D12Resource* buffer;
+  if (FAILED(provider_.GetDevice()->CreateCommittedResource(
+          &util::kHeapPropertiesUpload, provider_.GetHeapFlagCreateNotZeroed(),
+          &buffer_desc, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_GENERIC_READ, nullptr,
+          IID_PPV_ARGS(&buffer)))) {
+    XELOGE("Failed to create a D3D upload buffer with {} bytes", page_size_);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  D3D12_RANGE read_range;
+  read_range.Begin = 0;
+  read_range.End = 0;
+  void* mapping;
+  if (FAILED(buffer->Map(0, &read_range, &mapping))) {
+    XELOGE("Failed to map a D3D upload buffer with {} bytes", page_size_);
+    buffer->Release();
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  D3D12Page* page = new D3D12Page(buffer, mapping);
+  // Owned by the page now.
+  buffer->Release();
+  return page;
+}
+
+D3D12UploadBufferPool::D3D12Page::D3D12Page(ID3D12Resource* buffer,
+                                            void* mapping)
+    : buffer_(buffer), mapping_(mapping) {
+  buffer_->AddRef();
+  gpu_address_ = buffer_->GetGPUVirtualAddress();
+}
+
+D3D12UploadBufferPool::D3D12Page::~D3D12Page() {
+  // Unmapping is done implicitly when the buffer is destroyed.
+  buffer_->Release();
+}
+
+}  // namespace d3d12
+}  // namespace ui
+}  // namespace xe
diff --git a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_upload_buffer_pool.h b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_upload_buffer_pool.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9fc2ce45e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_upload_buffer_pool.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/**
+ ******************************************************************************
+ * Xenia : Xbox 360 Emulator Research Project                                 *
+ ******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright 2020 Ben Vanik. All rights reserved.                             *
+ * Released under the BSD license - see LICENSE in the root for more details. *
+ ******************************************************************************
+ */
+
+#ifndef XENIA_UI_D3D12_D3D12_UPLOAD_BUFFER_POOL_H_
+#define XENIA_UI_D3D12_D3D12_UPLOAD_BUFFER_POOL_H_
+
+#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_provider.h"
+#include "xenia/ui/graphics_upload_buffer_pool.h"
+
+namespace xe {
+namespace ui {
+namespace d3d12 {
+
+class D3D12UploadBufferPool : public GraphicsUploadBufferPool {
+ public:
+  D3D12UploadBufferPool(D3D12Provider& provider,
+                        size_t page_size = kDefaultPageSize);
+
+  uint8_t* Request(uint64_t submission_index, size_t size, size_t alignment,
+                   ID3D12Resource** buffer_out, size_t* offset_out,
+                   D3D12_GPU_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS* gpu_address_out);
+  uint8_t* RequestPartial(uint64_t submission_index, size_t size,
+                          size_t alignment, ID3D12Resource** buffer_out,
+                          size_t* offset_out, size_t* size_out,
+                          D3D12_GPU_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS* gpu_address_out);
+
+ protected:
+  Page* CreatePageImplementation() override;
+
+ private:
+  struct D3D12Page : public Page {
+    // Creates a reference to the buffer. It must not be unmapped until this
+    // D3D12Page is deleted.
+    D3D12Page(ID3D12Resource* buffer, void* mapping);
+    ~D3D12Page() override;
+    ID3D12Resource* buffer_;
+    void* mapping_;
+    D3D12_GPU_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS gpu_address_;
+  };
+
+  D3D12Provider& provider_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace d3d12
+}  // namespace ui
+}  // namespace xe
+
+#endif  // XENIA_UI_D3D12_D3D12_UPLOAD_BUFFER_POOL_H_
diff --git a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/pools.cc b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/pools.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index 7b892caa9..000000000
--- a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/pools.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,285 +0,0 @@
-/**
- ******************************************************************************
- * Xenia : Xbox 360 Emulator Research Project                                 *
- ******************************************************************************
- * Copyright 2018 Ben Vanik. All rights reserved.                             *
- * Released under the BSD license - see LICENSE in the root for more details. *
- ******************************************************************************
- */
-
-#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/pools.h"
-
-#include <algorithm>
-
-#include "xenia/base/assert.h"
-#include "xenia/base/logging.h"
-#include "xenia/ui/d3d12/d3d12_util.h"
-
-namespace xe {
-namespace ui {
-namespace d3d12 {
-
-UploadBufferPool::UploadBufferPool(D3D12Provider& provider, uint32_t page_size)
-    : provider_(provider), page_size_(page_size) {}
-
-UploadBufferPool::~UploadBufferPool() { ClearCache(); }
-
-void UploadBufferPool::Reclaim(uint64_t completed_submission_index) {
-  while (submitted_first_) {
-    if (submitted_first_->last_submission_index > completed_submission_index) {
-      break;
-    }
-    if (writable_last_) {
-      writable_last_->next = submitted_first_;
-    } else {
-      writable_first_ = submitted_first_;
-    }
-    writable_last_ = submitted_first_;
-    submitted_first_ = submitted_first_->next;
-    writable_last_->next = nullptr;
-  }
-  if (!submitted_first_) {
-    submitted_last_ = nullptr;
-  }
-}
-
-void UploadBufferPool::ClearCache() {
-  current_page_used_ = 0;
-  // Deleting anyway, so assuming data not needed anymore.
-  D3D12_RANGE written_range;
-  written_range.Begin = 0;
-  written_range.End = 0;
-  while (submitted_first_) {
-    auto next = submitted_first_->next;
-    submitted_first_->buffer->Unmap(0, &written_range);
-    submitted_first_->buffer->Release();
-    delete submitted_first_;
-    submitted_first_ = next;
-  }
-  submitted_last_ = nullptr;
-  while (writable_first_) {
-    auto next = writable_first_->next;
-    writable_first_->buffer->Unmap(0, &written_range);
-    writable_first_->buffer->Release();
-    delete writable_first_;
-    writable_first_ = next;
-  }
-  writable_last_ = nullptr;
-}
-
-uint8_t* UploadBufferPool::Request(uint64_t submission_index, uint32_t size,
-                                   ID3D12Resource** buffer_out,
-                                   uint32_t* offset_out,
-                                   D3D12_GPU_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS* gpu_address_out) {
-  assert_true(size <= page_size_);
-  if (size > page_size_) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-  assert_true(!current_page_used_ ||
-              submission_index >= writable_first_->last_submission_index);
-  assert_true(!submitted_last_ ||
-              submission_index >= submitted_last_->last_submission_index);
-  if (page_size_ - current_page_used_ < size || !writable_first_) {
-    // Start a new page if can't fit all the bytes or don't have an open page.
-    if (writable_first_) {
-      // Close the page that was current.
-      if (submitted_last_) {
-        submitted_last_->next = writable_first_;
-      } else {
-        submitted_first_ = writable_first_;
-      }
-      submitted_last_ = writable_first_;
-      writable_first_ = writable_first_->next;
-      submitted_last_->next = nullptr;
-      if (!writable_first_) {
-        writable_last_ = nullptr;
-      }
-    }
-    if (!writable_first_) {
-      // Create a new page if none available.
-      D3D12_RESOURCE_DESC new_buffer_desc;
-      util::FillBufferResourceDesc(new_buffer_desc, page_size_,
-                                   D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_NONE);
-      ID3D12Resource* new_buffer;
-      if (FAILED(provider_.GetDevice()->CreateCommittedResource(
-              &util::kHeapPropertiesUpload,
-              provider_.GetHeapFlagCreateNotZeroed(), &new_buffer_desc,
-              D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_GENERIC_READ, nullptr,
-              IID_PPV_ARGS(&new_buffer)))) {
-        XELOGE("Failed to create a D3D upload buffer with {} bytes",
-               page_size_);
-        return nullptr;
-      }
-      D3D12_RANGE read_range;
-      read_range.Begin = 0;
-      read_range.End = 0;
-      void* new_buffer_mapping;
-      if (FAILED(new_buffer->Map(0, &read_range, &new_buffer_mapping))) {
-        XELOGE("Failed to map a D3D upload buffer with {} bytes", page_size_);
-        new_buffer->Release();
-        return nullptr;
-      }
-      writable_first_ = new Page;
-      writable_first_->buffer = new_buffer;
-      writable_first_->gpu_address = new_buffer->GetGPUVirtualAddress();
-      writable_first_->mapping = new_buffer_mapping;
-      writable_first_->last_submission_index = submission_index;
-      writable_first_->next = nullptr;
-      writable_last_ = writable_first_;
-    }
-    current_page_used_ = 0;
-  }
-  writable_first_->last_submission_index = submission_index;
-  if (buffer_out) {
-    *buffer_out = writable_first_->buffer;
-  }
-  if (offset_out) {
-    *offset_out = current_page_used_;
-  }
-  if (gpu_address_out) {
-    *gpu_address_out = writable_first_->gpu_address + current_page_used_;
-  }
-  uint8_t* mapping =
-      reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(writable_first_->mapping) + current_page_used_;
-  current_page_used_ += size;
-  return mapping;
-}
-
-uint8_t* UploadBufferPool::RequestPartial(
-    uint64_t submission_index, uint32_t size, ID3D12Resource** buffer_out,
-    uint32_t* offset_out, uint32_t* size_out,
-    D3D12_GPU_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS* gpu_address_out) {
-  size = std::min(size, page_size_);
-  if (current_page_used_ < page_size_) {
-    size = std::min(size, page_size_ - current_page_used_);
-  }
-  uint8_t* mapping =
-      Request(submission_index, size, buffer_out, offset_out, gpu_address_out);
-  if (!mapping) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-  if (size_out) {
-    *size_out = size;
-  }
-  return mapping;
-}
-
-DescriptorHeapPool::DescriptorHeapPool(ID3D12Device* device,
-                                       D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_TYPE type,
-                                       uint32_t page_size)
-    : device_(device), type_(type), page_size_(page_size) {}
-
-DescriptorHeapPool::~DescriptorHeapPool() { ClearCache(); }
-
-void DescriptorHeapPool::Reclaim(uint64_t completed_submission_index) {
-  while (submitted_first_) {
-    if (submitted_first_->last_submission_index > completed_submission_index) {
-      break;
-    }
-    if (writable_last_) {
-      writable_last_->next = submitted_first_;
-    } else {
-      writable_first_ = submitted_first_;
-    }
-    writable_last_ = submitted_first_;
-    submitted_first_ = submitted_first_->next;
-    writable_last_->next = nullptr;
-  }
-  if (!submitted_first_) {
-    submitted_last_ = nullptr;
-  }
-}
-
-void DescriptorHeapPool::ClearCache() {
-  // Not checking current_page_used_ != 0 because asking for 0 descriptors
-  // returns a valid heap also - but actually the new heap will be different now
-  // and the old one must be unbound since it doesn't exist anymore.
-  ++current_heap_index_;
-  current_page_used_ = 0;
-  while (submitted_first_) {
-    auto next = submitted_first_->next;
-    submitted_first_->heap->Release();
-    delete submitted_first_;
-    submitted_first_ = next;
-  }
-  submitted_last_ = nullptr;
-  while (writable_first_) {
-    auto next = writable_first_->next;
-    writable_first_->heap->Release();
-    delete writable_first_;
-    writable_first_ = next;
-  }
-  writable_last_ = nullptr;
-}
-
-uint64_t DescriptorHeapPool::Request(uint64_t submission_index,
-                                     uint64_t previous_heap_index,
-                                     uint32_t count_for_partial_update,
-                                     uint32_t count_for_full_update,
-                                     uint32_t& index_out) {
-  assert_true(count_for_partial_update <= count_for_full_update);
-  assert_true(count_for_full_update <= page_size_);
-  if (count_for_partial_update > count_for_full_update ||
-      count_for_full_update > page_size_) {
-    return kHeapIndexInvalid;
-  }
-  assert_true(!current_page_used_ ||
-              submission_index >= writable_first_->last_submission_index);
-  assert_true(!submitted_last_ ||
-              submission_index >= submitted_last_->last_submission_index);
-  // If the last full update happened on the current page, a partial update is
-  // possible.
-  uint32_t count = previous_heap_index == current_heap_index_
-                       ? count_for_partial_update
-                       : count_for_full_update;
-  // Go to the next page if there's not enough free space on the current one,
-  // or because the previous page may be outdated. In this case, a full update
-  // is necessary.
-  if (page_size_ - current_page_used_ < count) {
-    // Close the page that was current.
-    if (submitted_last_) {
-      submitted_last_->next = writable_first_;
-    } else {
-      submitted_first_ = writable_first_;
-    }
-    submitted_last_ = writable_first_;
-    writable_first_ = writable_first_->next;
-    submitted_last_->next = nullptr;
-    if (!writable_first_) {
-      writable_last_ = nullptr;
-    }
-    ++current_heap_index_;
-    current_page_used_ = 0;
-    count = count_for_full_update;
-  }
-  // Create the page if needed (may be the first call for the page).
-  if (!writable_first_) {
-    D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_DESC new_heap_desc;
-    new_heap_desc.Type = type_;
-    new_heap_desc.NumDescriptors = page_size_;
-    new_heap_desc.Flags = D3D12_DESCRIPTOR_HEAP_FLAG_SHADER_VISIBLE;
-    new_heap_desc.NodeMask = 0;
-    ID3D12DescriptorHeap* new_heap;
-    if (FAILED(device_->CreateDescriptorHeap(&new_heap_desc,
-                                             IID_PPV_ARGS(&new_heap)))) {
-      XELOGE("Failed to create a heap for {} shader-visible descriptors",
-             page_size_);
-      return kHeapIndexInvalid;
-    }
-    writable_first_ = new Page;
-    writable_first_->heap = new_heap;
-    writable_first_->cpu_start = new_heap->GetCPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart();
-    writable_first_->gpu_start = new_heap->GetGPUDescriptorHandleForHeapStart();
-    writable_first_->last_submission_index = submission_index;
-    writable_first_->next = nullptr;
-    writable_last_ = writable_first_;
-  }
-  writable_first_->last_submission_index = submission_index;
-  index_out = current_page_used_;
-  current_page_used_ += count;
-  return current_heap_index_;
-}
-
-}  // namespace d3d12
-}  // namespace ui
-}  // namespace xe
diff --git a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/immediate_vs.cso b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/immediate_vs.cso
index 81917561c..5a4a854bf 100644
Binary files a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/immediate_vs.cso and b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/immediate_vs.cso differ
diff --git a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/immediate_vs.h b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/immediate_vs.h
index 03a09ce46..074264ab7 100644
--- a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/immediate_vs.h
+++ b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/immediate_vs.h
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 // generated from `xb buildhlsl`
 // source: immediate.vs.hlsl
 const uint8_t immediate_vs[] = {
-    0x44, 0x58, 0x42, 0x43, 0x6A, 0xC1, 0xC3, 0xE8, 0xA7, 0x09, 0x30, 0xF3,
-    0x48, 0x84, 0xA3, 0x3C, 0x7D, 0x90, 0xA1, 0x09, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x44, 0x58, 0x42, 0x43, 0xC3, 0x3E, 0x79, 0xCB, 0x09, 0x65, 0x04, 0xF0,
+    0x71, 0x43, 0x47, 0x45, 0xAC, 0xE1, 0xA9, 0x03, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x34, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x54, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC4, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x34, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x64, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x52, 0x44, 0x45, 0x46, 0x18, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ const uint8_t immediate_vs[] = {
     0x08, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xCC, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x65, 0x5F, 0x76,
-    0x69, 0x65, 0x77, 0x70, 0x6F, 0x72, 0x74, 0x5F, 0x69, 0x6E, 0x76, 0x5F,
-    0x73, 0x69, 0x7A, 0x65, 0x00, 0x66, 0x6C, 0x6F, 0x61, 0x74, 0x32, 0x00,
+    0x69, 0x65, 0x77, 0x70, 0x6F, 0x72, 0x74, 0x5F, 0x73, 0x69, 0x7A, 0x65,
+    0x5F, 0x69, 0x6E, 0x76, 0x00, 0x66, 0x6C, 0x6F, 0x61, 0x74, 0x32, 0x00,
     0x01, 0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
     0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xC5, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
diff --git a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/immediate_vs.txt b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/immediate_vs.txt
index fe5f8134f..fbda7ff07 100644
--- a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/immediate_vs.txt
+++ b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/shaders/dxbc/immediate_vs.txt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 // cbuffer $Globals
 // {
 //
-//   float2 xe_viewport_inv_size;       // Offset:    0 Size:     8
+//   float2 xe_viewport_size_inv;       // Offset:    0 Size:     8
 //
 // }
 //
diff --git a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/shaders/immediate.vs.hlsl b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/shaders/immediate.vs.hlsl
index 7c3e22530..a79da7b1c 100644
--- a/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/shaders/immediate.vs.hlsl
+++ b/src/xenia/ui/d3d12/shaders/immediate.vs.hlsl
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-float2 xe_viewport_inv_size : register(b0);
+float2 xe_viewport_size_inv : register(b0);
 
 struct XeVertexShaderInput {
   float2 position : POSITION;
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ struct XeVertexShaderOutput {
 XeVertexShaderOutput main(XeVertexShaderInput input) {
   XeVertexShaderOutput output;
   output.position = float4(
-      input.position * xe_viewport_inv_size * float2(2.0, -2.0) +
+      input.position * xe_viewport_size_inv * float2(2.0, -2.0) +
       float2(-1.0, 1.0), 0.0, 1.0);
   output.texcoord = input.texcoord;
   output.color = input.color;
diff --git a/src/xenia/ui/graphics_upload_buffer_pool.cc b/src/xenia/ui/graphics_upload_buffer_pool.cc
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a780b0c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/xenia/ui/graphics_upload_buffer_pool.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+/**
+ ******************************************************************************
+ * Xenia : Xbox 360 Emulator Research Project                                 *
+ ******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright 2020 Ben Vanik. All rights reserved.                             *
+ * Released under the BSD license - see LICENSE in the root for more details. *
+ ******************************************************************************
+ */
+
+#include "xenia/ui/graphics_upload_buffer_pool.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#include "xenia/base/assert.h"
+#include "xenia/base/math.h"
+
+namespace xe {
+namespace ui {
+
+GraphicsUploadBufferPool::~GraphicsUploadBufferPool() { ClearCache(); }
+
+void GraphicsUploadBufferPool::Reclaim(uint64_t completed_submission_index) {
+  while (submitted_first_) {
+    if (submitted_first_->last_submission_index_ > completed_submission_index) {
+      break;
+    }
+    if (writable_last_) {
+      writable_last_->next_ = submitted_first_;
+    } else {
+      writable_first_ = submitted_first_;
+    }
+    writable_last_ = submitted_first_;
+    submitted_first_ = submitted_first_->next_;
+    writable_last_->next_ = nullptr;
+  }
+  if (!submitted_first_) {
+    submitted_last_ = nullptr;
+  }
+}
+
+void GraphicsUploadBufferPool::ClearCache() {
+  // Called from the destructor - must not call virtual functions here.
+  current_page_flushed_ = 0;
+  current_page_used_ = 0;
+  while (submitted_first_) {
+    Page* next_ = submitted_first_->next_;
+    delete submitted_first_;
+    submitted_first_ = next_;
+  }
+  submitted_last_ = nullptr;
+  while (writable_first_) {
+    Page* next_ = writable_first_->next_;
+    delete writable_first_;
+    writable_first_ = next_;
+  }
+  writable_last_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+GraphicsUploadBufferPool::Page::~Page() {}
+
+void GraphicsUploadBufferPool::FlushWrites() {
+  if (current_page_flushed_ >= current_page_used_) {
+    return;
+  }
+  assert_not_null(writable_first_);
+  FlushPageWrites(writable_first_, current_page_flushed_,
+                  current_page_used_ - current_page_flushed_);
+  current_page_flushed_ = current_page_used_;
+}
+
+GraphicsUploadBufferPool::Page* GraphicsUploadBufferPool::Request(
+    uint64_t submission_index, size_t size, size_t alignment,
+    size_t& offset_out) {
+  assert_not_zero(alignment);
+  assert_true(xe::is_pow2(alignment));
+  size = xe::align(size, alignment);
+  assert_true(size <= page_size_);
+  if (size > page_size_) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  assert_true(!current_page_used_ ||
+              submission_index >= writable_first_->last_submission_index_);
+  assert_true(!submitted_last_ ||
+              submission_index >= submitted_last_->last_submission_index_);
+  size_t current_page_used_aligned = xe::align(current_page_used_, alignment);
+  if (current_page_used_aligned + size > page_size_ || !writable_first_) {
+    // Start a new page if can't fit all the bytes or don't have an open page.
+    if (writable_first_) {
+      // Close the page that was current.
+      FlushWrites();
+      if (submitted_last_) {
+        submitted_last_->next_ = writable_first_;
+      } else {
+        submitted_first_ = writable_first_;
+      }
+      submitted_last_ = writable_first_;
+      writable_first_ = writable_first_->next_;
+      submitted_last_->next_ = nullptr;
+      if (!writable_first_) {
+        writable_last_ = nullptr;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!writable_first_) {
+      // Create a new page if none available.
+      writable_first_ = CreatePageImplementation();
+      if (!writable_first_) {
+        // Failed to create.
+        return nullptr;
+      }
+      writable_first_->last_submission_index_ = submission_index;
+      writable_first_->next_ = nullptr;
+      writable_last_ = writable_first_;
+      // After CreatePageImplementation (more specifically, the first successful
+      // call), page_size_ may grow - but this doesn't matter here.
+    }
+    current_page_used_ = 0;
+    current_page_used_aligned = 0;
+    current_page_flushed_ = 0;
+  }
+  writable_first_->last_submission_index_ = submission_index;
+  offset_out = current_page_used_aligned;
+  current_page_used_ = current_page_used_aligned + size;
+  return writable_first_;
+}
+
+GraphicsUploadBufferPool::Page* GraphicsUploadBufferPool::RequestPartial(
+    uint64_t submission_index, size_t size, size_t alignment,
+    size_t& offset_out, size_t& size_out) {
+  assert_not_zero(alignment);
+  assert_true(xe::is_pow2(alignment));
+  size = xe::align(size, alignment);
+  size = std::min(size, page_size_);
+  size_t current_page_used_aligned = xe::align(current_page_used_, alignment);
+  if (current_page_used_aligned + alignment <= page_size_) {
+    size = std::min(
+        size, (page_size_ - current_page_used_aligned) & ~(alignment - 1));
+  }
+  Page* page = Request(submission_index, size, alignment, offset_out);
+  if (!page) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  size_out = size;
+  return page;
+}
+
+void GraphicsUploadBufferPool::FlushPageWrites(Page* page, size_t offset,
+                                               size_t size) {}
+
+}  // namespace ui
+}  // namespace xe
diff --git a/src/xenia/ui/graphics_upload_buffer_pool.h b/src/xenia/ui/graphics_upload_buffer_pool.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7f5a714d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/xenia/ui/graphics_upload_buffer_pool.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/**
+ ******************************************************************************
+ * Xenia : Xbox 360 Emulator Research Project                                 *
+ ******************************************************************************
+ * Copyright 2020 Ben Vanik. All rights reserved.                             *
+ * Released under the BSD license - see LICENSE in the root for more details. *
+ ******************************************************************************
+ */
+
+#ifndef XENIA_UI_GRAPHICS_UPLOAD_BUFFER_POOL_H_
+#define XENIA_UI_GRAPHICS_UPLOAD_BUFFER_POOL_H_
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace xe {
+namespace ui {
+
+// Submission index is the fence value or a value derived from it (if reclaiming
+// less often than once per fence value, for instance).
+
+class GraphicsUploadBufferPool {
+ public:
+  // Taken from the Direct3D 12 MiniEngine sample (LinearAllocator
+  // kCpuAllocatorPageSize). Large enough for most cases.
+  static constexpr size_t kDefaultPageSize = 2 * 1024 * 1024;
+
+  virtual ~GraphicsUploadBufferPool();
+
+  void Reclaim(uint64_t completed_submission_index);
+  void ClearCache();
+
+  // Should be called before submitting anything using this pool, unless the
+  // implementation doesn't require explicit flushing.
+  void FlushWrites();
+
+ protected:
+  // Extended by the implementation.
+  struct Page {
+    virtual ~Page();
+    uint64_t last_submission_index_;
+    Page* next_;
+  };
+
+  GraphicsUploadBufferPool(size_t page_size) : page_size_(page_size) {}
+
+  // Request to write data in a single piece, creating a new page if the current
+  // one doesn't have enough free space.
+  Page* Request(uint64_t submission_index, size_t size, size_t alignment,
+                size_t& offset_out);
+  // Request to write data in multiple parts, filling the buffer entirely.
+  Page* RequestPartial(uint64_t submission_index, size_t size, size_t alignment,
+                       size_t& offset_out, size_t& size_out);
+
+  virtual Page* CreatePageImplementation() = 0;
+
+  virtual void FlushPageWrites(Page* page, size_t offset, size_t size);
+
+  // May be increased by the implementation on creation or on first allocation
+  // to avoid wasting space if the real allocation turns out to be bigger than
+  // the specified page size.
+  size_t page_size_;
+
+  // A list of buffers with free space, with the first buffer being the one
+  // currently being filled.
+  Page* writable_first_ = nullptr;
+  Page* writable_last_ = nullptr;
+  // A list of full buffers that can be reclaimed when the GPU doesn't use them
+  // anymore.
+  Page* submitted_first_ = nullptr;
+  Page* submitted_last_ = nullptr;
+
+  size_t current_page_used_ = 0;
+  size_t current_page_flushed_ = 0;
+};
+
+}  // namespace ui
+}  // namespace xe
+
+#endif  // XENIA_UI_GRAPHICS_UPLOAD_BUFFER_POOL_H_