diff --git a/target/arm/cpu.h b/target/arm/cpu.h
index 88e5accda6..bcd65a63ca 100644
--- a/target/arm/cpu.h
+++ b/target/arm/cpu.h
@@ -2555,7 +2555,7 @@ static inline bool arm_is_el2_enabled(CPUARMState *env)
  * "for all purposes other than a direct read or write access of HCR_EL2."
  * Not included here is HCR_RW.
  */
-uint64_t arm_hcr_el2_eff_secstate(CPUARMState *env, bool secure);
+uint64_t arm_hcr_el2_eff_secstate(CPUARMState *env, ARMSecuritySpace space);
 uint64_t arm_hcr_el2_eff(CPUARMState *env);
 uint64_t arm_hcrx_el2_eff(CPUARMState *env);
 
diff --git a/target/arm/helper.c b/target/arm/helper.c
index 50f61e42ca..9862bc73b5 100644
--- a/target/arm/helper.c
+++ b/target/arm/helper.c
@@ -5772,11 +5772,13 @@ static void hcr_writelow(CPUARMState *env, const ARMCPRegInfo *ri,
  * Bits that are not included here:
  * RW       (read from SCR_EL3.RW as needed)
  */
-uint64_t arm_hcr_el2_eff_secstate(CPUARMState *env, bool secure)
+uint64_t arm_hcr_el2_eff_secstate(CPUARMState *env, ARMSecuritySpace space)
 {
     uint64_t ret = env->cp15.hcr_el2;
 
-    if (!arm_is_el2_enabled_secstate(env, secure)) {
+    assert(space != ARMSS_Root);
+
+    if (!arm_is_el2_enabled_secstate(env, arm_space_is_secure(space))) {
         /*
          * "This register has no effect if EL2 is not enabled in the
          * current Security state".  This is ARMv8.4-SecEL2 speak for
@@ -5840,7 +5842,7 @@ uint64_t arm_hcr_el2_eff(CPUARMState *env)
     if (arm_feature(env, ARM_FEATURE_M)) {
         return 0;
     }
-    return arm_hcr_el2_eff_secstate(env, arm_is_secure_below_el3(env));
+    return arm_hcr_el2_eff_secstate(env, arm_security_space_below_el3(env));
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/target/arm/ptw.c b/target/arm/ptw.c
index 63dd8e3cbe..4c60de753d 100644
--- a/target/arm/ptw.c
+++ b/target/arm/ptw.c
@@ -209,9 +209,9 @@ static bool regime_translation_disabled(CPUARMState *env, ARMMMUIdx mmu_idx,
                                         ARMSecuritySpace space)
 {
     uint64_t hcr_el2;
-    bool is_secure = arm_space_is_secure(space);
 
     if (arm_feature(env, ARM_FEATURE_M)) {
+        bool is_secure = arm_space_is_secure(space);
         switch (env->v7m.mpu_ctrl[is_secure] &
                 (R_V7M_MPU_CTRL_ENABLE_MASK | R_V7M_MPU_CTRL_HFNMIENA_MASK)) {
         case R_V7M_MPU_CTRL_ENABLE_MASK:
@@ -230,18 +230,19 @@ static bool regime_translation_disabled(CPUARMState *env, ARMMMUIdx mmu_idx,
         }
     }
 
-    hcr_el2 = arm_hcr_el2_eff_secstate(env, is_secure);
 
     switch (mmu_idx) {
     case ARMMMUIdx_Stage2:
     case ARMMMUIdx_Stage2_S:
         /* HCR.DC means HCR.VM behaves as 1 */
+        hcr_el2 = arm_hcr_el2_eff_secstate(env, space);
         return (hcr_el2 & (HCR_DC | HCR_VM)) == 0;
 
     case ARMMMUIdx_E10_0:
     case ARMMMUIdx_E10_1:
     case ARMMMUIdx_E10_1_PAN:
         /* TGE means that EL0/1 act as if SCTLR_EL1.M is zero */
+        hcr_el2 = arm_hcr_el2_eff_secstate(env, space);
         if (hcr_el2 & HCR_TGE) {
             return true;
         }
@@ -251,6 +252,7 @@ static bool regime_translation_disabled(CPUARMState *env, ARMMMUIdx mmu_idx,
     case ARMMMUIdx_Stage1_E1:
     case ARMMMUIdx_Stage1_E1_PAN:
         /* HCR.DC means SCTLR_EL1.M behaves as 0 */
+        hcr_el2 = arm_hcr_el2_eff_secstate(env, space);
         if (hcr_el2 & HCR_DC) {
             return true;
         }
@@ -530,7 +532,6 @@ static bool fault_s1ns(ARMSecuritySpace space, ARMMMUIdx s2_mmu_idx)
 static bool S1_ptw_translate(CPUARMState *env, S1Translate *ptw,
                              hwaddr addr, ARMMMUFaultInfo *fi)
 {
-    bool is_secure = ptw->in_secure;
     ARMMMUIdx mmu_idx = ptw->in_mmu_idx;
     ARMMMUIdx s2_mmu_idx = ptw->in_ptw_idx;
     uint8_t pte_attrs;
@@ -587,7 +588,7 @@ static bool S1_ptw_translate(CPUARMState *env, S1Translate *ptw,
     }
 
     if (regime_is_stage2(s2_mmu_idx)) {
-        uint64_t hcr = arm_hcr_el2_eff_secstate(env, is_secure);
+        uint64_t hcr = arm_hcr_el2_eff_secstate(env, ptw->in_space);
 
         if ((hcr & HCR_PTW) && S2_attrs_are_device(hcr, pte_attrs)) {
             /*
@@ -3066,7 +3067,6 @@ static bool get_phys_addr_disabled(CPUARMState *env,
                                    ARMMMUFaultInfo *fi)
 {
     ARMMMUIdx mmu_idx = ptw->in_mmu_idx;
-    bool is_secure = arm_space_is_secure(ptw->in_space);
     uint8_t memattr = 0x00;    /* Device nGnRnE */
     uint8_t shareability = 0;  /* non-shareable */
     int r_el;
@@ -3112,7 +3112,7 @@ static bool get_phys_addr_disabled(CPUARMState *env,
 
         /* Fill in cacheattr a-la AArch64.TranslateAddressS1Off. */
         if (r_el == 1) {
-            uint64_t hcr = arm_hcr_el2_eff_secstate(env, is_secure);
+            uint64_t hcr = arm_hcr_el2_eff_secstate(env, ptw->in_space);
             if (hcr & HCR_DC) {
                 if (hcr & HCR_DCT) {
                     memattr = 0xf0;  /* Tagged, Normal, WB, RWA */
@@ -3149,7 +3149,6 @@ static bool get_phys_addr_twostage(CPUARMState *env, S1Translate *ptw,
 {
     hwaddr ipa;
     int s1_prot, s1_lgpgsz;
-    bool is_secure = ptw->in_secure;
     ARMSecuritySpace in_space = ptw->in_space;
     bool ret, ipa_secure;
     ARMCacheAttrs cacheattrs1;
@@ -3212,7 +3211,7 @@ static bool get_phys_addr_twostage(CPUARMState *env, S1Translate *ptw,
     }
 
     /* Combine the S1 and S2 cache attributes. */
-    hcr = arm_hcr_el2_eff_secstate(env, is_secure);
+    hcr = arm_hcr_el2_eff_secstate(env, in_space);
     if (hcr & HCR_DC) {
         /*
          * HCR.DC forces the first stage attributes to