diff --git a/src/debugger/TIADebug.cxx b/src/debugger/TIADebug.cxx
index 6a6dd008d..ede1ec411 100644
--- a/src/debugger/TIADebug.cxx
+++ b/src/debugger/TIADebug.cxx
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ const DebuggerState& TIADebug::getState()
   myState.coluRegs.push_back(coluBK());
 
   // Debug Colors
-  int mode = myTIA.myFrameManager.layout() == FrameLayout::ntsc ? 0 : 1;
+  int mode = myTIA.frameLayout() == FrameLayout::ntsc ? 0 : 1;
   myState.fixedCols.clear();
   myState.fixedCols.push_back(myTIA.myFixedColorPalette[mode][TIA::P0]);
   myState.fixedCols.push_back(myTIA.myFixedColorPalette[mode][TIA::P1]);
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ int TIADebug::scanlines() const
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 int TIADebug::scanlinesLastFrame() const
 {
-  return myTIA.myFrameManager.scanlinesLastFrame();
+  return myTIA.scanlinesLastFrame();
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
@@ -801,7 +801,7 @@ string TIADebug::debugColors() const
 {
   ostringstream buf;
 
-  int mode = myTIA.myFrameManager.layout() == FrameLayout::ntsc ? 0 : 1;
+  int mode = myTIA.frameLayout() == FrameLayout::ntsc ? 0 : 1;
   buf << " Red    " << colorSwatch(myTIA.myFixedColorPalette[mode][TIA::P0])
       << " Player 0\n"
       << " Orange " << colorSwatch(myTIA.myFixedColorPalette[mode][TIA::M0])
diff --git a/src/emucore/tia/TIA.cxx b/src/emucore/tia/TIA.cxx
index ef275831a..3fec0c07c 100644
--- a/src/emucore/tia/TIA.cxx
+++ b/src/emucore/tia/TIA.cxx
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "Paddles.hxx"
 #include "DelayQueueIteratorImpl.hxx"
 #include "TIAConstants.hxx"
+#include "frame-manager/FrameManager.hxx"
 
 #ifdef DEBUGGER_SUPPORT
   #include "CartDebug.hxx"
@@ -77,7 +78,9 @@ TIA::TIA(Console& console, Sound& sound, Settings& settings)
     mySpriteEnabledBits(0xFF),
     myCollisionsEnabledBits(0xFF)
 {
-  myFrameManager.setHandlers(
+  myFrameManager = new FrameManager();
+
+  myFrameManager->setHandlers(
     [this] () {
       onFrameStart();
     },
@@ -99,12 +102,17 @@ TIA::TIA(Console& console, Sound& sound, Settings& settings)
   myMissile1.setTIA(this);
   myBall.setTIA(this);
 
-  myFrameManager.enableJitter(mySettings.getBool("tv.jitter"));
-  myFrameManager.setJitterFactor(mySettings.getInt("tv.jitter_recovery"));
+  myFrameManager->enableJitter(mySettings.getBool("tv.jitter"));
+  myFrameManager->setJitterFactor(mySettings.getInt("tv.jitter_recovery"));
 
   reset();
 }
 
+// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+TIA::~TIA() {
+  delete myFrameManager;
+}
+
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 void TIA::reset()
 {
@@ -144,7 +152,7 @@ void TIA::reset()
 
   mySound.reset();
   myDelayQueue.reset();
-  myFrameManager.reset();
+  myFrameManager->reset();
 
   myCyclesAtFrameStart = 0;
 
@@ -206,7 +214,7 @@ bool TIA::save(Serializer& out) const
     if(!mySound.save(out)) return false;
 
     if(!myDelayQueue.save(out))   return false;
-    if(!myFrameManager.save(out)) return false;
+    if(!myFrameManager->save(out)) return false;
 
     if(!myBackground.save(out)) return false;
     if(!myPlayfield.save(out))  return false;
@@ -277,7 +285,7 @@ bool TIA::load(Serializer& in)
     if(!mySound.load(in)) return false;
 
     if(!myDelayQueue.load(in))   return false;
-    if(!myFrameManager.load(in)) return false;
+    if(!myFrameManager->load(in)) return false;
 
     if(!myBackground.load(in)) return false;
     if(!myPlayfield.load(in))  return false;
@@ -482,7 +490,7 @@ bool TIA::poke(uInt16 address, uInt8 value)
       break;
 
     case VSYNC:
-      myFrameManager.setVsync(value & 0x02);
+      myFrameManager->setVsync(value & 0x02);
       myShadowRegisters[address] = value;
       break;
 
@@ -796,7 +804,7 @@ bool TIA::enableColorLoss(bool enabled)
   if(enabled)
   {
     myColorLossEnabled = true;
-    myColorLossActive = myFrameManager.scanlinesLastFrame() & 0x1;
+    myColorLossActive = myFrameManager->scanlinesLastFrame() & 0x1;
   }
   else
   {
@@ -820,7 +828,7 @@ bool TIA::electronBeamPos(uInt32& x, uInt32& y) const
   uInt8 clocks = clocksThisLine();
 
   x = (clocks < 68) ? 0 : clocks - 68;
-  y = myFrameManager.getY();
+  y = myFrameManager->getY();
 
   return isRendering();
 }
@@ -906,7 +914,7 @@ bool TIA::toggleCollisions()
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 bool TIA::enableFixedColors(bool enable)
 {
-  int layout = myFrameManager.layout() == FrameLayout::pal ? 1 : 0;
+  int layout = myFrameManager->layout() == FrameLayout::pal ? 1 : 0;
   myMissile0.setDebugColor(myFixedColorPalette[layout][FixedObject::M0]);
   myMissile1.setDebugColor(myFixedColorPalette[layout][FixedObject::M1]);
   myPlayer0.setDebugColor(myFixedColorPalette[layout][FixedObject::P0]);
@@ -991,22 +999,22 @@ bool TIA::toggleJitter(uInt8 mode)
 {
   switch (mode) {
     case 0:
-      myFrameManager.enableJitter(false);
+      myFrameManager->enableJitter(false);
       break;
 
     case 1:
-      myFrameManager.enableJitter(true);
+      myFrameManager->enableJitter(true);
       break;
 
     case 2:
-      myFrameManager.enableJitter(!myFrameManager.jitterEnabled());
+      myFrameManager->enableJitter(!myFrameManager->jitterEnabled());
       break;
 
     default:
       throw runtime_error("invalid argument for toggleJitter");
   }
 
-  return myFrameManager.jitterEnabled();
+  return myFrameManager->jitterEnabled();
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
@@ -1081,9 +1089,9 @@ void TIA::onFrameStart()
   {
     // Only activate it when necessary, since changing colours in
     // the graphical object forces the TIA cached line to be flushed
-    if (myFrameManager.scanlineCountTransitioned())
+    if (myFrameManager->scanlineCountTransitioned())
     {
-      myColorLossActive = myFrameManager.scanlinesLastFrame() & 0x1;
+      myColorLossActive = myFrameManager->scanlinesLastFrame() & 0x1;
 
       myMissile0.applyColorLoss();
       myMissile1.applyColorLoss();
@@ -1112,13 +1120,13 @@ void TIA::onFrameComplete()
     memset(myFramebuffer, 0, myXAtRenderingStart);
 
   // Blank out any extra lines not drawn this frame
-  const uInt32 missingScanlines = myFrameManager.missingScanlines();
+  const Int32 missingScanlines = myFrameManager->missingScanlines();
   if (missingScanlines > 0)
-    memset(myFramebuffer + 160 * myFrameManager.getY(), 0, missingScanlines * 160);
+    memset(myFramebuffer + 160 * myFrameManager->getY(), 0, missingScanlines * 160);
 
   // Recalculate framerate, attempting to auto-correct for scanline 'jumps'
   if(myAutoFrameEnabled)
-    myConsole.setFramerate(myFrameManager.frameRate());
+    myConsole.setFramerate(myFrameManager->frameRate());
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
@@ -1148,7 +1156,7 @@ void TIA::cycle(uInt32 colorClocks)
       else
         tickHframe();
 
-      if (myCollisionUpdateRequired && !myFrameManager.vblank()) updateCollision();
+      if (myCollisionUpdateRequired && !myFrameManager->vblank()) updateCollision();
     }
 
     if (++myHctr >= 228)
@@ -1202,7 +1210,7 @@ void TIA::tickHblank()
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 void TIA::tickHframe()
 {
-  const uInt32 y = myFrameManager.getY();
+  const uInt32 y = myFrameManager->getY();
   const uInt32 x = myHctr - 68 - myHctrDelta;
 
   myCollisionUpdateRequired = true;
@@ -1214,7 +1222,7 @@ void TIA::tickHframe()
   myPlayer1.tick();
   myBall.tick();
 
-  if (myFrameManager.isRendering())
+  if (myFrameManager->isRendering())
     renderPixel(x, y);
 }
 
@@ -1224,8 +1232,8 @@ void TIA::applyRsync()
   const uInt32 x = myHctr > 68 ? myHctr - 68 : 0;
 
   myHctrDelta = 225 - myHctr;
-  if (myFrameManager.isRendering())
-    memset(myFramebuffer + myFrameManager.getY() * 160 + x, 0, 160 - x);
+  if (myFrameManager->isRendering())
+    memset(myFramebuffer + myFrameManager->getY() * 160 + x, 0, 160 - x);
 
   myHctr = 225;
 }
@@ -1244,9 +1252,9 @@ void TIA::nextLine()
   myHstate = HState::blank;
   myHctrDelta = 0;
 
-  myFrameManager.nextLine();
+  myFrameManager->nextLine();
 
-  if (myFrameManager.isRendering() && myFrameManager.getY() == 0) flushLineCache();
+  if (myFrameManager->isRendering() && myFrameManager->getY() == 0) flushLineCache();
 
   mySystem->m6502().clearHaltRequest();
 }
@@ -1254,9 +1262,9 @@ void TIA::nextLine()
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 void TIA::cloneLastLine()
 {
-  const auto y = myFrameManager.getY();
+  const auto y = myFrameManager->getY();
 
-  if (!myFrameManager.isRendering() || y == 0) return;
+  if (!myFrameManager->isRendering() || y == 0) return;
 
   uInt8* buffer = myFramebuffer;
 
@@ -1283,7 +1291,7 @@ void TIA::renderPixel(uInt32 x, uInt32 y)
 
   uInt8 color = 0;
 
-  if (!myFrameManager.vblank())
+  if (!myFrameManager->vblank())
   {
     switch (myPriority)
     {
@@ -1356,8 +1364,8 @@ void TIA::flushLineCache()
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 void TIA::clearHmoveComb()
 {
-  if (myFrameManager.isRendering() && myHstate == HState::blank)
-    memset(myFramebuffer + myFrameManager.getY() * 160, myColorHBlank, 8);
+  if (myFrameManager->isRendering() && myHstate == HState::blank)
+    memset(myFramebuffer + myFrameManager->getY() * 160, myColorHBlank, 8);
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
@@ -1370,7 +1378,7 @@ void TIA::delayedWrite(uInt8 address, uInt8 value)
   {
     case VBLANK:
       flushLineCache();
-      myFrameManager.setVblank(value & 0x02);
+      myFrameManager->setVblank(value & 0x02);
       break;
 
     case HMOVE:
diff --git a/src/emucore/tia/TIA.hxx b/src/emucore/tia/TIA.hxx
index c58c1f375..e06e81421 100644
--- a/src/emucore/tia/TIA.hxx
+++ b/src/emucore/tia/TIA.hxx
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 #include "TIAConstants.hxx"
 #include "DelayQueue.hxx"
 #include "DelayQueueIterator.hxx"
-#include "frame-manager/FrameManager.hxx"
+#include "frame-manager/AbstractFrameManager.hxx"
 #include "FrameLayout.hxx"
 #include "Background.hxx"
 #include "Playfield.hxx"
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class TIA : public Device
       @param settings  The settings object for this TIA device
     */
     TIA(Console& console, Sound& sound, Settings& settings);
-    virtual ~TIA() = default;
+    virtual ~TIA();
 
   public:
     /**
@@ -193,21 +193,21 @@ class TIA : public Device
       Answers dimensional info about the framebuffer.
     */
     uInt32 width() const  { return 160; }
-    uInt32 height() const { return myFrameManager.height(); }
-    uInt32 ystart() const { return myFrameManager.ystart(); }
-    bool ystartIsAuto(uInt32 line) const { return myFrameManager.ystartIsAuto(line); }
+    uInt32 height() const { return myFrameManager->height(); }
+    uInt32 ystart() const { return myFrameManager->ystart(); }
+    bool ystartIsAuto(uInt32 line) const { return myFrameManager->ystartIsAuto(line); }
 
     /**
       Changes the current Height/YStart properties.
       Note that calls to these method(s) must be eventually followed by
       ::frameReset() for the changes to take effect.
     */
-    void setHeight(uInt32 height) { myFrameManager.setFixedHeight(height); }
-    void setYStart(uInt32 ystart) { myFrameManager.setYstart(ystart); }
+    void setHeight(uInt32 height) { myFrameManager->setFixedHeight(height); }
+    void setYStart(uInt32 ystart) { myFrameManager->setYstart(ystart); }
 
-    void autodetectLayout(bool toggle) { myFrameManager.autodetectLayout(toggle); }
-    void setLayout(FrameLayout layout) { myFrameManager.setLayout(layout); }
-    FrameLayout frameLayout() const { return myFrameManager.layout(); }
+    void autodetectLayout(bool toggle) { myFrameManager->autodetectLayout(toggle); }
+    void setLayout(FrameLayout layout) { myFrameManager->setLayout(layout); }
+    FrameLayout frameLayout() const { return myFrameManager->layout(); }
 
     /**
       Answers the timing of the console currently in use.
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ class TIA : public Device
 
       @return The total number of scanlines generated
     */
-    uInt32 scanlines() const { return myFrameManager.scanlines(); }
+    uInt32 scanlines() const { return myFrameManager->scanlines(); }
 
     /**
       Answers the total number of scanlines the TIA generated in the
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ class TIA : public Device
 
       @return The total number of scanlines generated in the last frame.
     */
-    uInt32 scanlinesLastFrame() const { return myFrameManager.scanlinesLastFrame(); }
+    uInt32 scanlinesLastFrame() const { return myFrameManager->scanlinesLastFrame(); }
 
     /**
       Answers the total system cycles from the start of the emulation.
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ class TIA : public Device
     /**
       Answers the frame count from the start of the emulation.
     */
-    uInt32 frameCount() const { return myFrameManager.frameCount(); }
+    uInt32 frameCount() const { return myFrameManager->frameCount(); }
 
     /**
       Answers the system cycles from the start of the current frame.
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ class TIA : public Device
 
       @return If the frame is in rendering mode
     */
-    bool isRendering() const { return myFrameManager.isRendering(); }
+    bool isRendering() const { return myFrameManager->isRendering(); }
 
     /**
       Answers the current position of the virtual 'electron beam' used
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ class TIA : public Device
       @return  Whether the mode was enabled or disabled
     */
     bool toggleJitter(uInt8 mode = 2);
-    void setJitterRecoveryFactor(Int32 factor) { myFrameManager.setJitterFactor(factor); }
+    void setJitterRecoveryFactor(Int32 factor) { myFrameManager->setJitterFactor(factor); }
 
     /**
       This method should be called to update the TIA with a new scanline.
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ class TIA : public Device
      * The frame manager is responsible for detecting frame boundaries and the visible
      * region of each frame.
      */
-    FrameManager myFrameManager;
+    AbstractFrameManager *myFrameManager;
 
     /**
      * The various TIA objects.
diff --git a/src/emucore/tia/frame-manager/AbstractFrameManager.cxx b/src/emucore/tia/frame-manager/AbstractFrameManager.cxx
index 0fdd50c58..3e82cee2a 100644
--- a/src/emucore/tia/frame-manager/AbstractFrameManager.cxx
+++ b/src/emucore/tia/frame-manager/AbstractFrameManager.cxx
@@ -18,8 +18,13 @@
 #include "AbstractFrameManager.hxx"
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-AbstractFrameManager::AbstractFrameManager()
+AbstractFrameManager::AbstractFrameManager() :
+  myLayout(FrameLayout::pal),
+  myOnFrameStart(0),
+  myOnFrameComplete(0),
+  myOnRenderingStart(0)
 {
+  layout(FrameLayout::ntsc);
   reset();
 }
 
@@ -33,11 +38,8 @@ void AbstractFrameManager::reset()
   myCurrentFrameFinalLines = 0;
   myPreviousFrameFinalLines = 0;
   myTotalFrames = 0;
-  myLayout = FrameLayout::ntsc;
   myFrameRate = 0;
-  myOnFrameComplete = 0;
-  myOnFrameStart = 0;
-  myOnRenderingStart = 0;
+  myFrameRate = 60.0;
 
   onReset();
 }
@@ -96,6 +98,9 @@ void AbstractFrameManager::notifyFrameComplete()
   myTotalFrames++;
 
   if (myOnFrameComplete) myOnFrameComplete();
+
+  myFrameRate = (layout() == FrameLayout::pal ? 15600.0 : 15720.0) /
+    myCurrentFrameFinalLines;
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
@@ -104,6 +109,16 @@ void AbstractFrameManager::notifyRenderingStart()
   if (myOnRenderingStart) myOnRenderingStart();
 }
 
+// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+void AbstractFrameManager::layout(FrameLayout layout)
+{
+  if (layout == myLayout) return;
+
+  myLayout = layout;
+
+  onLayoutChange();
+}
+
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
 bool AbstractFrameManager::save(Serializer& out) const
 {
diff --git a/src/emucore/tia/frame-manager/AbstractFrameManager.hxx b/src/emucore/tia/frame-manager/AbstractFrameManager.hxx
index 54fc57c70..18a2e2d70 100644
--- a/src/emucore/tia/frame-manager/AbstractFrameManager.hxx
+++ b/src/emucore/tia/frame-manager/AbstractFrameManager.hxx
@@ -67,6 +67,10 @@ class AbstractFrameManager : public Serializable
 
     float frameRate() const { return myFrameRate; }
 
+    bool save(Serializer& out) const override;
+
+    bool load(Serializer& in) override;
+
   public:
 
     virtual void setJitterFactor(uInt8 factor) {}
@@ -75,10 +79,6 @@ class AbstractFrameManager : public Serializable
 
     virtual void enableJitter(bool enabled) {};
 
-    bool save(Serializer& out) const override;
-
-    bool load(Serializer& in) override;
-
   public:
 
     virtual uInt32 height() const = 0;
@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ class AbstractFrameManager : public Serializable
 
     virtual uInt32 scanlines() const = 0;
 
-    virtual uInt32 missingScanlines() const = 0;
+    virtual Int32 missingScanlines() const = 0;
 
     virtual void setYstart(uInt32 ystart) = 0;
 
-    virtual uInt32 ystart() = 0;
+    virtual uInt32 ystart() const = 0;
 
     // TODO: this looks pretty weird --- does this actually work?
     virtual bool ystartIsAuto(uInt32 line) const = 0;
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ class AbstractFrameManager : public Serializable
     // TODO: this has to go
     virtual void autodetectLayout(bool toggle) = 0;
 
+    // TODO: this collides with layout(...). Refactor after all is done.
     virtual void setLayout(FrameLayout mode) = 0;
 
   protected:
@@ -113,6 +114,8 @@ class AbstractFrameManager : public Serializable
 
     virtual void onReset() {}
 
+    virtual void onLayoutChange() {}
+
     virtual bool onSave(Serializer& out) const { throw runtime_error("cannot be serialized"); }
 
     virtual bool onLoad(Serializer& in) { throw runtime_error("cannot be serialized"); }
@@ -125,6 +128,8 @@ class AbstractFrameManager : public Serializable
 
     void notifyRenderingStart();
 
+    void layout(FrameLayout layout);
+
   protected:
 
     bool myIsRendering;
@@ -141,12 +146,12 @@ class AbstractFrameManager : public Serializable
 
     uInt32 myTotalFrames;
 
-    FrameLayout myLayout;
-
     float myFrameRate;
 
   private:
 
+    FrameLayout myLayout;
+
     callback myOnFrameStart;
     callback myOnFrameComplete;
     callback myOnRenderingStart;
diff --git a/src/emucore/tia/frame-manager/FrameManager.cxx b/src/emucore/tia/frame-manager/FrameManager.cxx
index cc10cb3c2..27e833fdb 100644
--- a/src/emucore/tia/frame-manager/FrameManager.cxx
+++ b/src/emucore/tia/frame-manager/FrameManager.cxx
@@ -50,39 +50,19 @@ inline static uInt32 vsyncLimit(bool autodetect) {
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-FrameManager::FrameManager()
-  : myLayout(FrameLayout::pal),
-    myAutodetectLayout(true),
-    myHeight(0),
-    myFixedHeight(0),
-    myJitterEnabled(false)
+FrameManager::FrameManager() :
+  myHeight(0)
 {
-  updateLayout(FrameLayout::ntsc);
-  reset();
+  onLayoutChange();
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-void FrameManager::setHandlers(
-  FrameManager::callback frameStartCallback,
-  FrameManager::callback frameCompleteCallback,
-  FrameManager::callback renderingStartCallback
-)
-{
-  myOnFrameStart = frameStartCallback;
-  myOnFrameComplete = frameCompleteCallback;
-  myOnRenderingStart = renderingStartCallback;
-}
-
-// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-void FrameManager::reset()
+void FrameManager::onReset()
 {
   myVblankManager.reset();
 
   myState = State::waitForVsyncStart;
-  myCurrentFrameTotalLines = myCurrentFrameFinalLines = 0;
-  myFrameRate = 60.0;
   myLineInState = 0;
-  myVsync = false;
   myTotalFrames = 0;
   myFramesInMode = 0;
   myModeConfirmed = false;
@@ -98,11 +78,9 @@ void FrameManager::reset()
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-void FrameManager::nextLine()
+void FrameManager::onNextLine()
 {
   State previousState = myState;
-
-  myCurrentFrameTotalLines++;
   myLineInState++;
 
   switch (myState)
@@ -142,25 +120,22 @@ void FrameManager::nextLine()
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-uInt32 FrameManager::missingScanlines() const
+Int32 FrameManager::missingScanlines() const
 {
   if (myLastY == ystart() + myY)
     return 0;
-  else
+  else {
     return myHeight - myY;
+  }
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-void FrameManager::setVsync(bool vsync)
+void FrameManager::onSetVsync()
 {
-  if (vsync == myVsync) return;
-
 #ifdef TIA_FRAMEMANAGER_DEBUG_LOG
-  (cout << "vsync " << myVsync << " -> " << vsync << ": state " << int(myState) << " @ " << myLineInState << "\n").flush();
+  (cout << "vsync " << !myVsync << " -> " << myVsync << ": state " << int(myState) << " @ " << myLineInState << "\n").flush();
 #endif
 
-  myVsync = vsync;
-
   switch (myState)
   {
     case State::waitForVsyncStart:
@@ -200,6 +175,8 @@ void FrameManager::setState(FrameManager::State state)
           myStableFrames >= Metrics::minStableFrames ||
           myStabilizationFrames >= Metrics::maxStabilizationFrames;
 
+        updateIsRendering();
+
         myStabilizationFrames++;
 
         if (myVblankManager.isStable())
@@ -209,7 +186,7 @@ void FrameManager::setState(FrameManager::State state)
       }
 
       if (myFramePending) finalizeFrame();
-      if (myOnFrameStart) myOnFrameStart();
+      notifyFrameStart();
 
       myVblankManager.start();
       myFramePending = true;
@@ -218,7 +195,7 @@ void FrameManager::setState(FrameManager::State state)
       break;
 
     case State::frame:
-      if (myOnRenderingStart) myOnRenderingStart();
+      notifyRenderingStart();
       myVsyncLines = 0;
       myY = 0;
       break;
@@ -226,6 +203,8 @@ void FrameManager::setState(FrameManager::State state)
     default:
       break;
   }
+
+  updateIsRendering();
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
@@ -246,21 +225,13 @@ void FrameManager::finalizeFrame()
     else myStableFrameHeightCountdown = 0;
   }
 
-  myPreviousFrameFinalLines = myCurrentFrameFinalLines;
-  myCurrentFrameFinalLines = myCurrentFrameTotalLines;
-  myCurrentFrameTotalLines = 0;
-  myTotalFrames++;
-
-  if (myOnFrameComplete) myOnFrameComplete();
+  notifyFrameComplete();
 
 #ifdef TIA_FRAMEMANAGER_DEBUG_LOG
   (cout << "frame complete @ " << myLineInState << " (" << myCurrentFrameFinalLines << " total)" << "\n").flush();
 #endif // TIA_FRAMEMANAGER_DEBUG_LOG
 
   if (myAutodetectLayout) updateAutodetectedLayout();
-
-  myFrameRate = (myLayout == FrameLayout::pal ? 15600.0 : 15720.0) /
-                 myCurrentFrameFinalLines;
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
@@ -282,26 +253,26 @@ void FrameManager::updateAutodetectedLayout()
     return;
   }
 
-  const FrameLayout oldLayout = myLayout;
+  const FrameLayout oldLayout = layout();
 
   const uInt32
     deltaNTSC = abs(Int32(myCurrentFrameFinalLines) - Int32(frameLinesNTSC)),
     deltaPAL =  abs(Int32(myCurrentFrameFinalLines) - Int32(frameLinesPAL));
 
   if (std::min(deltaNTSC, deltaPAL) <= Metrics::tvModeDetectionTolerance)
-    updateLayout(deltaNTSC <= deltaPAL ? FrameLayout::ntsc : FrameLayout::pal);
+    layout(deltaNTSC <= deltaPAL ? FrameLayout::ntsc : FrameLayout::pal);
   else if (!myModeConfirmed) {
     if (
       (myCurrentFrameFinalLines < frameLinesPAL) &&
       (myCurrentFrameFinalLines > frameLinesNTSC) &&
       (myCurrentFrameFinalLines % 2)
     )
-      updateLayout(FrameLayout::ntsc);
+      layout(FrameLayout::ntsc);
     else
-      updateLayout(deltaNTSC <= deltaPAL ? FrameLayout::ntsc : FrameLayout::pal);
+      layout(deltaNTSC <= deltaPAL ? FrameLayout::ntsc : FrameLayout::pal);
   }
 
-  if (oldLayout == myLayout)
+  if (oldLayout == layout())
     myFramesInMode++;
   else
     myFramesInMode = 0;
@@ -311,17 +282,13 @@ void FrameManager::updateAutodetectedLayout()
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-void FrameManager::updateLayout(FrameLayout layout)
+void FrameManager::onLayoutChange()
 {
-  if (layout == myLayout) return;
-
 #ifdef TIA_FRAMEMANAGER_DEBUG_LOG
-  (cout << "TV mode switched to " << int(layout) << "\n").flush();
+  (cout << "TV mode switched to " << int(layout()) << "\n").flush();
 #endif // TIA_FRAMEMANAGER_DEBUG_LOG
 
-  myLayout = layout;
-
-  switch (myLayout)
+  switch (layout())
   {
     case FrameLayout::ntsc:
       myVblankLines   = Metrics::vblankNTSC;
@@ -347,18 +314,18 @@ void FrameManager::updateLayout(FrameLayout layout)
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-void FrameManager::setVblank(bool vblank)
+void FrameManager::onSetVblank()
 {
   #ifdef TIA_FRAMEMANAGER_DEBUG_LOG
-    (cout << "vblank change " << myVblankManager.vblank() << " -> " << vblank << "@" << myLineInState << "\n").flush();
+    (cout << "vblank change " << !myVblank << " -> " << myVblank << "@" << myLineInState << "\n").flush();
   #endif // TIA_FRAMEMANAGER_DEBUG_LOG
 
   if (myState == State::waitForFrameStart) {
-    if (myVblankManager.setVblankDuringVblank(vblank, myTotalFrames <= Metrics::initialGarbageFrames)) {
+    if (myVblankManager.setVblankDuringVblank(myVblank, myTotalFrames <= Metrics::initialGarbageFrames)) {
       setState(State::frame);
     }
   } else
-    myVblankManager.setVblank(vblank);
+    myVblankManager.setVblank(myVblank);
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
@@ -377,106 +344,76 @@ void FrameManager::enableJitter(bool enabled)
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-bool FrameManager::save(Serializer& out) const
+void FrameManager::updateIsRendering() {
+  myIsRendering = myState == State::frame && myHasStabilized;
+}
+
+// - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+bool FrameManager::onSave(Serializer& out) const
 {
-  try
-  {
-    out.putString(name());
+  if (!myVblankManager.save(out)) return false;
 
-    if (!myVblankManager.save(out)) return false;
+  out.putBool(myAutodetectLayout);
+  out.putInt(uInt32(myState));
+  out.putInt(myLineInState);
+  out.putInt(myVsyncLines);
+  out.putInt(myY);
+  out.putInt(myLastY);
+  out.putBool(myFramePending);
 
-    out.putInt(uInt32(myLayout));
-    out.putBool(myAutodetectLayout);
-    out.putInt(uInt32(myState));
-    out.putInt(myLineInState);
-    out.putInt(myCurrentFrameTotalLines);
-    out.putInt(myCurrentFrameFinalLines);
-    out.putInt(myPreviousFrameFinalLines);
-    out.putInt(myVsyncLines);
-    out.putDouble(myFrameRate);
-    out.putInt(myY);  out.putInt(myLastY);
-    out.putBool(myFramePending);
+  out.putInt(myFramesInMode);
+  out.putBool(myModeConfirmed);
 
-    out.putInt(myTotalFrames);
-    out.putInt(myFramesInMode);
-    out.putBool(myModeConfirmed);
+  out.putInt(myStableFrames);
+  out.putInt(myStabilizationFrames);
+  out.putBool(myHasStabilized);
 
-    out.putInt(myStableFrames);
-    out.putInt(myStabilizationFrames);
-    out.putBool(myHasStabilized);
+  out.putInt(myVblankLines);
+  out.putInt(myKernelLines);
+  out.putInt(myOverscanLines);
+  out.putInt(myFrameLines);
+  out.putInt(myHeight);
+  out.putInt(myFixedHeight);
 
-    out.putBool(myVsync);
+  out.putBool(myJitterEnabled);
 
-    out.putInt(myVblankLines);
-    out.putInt(myKernelLines);
-    out.putInt(myOverscanLines);
-    out.putInt(myFrameLines);
-    out.putInt(myHeight);
-    out.putInt(myFixedHeight);
-
-    out.putBool(myJitterEnabled);
-
-    out.putInt(myStableFrameLines);
-    out.putInt(myStableFrameHeightCountdown);
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    cerr << "ERROR: TIA_FrameManager::save" << endl;
-    return false;
-  }
+  out.putInt(myStableFrameLines);
+  out.putInt(myStableFrameHeightCountdown);
 
   return true;
 }
 
 // - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-bool FrameManager::load(Serializer& in)
+bool FrameManager::onLoad(Serializer& in)
 {
-  try
-  {
-    if(in.getString() != name())
-      return false;
+  if (!myVblankManager.load(in)) return false;
 
-    if (!myVblankManager.load(in)) return false;
+  myAutodetectLayout = in.getBool();
+  myState = State(in.getInt());
+  myLineInState = in.getInt();
+  myVsyncLines = in.getInt();
+  myY = in.getInt();
+  myLastY = in.getInt();
+  myFramePending = in.getBool();
 
-    myLayout = FrameLayout(in.getInt());
-    myAutodetectLayout = in.getBool();
-    myState = State(in.getInt());
-    myLineInState = in.getInt();
-    myCurrentFrameTotalLines = in.getInt();
-    myCurrentFrameFinalLines = in.getInt();
-    myPreviousFrameFinalLines = in.getInt();
-    myVsyncLines = in.getInt();
-    myFrameRate = float(in.getDouble());
-    myY = in.getInt();  myLastY = in.getInt();
-    myFramePending = in.getBool();
+  myFramesInMode = in.getInt();
+  myModeConfirmed = in.getBool();
 
-    myTotalFrames = in.getInt();
-    myFramesInMode = in.getInt();
-    myModeConfirmed = in.getBool();
+  myStableFrames = in.getInt();
+  myStabilizationFrames = in.getInt();
+  myHasStabilized = in.getBool();
 
-    myStableFrames = in.getInt();
-    myStabilizationFrames = in.getInt();
-    myHasStabilized = in.getBool();
+  myVblankLines = in.getInt();
+  myKernelLines = in.getInt();
+  myOverscanLines = in.getInt();
+  myFrameLines = in.getInt();
+  myHeight = in.getInt();
+  myFixedHeight = in.getInt();
 
-    myVsync = in.getBool();
+  myJitterEnabled = in.getBool();
 
-    myVblankLines = in.getInt();
-    myKernelLines = in.getInt();
-    myOverscanLines = in.getInt();
-    myFrameLines = in.getInt();
-    myHeight = in.getInt();
-    myFixedHeight = in.getInt();
-
-    myJitterEnabled = in.getBool();
-
-    myStableFrameLines = in.getInt();
-    myStableFrameHeightCountdown = in.getInt();
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    cerr << "ERROR: TIA_FrameManager::load" << endl;
-    return false;
-  }
+  myStableFrameLines = in.getInt();
+  myStableFrameHeightCountdown = in.getInt();
 
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/src/emucore/tia/frame-manager/FrameManager.hxx b/src/emucore/tia/frame-manager/FrameManager.hxx
index 733448919..0c3561914 100644
--- a/src/emucore/tia/frame-manager/FrameManager.hxx
+++ b/src/emucore/tia/frame-manager/FrameManager.hxx
@@ -18,88 +18,60 @@
 #ifndef TIA_FRAME_MANAGER
 #define TIA_FRAME_MANAGER
 
-#include <functional>
-
+#include "AbstractFrameManager.hxx"
 #include "VblankManager.hxx"
-#include "Serializable.hxx"
-#include "FrameLayout.hxx"
 #include "TIAConstants.hxx"
 #include "bspf.hxx"
 
-class FrameManager : public Serializable
-{
-  public:
-
-    using callback = std::function<void()>;
-
+class FrameManager: public AbstractFrameManager {
   public:
 
     FrameManager();
 
   public:
 
-    void setHandlers(
-      callback frameStartCallback,
-      callback frameCompletionCallback,
-      callback renderingStartCallback
-    );
+    void setJitterFactor(uInt8 factor) override { myVblankManager.setJitterFactor(factor); }
 
-    void reset();
+    bool jitterEnabled() const override { return myJitterEnabled; }
 
-    void nextLine();
+    void enableJitter(bool enabled) override;
 
-    void setVblank(bool vblank);
+    uInt32 height() const override { return myHeight; };
 
-    void setVsync(bool vsync);
+    void setFixedHeight(uInt32 height) override;
 
-    bool isRendering() const { return myState == State::frame && myHasStabilized; }
+    uInt32 getY() const override { return myY; }
 
-    FrameLayout layout() const { return myLayout; }
+    uInt32 scanlines() const override { return myCurrentFrameTotalLines; }
 
-    bool vblank() const { return myVblankManager.vblank(); }
+    Int32 missingScanlines() const override;
 
-    bool vsync() const { return myVsync; }
+    void setYstart(uInt32 ystart) override { myVblankManager.setYstart(ystart); }
 
-    uInt32 height() const { return myHeight; }
+    uInt32 ystart() const override { return myVblankManager.ystart(); }
 
-    void setFixedHeight(uInt32 height);
+    bool ystartIsAuto(uInt32 line) const override { return myVblankManager.ystartIsAuto(line); };
 
-    uInt32 getY() const { return myY; }
+    void autodetectLayout(bool toggle) override { myAutodetectLayout = toggle; }
 
-    uInt32 scanlines() const { return myCurrentFrameTotalLines; }
+    void setLayout(FrameLayout mode) override { if (!myAutodetectLayout) layout(mode); }
 
-    uInt32 scanlinesLastFrame() const { return myCurrentFrameFinalLines; }
+    void onSetVblank() override;
 
-    uInt32 missingScanlines() const;
+    void onSetVsync() override;
 
-    bool scanlineCountTransitioned() const {
-      return (myPreviousFrameFinalLines & 0x1) != (myCurrentFrameFinalLines & 0x1);
-    }
+    void onNextLine() override;
 
-    uInt32 frameCount() const { return myTotalFrames; }
+    void onReset() override;
 
-    float frameRate() const { return myFrameRate; }
+    void onLayoutChange() override;
 
-    void setYstart(uInt32 ystart) { myVblankManager.setYstart(ystart); }
+    bool onSave(Serializer& out) const override;
 
-    uInt32 ystart() const { return myVblankManager.ystart(); }
-    bool ystartIsAuto(uInt32 line) const { return myVblankManager.ystartIsAuto(line); }
+    bool onLoad(Serializer& in) override;
 
-    void autodetectLayout(bool toggle) { myAutodetectLayout = toggle; }
-
-    void setLayout(FrameLayout mode) { if (!myAutodetectLayout) updateLayout(mode); }
-
-    /**
-      Serializable methods (see that class for more information).
-    */
-    bool save(Serializer& out) const override;
-    bool load(Serializer& in) override;
     string name() const override { return "TIA_FrameManager"; }
 
-    void setJitterFactor(uInt8 factor) { myVblankManager.setJitterFactor(factor); }
-    bool jitterEnabled() const { return myJitterEnabled; }
-    void enableJitter(bool enabled);
-
   private:
 
     enum State {
@@ -109,17 +81,8 @@ class FrameManager : public Serializable
       frame
     };
 
-    enum VblankMode {
-      locked,
-      floating,
-      final,
-      fixed
-    };
-
   private:
 
-    void updateLayout(FrameLayout mode);
-
     void updateAutodetectedLayout();
 
     void setState(State state);
@@ -130,27 +93,19 @@ class FrameManager : public Serializable
 
     void handleJitter(Int32 scanlineDifference);
 
-  private:
+    void updateIsRendering();
 
-    callback myOnFrameStart;
-    callback myOnFrameComplete;
-    callback myOnRenderingStart;
+  private:
 
     VblankManager myVblankManager;
 
-    FrameLayout myLayout;
     bool myAutodetectLayout;
     State myState;
     uInt32 myLineInState;
-    uInt32 myCurrentFrameTotalLines;
-    uInt32 myCurrentFrameFinalLines;
-    uInt32 myPreviousFrameFinalLines;
     uInt32 myVsyncLines;
-    float  myFrameRate;
     uInt32 myY, myLastY;
     bool myFramePending;
 
-    uInt32 myTotalFrames;
     uInt32 myFramesInMode;
     bool myModeConfirmed;
 
@@ -158,8 +113,6 @@ class FrameManager : public Serializable
     uInt32 myStabilizationFrames;
     bool myHasStabilized;
 
-    bool myVsync;
-
     uInt32 myVblankLines;
     uInt32 myKernelLines;
     uInt32 myOverscanLines;
@@ -173,6 +126,7 @@ class FrameManager : public Serializable
     uInt8 myStableFrameHeightCountdown;
 
   private:
+
     FrameManager(const FrameManager&) = delete;
     FrameManager(FrameManager&&) = delete;
     FrameManager& operator=(const FrameManager&) = delete;