rpcs3/Utilities/Thread.cpp

#include "stdafx.h"
#include "Emu/Memory/Memory.h"
#include "Emu/System.h"
#include "Emu/IdManager.h"
#include "Emu/Cell/RawSPUThread.h"
#include "Thread.h"

#ifdef _WIN32
#include <windows.h>
#else
#ifdef __APPLE__
#define _XOPEN_SOURCE
#define __USE_GNU
#endif
#include <signal.h>
#include <ucontext.h>
#endif

static void report_fatal_error(const std::string& msg)
{
	std::string _msg = msg + "\n"
		"HOW TO REPORT ERRORS:\n"
		"1) Check the FAQ, readme, other sources. Please ensure that your hardware and software configuration is compliant.\n"
		"2) You must provide FULL information: how to reproduce the error (your actions), RPCS3.log file, other *.log files whenever requested.\n"
		"3) Please ensure that your software (game) is 'Playable' or close. Please note that 'Non-playable' games will be ignored.\n"
		"4) If the software (game) is not 'Playable', please ensure that this error is unexpected, i.e. it didn't happen before or similar.\n"
		"Please, don't send incorrect reports. Thanks for understanding.\n";

#ifdef _WIN32
	_msg += "Press (Ctrl+C) to copy this message.";
	MessageBoxA(0, _msg.c_str(), "Fatal error", MB_ICONERROR); // TODO: unicode message
#else
	std::printf("Fatal error: \n%s", _msg.c_str());
#endif
}

[[noreturn]] void catch_all_exceptions()
{
	try
	{
		throw;
	}
	catch (const std::exception& e)
	{
		report_fatal_error("Unhandled exception of type '"s + typeid(e).name() + "': "s + e.what());
	}
	catch (...)
	{
		report_fatal_error("Unhandled exception (unknown)");
	}

	std::abort();
}

void SetCurrentThreadDebugName(const char* threadName)
{
#if defined(_MSC_VER) // this is VS-specific way to set thread names for the debugger

	#pragma pack(push,8)

	struct THREADNAME_INFO
	{
		DWORD dwType;
		LPCSTR szName;
		DWORD dwThreadID;
		DWORD dwFlags;
	} info;

	#pragma pack(pop)

	info.dwType = 0x1000;
	info.szName = threadName;
	info.dwThreadID = -1;
	info.dwFlags = 0;

	__try
	{
		RaiseException(0x406D1388, 0, sizeof(info) / sizeof(ULONG_PTR), (ULONG_PTR*)&info);
	}
	__except (EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER)
	{
	}

#endif
}

enum x64_reg_t : u32
{
	X64R_RAX = 0,
	X64R_RCX,
	X64R_RDX,
	X64R_RBX,
	X64R_RSP,
	X64R_RBP,
	X64R_RSI,
	X64R_RDI,
	X64R_R8,
	X64R_R9,
	X64R_R10,
	X64R_R11,
	X64R_R12,
	X64R_R13,
	X64R_R14,
	X64R_R15,

	X64R_XMM0 = 0,
	X64R_XMM1,
	X64R_XMM2,
	X64R_XMM3,
	X64R_XMM4,
	X64R_XMM5,
	X64R_XMM6,
	X64R_XMM7,
	X64R_XMM8,
	X64R_XMM9,
	X64R_XMM10,
	X64R_XMM11,
	X64R_XMM12,
	X64R_XMM13,
	X64R_XMM14,
	X64R_XMM15,
	
	X64R_AL,
	X64R_CL,
	X64R_DL,
	X64R_BL,
	X64R_AH,
	X64R_CH,
	X64R_DH,
	X64R_BH,
	
	X64_NOT_SET,
	X64_IMM8,
	X64_IMM16,
	X64_IMM32,

	X64R_ECX = X64R_CL,
};

enum x64_op_t : u32
{
	X64OP_NONE,
	X64OP_LOAD, // obtain and put the value into x64 register
	X64OP_STORE, // take the value from x64 register or an immediate and use it
	X64OP_MOVS,
	X64OP_STOS,
	X64OP_XCHG,
	X64OP_CMPXCHG,
	X64OP_LOAD_AND_STORE, // lock and [mem], reg
	X64OP_LOAD_OR_STORE,  // lock or  [mem], reg (TODO)
	X64OP_LOAD_XOR_STORE, // lock xor [mem], reg (TODO)
	X64OP_INC, // lock inc [mem] (TODO)
	X64OP_DEC, // lock dec [mem] (TODO)
};

void decode_x64_reg_op(const u8* code, x64_op_t& out_op, x64_reg_t& out_reg, size_t& out_size, size_t& out_length)
{
	// simple analysis of x64 code allows to reinterpret MOV or other instructions in any desired way
	out_length = 0;

	u8 rex = 0, pg2 = 0;

	bool oso = false, lock = false, repne = false, repe = false;

	enum : u8
	{
		LOCK  = 0xf0,
		REPNE = 0xf2,
		REPE  = 0xf3,
	};

	// check prefixes:
	for (;; code++, out_length++)
	{
		switch (const u8 prefix = *code)
		{
		case LOCK: // group 1
		{
			if (lock)
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "decode_x64_reg_op(%016llxh): LOCK prefix found twice", (size_t)code - out_length);
			}
			
			lock = true;
			continue;
		}
		case REPNE: // group 1
		{
			if (repne)
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "decode_x64_reg_op(%016llxh): REPNE/REPNZ prefix found twice", (size_t)code - out_length);
			}
			
			repne = true;
			continue;
		}
		case REPE: // group 1
		{
			if (repe)
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "decode_x64_reg_op(%016llxh): REP/REPE/REPZ prefix found twice", (size_t)code - out_length);
			}
			
			repe = true;
			continue;
		}

		case 0x2e: // group 2
		case 0x36:
		case 0x3e:
		case 0x26:
		case 0x64:
		case 0x65:
		{
			if (pg2)
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "decode_x64_reg_op(%016llxh): 0x%02x (group 2 prefix) found after 0x%02x", (size_t)code - out_length, prefix, pg2);
			}
			else
			{
				pg2 = prefix; // probably, segment register
			}
			continue;
		}

		case 0x66: // group 3
		{
			if (oso)
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "decode_x64_reg_op(%016llxh): operand-size override prefix found twice", (size_t)code - out_length);
			}
			
			oso = true;
			continue;
		}

		case 0x67: // group 4
		{
			LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "decode_x64_reg_op(%016llxh): address-size override prefix found", (size_t)code - out_length, prefix);
			out_op = X64OP_NONE;
			out_reg = X64_NOT_SET;
			out_size = 0;
			out_length = 0;
			return;
		}

		default:
		{
			if ((prefix & 0xf0) == 0x40) // check REX prefix
			{
				if (rex)
				{
					LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "decode_x64_reg_op(%016llxh): 0x%02x (REX prefix) found after 0x%02x", (size_t)code - out_length, prefix, rex);
				}
				else
				{
					rex = prefix;
				}
				continue;
			}
		}
		}

		break;
	}

	auto get_modRM_reg = [](const u8* code, const u8 rex) -> x64_reg_t
	{
		return (x64_reg_t)(((*code & 0x38) >> 3 | (/* check REX.R bit */ rex & 4 ? 8 : 0)) + X64R_RAX);
	};

	auto get_modRM_reg_xmm = [](const u8* code, const u8 rex) -> x64_reg_t
	{
		return (x64_reg_t)(((*code & 0x38) >> 3 | (/* check REX.R bit */ rex & 4 ? 8 : 0)) + X64R_XMM0);
	};

	auto get_modRM_reg_lh = [](const u8* code) -> x64_reg_t
	{
		return (x64_reg_t)(((*code & 0x38) >> 3) + X64R_AL);
	};

	auto get_op_size = [](const u8 rex, const bool oso) -> size_t
	{
		return rex & 8 ? 8 : (oso ? 2 : 4);
	};

	auto get_modRM_size = [](const u8* code) -> size_t
	{
		switch (*code >> 6) // check Mod
		{
		case 0: return (*code & 0x07) == 4 ? 2 : 1; // check SIB
		case 1: return (*code & 0x07) == 4 ? 3 : 2; // check SIB (disp8)
		case 2: return (*code & 0x07) == 4 ? 6 : 5; // check SIB (disp32)
		default: return 1;
		}
	};

	const u8 op1 = (out_length++, *code++), op2 = code[0], op3 = code[1];

	switch (op1)
	{
	case 0x0f:
	{
		out_length++, code++;

		switch (op2)
		{
		case 0x11:
		{
			if (!repe && !repne && !oso) // MOVUPS xmm/m, xmm
			{
				out_op = X64OP_STORE;
				out_reg = get_modRM_reg_xmm(code, rex);
				out_size = 16;
				out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
				return;
			}
			break;
		}
		case 0x7f:
		{
			if ((repe && !oso) || (!repe && oso)) // MOVDQU/MOVDQA xmm/m, xmm
			{
				out_op = X64OP_STORE;
				out_reg = get_modRM_reg_xmm(code, rex);
				out_size = 16;
				out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
				return;
			}
			break;
		}
		case 0xb0:
		{
			if (!oso) // CMPXCHG r8/m8, r8
			{
				out_op = X64OP_CMPXCHG;
				out_reg = rex & 8 ? get_modRM_reg(code, rex) : get_modRM_reg_lh(code);
				out_size = 1;
				out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
				return;
			}
			break;
		}
		case 0xb1:
		{
			if (true) // CMPXCHG r/m, r (16, 32, 64)
			{
				out_op = X64OP_CMPXCHG;
				out_reg = get_modRM_reg(code, rex);
				out_size = get_op_size(rex, oso);
				out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
				return;
			}
			break;
		}
		}

		break;
	}
	case 0x20:
	{
		if (!oso)
		{
			out_op = X64OP_LOAD_AND_STORE;
			out_reg = rex & 8 ? get_modRM_reg(code, rex) : get_modRM_reg_lh(code);
			out_size = 1;
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0x21:
	{
		if (true)
		{
			out_op = X64OP_LOAD_AND_STORE;
			out_reg = get_modRM_reg(code, rex);
			out_size = get_op_size(rex, oso);
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0x86:
	{
		if (!oso) // XCHG r8/m8, r8
		{
			out_op = X64OP_XCHG;
			out_reg = rex & 8 ? get_modRM_reg(code, rex) : get_modRM_reg_lh(code);
			out_size = 1;
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0x87:
	{
		if (true) // XCHG r/m, r (16, 32, 64)
		{
			out_op = X64OP_XCHG;
			out_reg = get_modRM_reg(code, rex);
			out_size = get_op_size(rex, oso);
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0x88:
	{
		if (!lock && !oso) // MOV r8/m8, r8
		{
			out_op = X64OP_STORE;
			out_reg = rex & 8 ? get_modRM_reg(code, rex) : get_modRM_reg_lh(code);
			out_size = 1;
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0x89:
	{
		if (!lock) // MOV r/m, r (16, 32, 64)
		{
			out_op = X64OP_STORE;
			out_reg = get_modRM_reg(code, rex);
			out_size = get_op_size(rex, oso);
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0x8a:
	{
		if (!lock && !oso) // MOV r8, r8/m8
		{
			out_op = X64OP_LOAD;
			out_reg = rex & 8 ? get_modRM_reg(code, rex) : get_modRM_reg_lh(code);
			out_size = 1;
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0x8b:
	{
		if (!lock) // MOV r, r/m (16, 32, 64)
		{
			out_op = X64OP_LOAD;
			out_reg = get_modRM_reg(code, rex);
			out_size = get_op_size(rex, oso);
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0xa4:
	{
		if (!oso && !lock && !repe && !rex) // MOVS
		{
			out_op = X64OP_MOVS;
			out_reg = X64_NOT_SET;
			out_size = 1;
			return;
		}
		if (!oso && !lock && repe) // REP MOVS
		{
			out_op = X64OP_MOVS;
			out_reg = rex & 8 ? X64R_RCX : X64R_ECX;
			out_size = 1;
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0xaa:
	{
		if (!oso && !lock && !repe && !rex) // STOS
		{
			out_op = X64OP_STOS;
			out_reg = X64_NOT_SET;
			out_size = 1;
			return;
		}
		if (!oso && !lock && repe) // REP STOS
		{
			out_op = X64OP_STOS;
			out_reg = rex & 8 ? X64R_RCX : X64R_ECX;
			out_size = 1;
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0xc6:
	{
		if (!lock && !oso && get_modRM_reg(code, 0) == X64R_RAX) // MOV r8/m8, imm8
		{
			out_op = X64OP_STORE;
			out_reg = X64_IMM8;
			out_size = 1;
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code) + 1;
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	case 0xc7:
	{
		if (!lock && get_modRM_reg(code, 0) == X64R_RAX) // MOV r/m, imm16/imm32 (16, 32, 64)
		{
			out_op = X64OP_STORE;
			out_reg = oso ? X64_IMM16 : X64_IMM32;
			out_size = get_op_size(rex, oso);
			out_length += get_modRM_size(code) + (oso ? 2 : 4);
			return;
		}
		break;
	}
	}

	out_op = X64OP_NONE;
	out_reg = X64_NOT_SET;
	out_size = 0;
	out_length = 0;
}

#ifdef _WIN32

typedef CONTEXT x64_context;

#define X64REG(context, reg) (&(&(context)->Rax)[reg])
#define XMMREG(context, reg) (reinterpret_cast<v128*>(&(&(context)->Xmm0)[reg]))
#define EFLAGS(context) ((context)->EFlags)

#define ARG1(context) RCX(context)
#define ARG2(context) RDX(context)

#else

typedef ucontext_t x64_context;

#ifdef __APPLE__

#define X64REG(context, reg) (darwin_x64reg(context, reg))
#define XMMREG(context, reg) (reinterpret_cast<v128*>(&(context)->uc_mcontext->__fs.__fpu_xmm0.__xmm_reg[reg]))
#define EFLAGS(context) ((context)->uc_mcontext->__ss.__rflags)

uint64_t* darwin_x64reg(x64_context *context, int reg)
{
	auto *state = &context->uc_mcontext->__ss;
	switch(reg)
	{
	case 0: return &state->__rax;
	case 1: return &state->__rcx;
	case 2: return &state->__rdx;
	case 3: return &state->__rbx;
	case 4: return &state->__rsp;
	case 5: return &state->__rbp;
	case 6: return &state->__rsi;
	case 7: return &state->__rdi;
	case 8: return &state->__r8;
	case 9: return &state->__r9;
	case 10: return &state->__r10;
	case 11: return &state->__r11;
	case 12: return &state->__r12;
	case 13: return &state->__r13;
	case 14: return &state->__r14;
	case 15: return &state->__r15;
	case 16: return &state->__rip;
	default:
		LOG_ERROR(GENERAL, "Invalid register index: %d", reg);
		return nullptr;
	}
}

#else

static const decltype(REG_RAX) reg_table[] =
{
	REG_RAX, REG_RCX, REG_RDX, REG_RBX, REG_RSP, REG_RBP, REG_RSI, REG_RDI,
	REG_R8, REG_R9, REG_R10, REG_R11, REG_R12, REG_R13, REG_R14, REG_R15, REG_RIP
};

#define X64REG(context, reg) (&(context)->uc_mcontext.gregs[reg_table[reg]])
#define XMMREG(context, reg) (reinterpret_cast<v128*>(&(context)->uc_mcontext.fpregs->_xmm[reg]))
#define EFLAGS(context) ((context)->uc_mcontext.gregs[REG_EFL])

#endif // __APPLE__

#define ARG1(context) RDI(context)
#define ARG2(context) RSI(context)

#endif

#define RAX(c) (*X64REG((c), 0))
#define RCX(c) (*X64REG((c), 1))
#define RDX(c) (*X64REG((c), 2))
#define RSP(c) (*X64REG((c), 4))
#define RSI(c) (*X64REG((c), 6))
#define RDI(c) (*X64REG((c), 7))
#define RIP(c) (*X64REG((c), 16))

bool get_x64_reg_value(x64_context* context, x64_reg_t reg, size_t d_size, size_t i_size, u64& out_value)
{
	// get x64 reg value (for store operations)
	if (reg - X64R_RAX < 16)
	{
		// load the value from x64 register
		const u64 reg_value = *X64REG(context, reg - X64R_RAX);

		switch (d_size)
		{
		case 1: out_value = (u8)reg_value; return true;
		case 2: out_value = (u16)reg_value; return true;
		case 4: out_value = (u32)reg_value; return true;
		case 8: out_value = reg_value; return true;
		}
	}
	else if (reg - X64R_AL < 4 && d_size == 1)
	{
		out_value = (u8)(*X64REG(context, reg - X64R_AL));
		return true;
	}
	else if (reg - X64R_AH < 4 && d_size == 1)
	{
		out_value = (u8)(*X64REG(context, reg - X64R_AH) >> 8);
		return true;
	}
	else if (reg == X64_IMM8)
	{
		// load the immediate value (assuming it's at the end of the instruction)
		const s8 imm_value = *(s8*)(RIP(context) + i_size - 1);

		switch (d_size)
		{
		case 1: out_value = (u8)imm_value; return true;
		}
	}
	else if (reg == X64_IMM16)
	{
		const s16 imm_value = *(s16*)(RIP(context) + i_size - 2);

		switch (d_size)
		{
		case 2: out_value = (u16)imm_value; return true;
		}
	}
	else if (reg == X64_IMM32)
	{
		const s32 imm_value = *(s32*)(RIP(context) + i_size - 4);
		
		switch (d_size)
		{
		case 4: out_value = (u32)imm_value; return true;
		case 8: out_value = (u64)imm_value; return true; // sign-extended
		}
	}
	else if (reg == X64R_ECX)
	{
		out_value = (u32)RCX(context);
		return true;
	}

	LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "get_x64_reg_value(): invalid arguments (reg=%d, d_size=%lld, i_size=%lld)", reg, d_size, i_size);
	return false;
}

bool put_x64_reg_value(x64_context* context, x64_reg_t reg, size_t d_size, u64 value)
{
	// save x64 reg value (for load operations)
	if (reg - X64R_RAX < 16)
	{
		// save the value into x64 register
		switch (d_size)
		{
		case 1: *X64REG(context, reg - X64R_RAX) = value & 0xff | *X64REG(context, reg - X64R_RAX) & 0xffffff00; return true;
		case 2: *X64REG(context, reg - X64R_RAX) = value & 0xffff | *X64REG(context, reg - X64R_RAX) & 0xffff0000; return true;
		case 4: *X64REG(context, reg - X64R_RAX) = value & 0xffffffff; return true;
		case 8: *X64REG(context, reg - X64R_RAX) = value; return true;
		}
	}

	LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "put_x64_reg_value(): invalid destination (reg=%d, d_size=%lld, value=0x%llx)", reg, d_size, value);
	return false;
}

bool set_x64_cmp_flags(x64_context* context, size_t d_size, u64 x, u64 y)
{
	switch (d_size)
	{
	case 1: break;
	case 2: break;
	case 4: break;
	case 8: break;
	default: LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "set_x64_cmp_flags(): invalid d_size (%lld)", d_size); return false;
	}

	const u64 sign = 1ull << (d_size * 8 - 1); // sign mask
	const u64 diff = x - y;
	const u64 summ = x + y;

	if (((x & y) | ((x ^ y) & ~summ)) & sign)
	{
		EFLAGS(context) |= 0x1; // set CF
	}
	else
	{
		EFLAGS(context) &= ~0x1; // clear CF
	}

	if (x == y)
	{
		EFLAGS(context) |= 0x40; // set ZF
	}
	else
	{
		EFLAGS(context) &= ~0x40; // clear ZF
	}

	if (diff & sign)
	{
		EFLAGS(context) |= 0x80; // set SF
	}
	else
	{
		EFLAGS(context) &= ~0x80; // clear SF
	}

	if ((x ^ summ) & (y ^ summ) & sign)
	{
		EFLAGS(context) |= 0x800; // set OF
	}
	else
	{
		EFLAGS(context) &= ~0x800; // clear OF
	}

	const u8 p1 = (u8)diff ^ ((u8)diff >> 4);
	const u8 p2 = p1 ^ (p1 >> 2);
	const u8 p3 = p2 ^ (p2 >> 1);

	if ((p3 & 1) == 0)
	{
		EFLAGS(context) |= 0x4; // set PF
	}
	else
	{
		EFLAGS(context) &= ~0x4; // clear PF
	}

	if (((x & y) | ((x ^ y) & ~summ)) & 0x8)
	{
		EFLAGS(context) |= 0x10; // set AF
	}
	else
	{
		EFLAGS(context) &= ~0x10; // clear AF
	}

	return true;
}

size_t get_x64_access_size(x64_context* context, x64_op_t op, x64_reg_t reg, size_t d_size, size_t i_size)
{
	if (op == X64OP_MOVS || op == X64OP_STOS)
	{
		if (EFLAGS(context) & 0x400 /* direction flag */)
		{
			// skip reservation bound check (TODO)
			return 0;
		}

		if (reg != X64_NOT_SET) // get "full" access size from RCX register
		{
			u64 counter;
			if (!get_x64_reg_value(context, reg, 8, i_size, counter))
			{
				return -1;
			}

			return d_size * counter;
		}
	}

	if (op == X64OP_CMPXCHG)
	{
		// Detect whether the instruction can't actually modify memory to avoid breaking reservation
		u64 cmp, exch;
		if (!get_x64_reg_value(context, reg, d_size, i_size, cmp) || !get_x64_reg_value(context, X64R_RAX, d_size, i_size, exch))
		{
			return -1;
		}

		if (cmp == exch)
		{
			// skip reservation bound check
			return 0;
		}
	}

	return d_size;
}

namespace rsx
{
	extern std::function<bool(u32 addr, bool is_writing)> g_access_violation_handler;
}

bool handle_access_violation(u32 addr, bool is_writing, x64_context* context)
{
	if (rsx::g_access_violation_handler && rsx::g_access_violation_handler(addr, is_writing))
	{
		return true;
	}

	auto code = (const u8*)RIP(context);

	x64_op_t op;
	x64_reg_t reg;
	size_t d_size;
	size_t i_size;

	// decode single x64 instruction that causes memory access
	decode_x64_reg_op(code, op, reg, d_size, i_size);

	auto report_opcode = [=]()
	{
		if (op == X64OP_NONE)
		{
			LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "decode_x64_reg_op(%016llxh): unsupported opcode found (%016llX%016llX)", code, *(be_t<u64>*)(code), *(be_t<u64>*)(code + 8));
		}
	};

	if ((d_size | d_size + addr) >= 0x100000000ull)
	{
		LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "Invalid d_size (0x%llx)", d_size);
		report_opcode();
		return false;
	}

	// get length of data being accessed
	size_t a_size = get_x64_access_size(context, op, reg, d_size, i_size);

	if ((a_size | a_size + addr) >= 0x100000000ull)
	{
		LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "Invalid a_size (0x%llx)", a_size);
		report_opcode();
		return false;
	}

	// check if address is RawSPU MMIO register
	if (addr - RAW_SPU_BASE_ADDR < (6 * RAW_SPU_OFFSET) && (addr % RAW_SPU_OFFSET) >= RAW_SPU_PROB_OFFSET)
	{
		auto thread = idm::get<RawSPUThread>((addr - RAW_SPU_BASE_ADDR) / RAW_SPU_OFFSET);

		if (!thread)
		{
			return false;
		}

		if (a_size != 4 || !d_size || !i_size)
		{
			LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "Invalid or unsupported instruction (op=%d, reg=%d, d_size=%lld, a_size=0x%llx, i_size=%lld)", op, reg, d_size, a_size, i_size);
			report_opcode();
			return false;
		}

		switch (op)
		{
		case X64OP_LOAD:
		{
			u32 value;
			if (is_writing || !thread->read_reg(addr, value) || !put_x64_reg_value(context, reg, d_size, se_storage<u32>::swap(value)))
			{
				return false;
			}

			break;
		}
		case X64OP_STORE:
		{
			u64 reg_value;
			if (!is_writing || !get_x64_reg_value(context, reg, d_size, i_size, reg_value) || !thread->write_reg(addr, se_storage<u32>::swap((u32)reg_value)))
			{
				return false;
			}

			break;
		}
		case X64OP_MOVS: // possibly, TODO
		case X64OP_STOS:
		default:
		{
			LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "Invalid or unsupported operation (op=%d, reg=%d, d_size=%lld, i_size=%lld)", op, reg, d_size, i_size);
			report_opcode();
			return false;
		}
		}

		// skip processed instruction
		RIP(context) += i_size;
		return true;
	}

	// check if fault is caused by the reservation
	return vm::reservation_query(addr, (u32)a_size, is_writing, [&]() -> bool
	{
		// write memory using "privileged" access to avoid breaking reservation
		if (!d_size || !i_size)
		{
			LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "Invalid or unsupported instruction (op=%d, reg=%d, d_size=%lld, a_size=0x%llx, i_size=%lld)", op, reg, d_size, a_size, i_size);
			report_opcode();
			return false;
		}

		switch (op)
		{
		case X64OP_STORE:
		{
			if (d_size == 16)
			{
				if (reg - X64R_XMM0 >= 16)
				{
					LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "X64OP_STORE: d_size=16, reg=%d", reg);
					return false;
				}

				std::memcpy(vm::base_priv(addr), XMMREG(context, reg - X64R_XMM0), 16);
				break;
			}

			u64 reg_value;
			if (!get_x64_reg_value(context, reg, d_size, i_size, reg_value))
			{
				return false;
			}

			std::memcpy(vm::base_priv(addr), &reg_value, d_size);
			break;
		}
		case X64OP_MOVS:
		{
			if (d_size > 8)
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "X64OP_MOVS: d_size=%lld", d_size);
				return false;
			}

			if (vm::base(addr) != (void*)RDI(context))
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "X64OP_MOVS: rdi=0x%llx, rsi=0x%llx, addr=0x%x", (u64)RDI(context), (u64)RSI(context), addr);
				return false;
			}

			u32 a_addr = addr;

			while (a_addr >> 12 == addr >> 12)
			{
				u64 value;

				// copy data
				std::memcpy(&value, (void*)RSI(context), d_size);
				std::memcpy(vm::base_priv(a_addr), &value, d_size);

				// shift pointers
				if (EFLAGS(context) & 0x400 /* direction flag */)
				{
					LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "X64OP_MOVS TODO: reversed direction");
					return false;
					//RSI(context) -= d_size;
					//RDI(context) -= d_size;
					//a_addr -= (u32)d_size;
				}
				else
				{
					RSI(context) += d_size;
					RDI(context) += d_size;
					a_addr += (u32)d_size;
				}

				// decrement counter
				if (reg == X64_NOT_SET || !--RCX(context))
				{
					break;
				}
			}

			if (reg == X64_NOT_SET || !RCX(context))
			{
				break;
			}

			// don't skip partially processed instruction
			return true;
		}
		case X64OP_STOS:
		{
			if (d_size > 8)
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "X64OP_STOS: d_size=%lld", d_size);
				return false;
			}

			if (vm::base(addr) != (void*)RDI(context))
			{
				LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "X64OP_STOS: rdi=0x%llx, addr=0x%x", (u64)RDI(context), addr);
				return false;
			}

			u64 value;
			if (!get_x64_reg_value(context, X64R_RAX, d_size, i_size, value))
			{
				return false;
			}

			u32 a_addr = addr;

			while (a_addr >> 12 == addr >> 12)
			{
				// fill data with value
				std::memcpy(vm::base_priv(a_addr), &value, d_size);

				// shift pointers
				if (EFLAGS(context) & 0x400 /* direction flag */)
				{
					LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "X64OP_STOS TODO: reversed direction");
					return false;
					//RDI(context) -= d_size;
					//a_addr -= (u32)d_size;
				}
				else
				{
					RDI(context) += d_size;
					a_addr += (u32)d_size;
				}

				// decrement counter
				if (reg == X64_NOT_SET || !--RCX(context))
				{
					break;
				}
			}

			if (reg == X64_NOT_SET || !RCX(context))
			{
				break;
			}

			// don't skip partially processed instruction
			return true;
		}
		case X64OP_XCHG:
		{
			u64 reg_value;
			if (!get_x64_reg_value(context, reg, d_size, i_size, reg_value))
			{
				return false;
			}

			switch (d_size)
			{
			case 1: reg_value = ((atomic_t<u8>*)vm::base_priv(addr))->exchange((u8)reg_value); break;
			case 2: reg_value = ((atomic_t<u16>*)vm::base_priv(addr))->exchange((u16)reg_value); break;
			case 4: reg_value = ((atomic_t<u32>*)vm::base_priv(addr))->exchange((u32)reg_value); break;
			case 8: reg_value = ((atomic_t<u64>*)vm::base_priv(addr))->exchange((u64)reg_value); break;
			default: return false;
			}

			if (!put_x64_reg_value(context, reg, d_size, reg_value))
			{
				return false;
			}
			break;
		}
		case X64OP_CMPXCHG:
		{
			u64 reg_value, old_value, cmp_value;
			if (!get_x64_reg_value(context, reg, d_size, i_size, reg_value) || !get_x64_reg_value(context, X64R_RAX, d_size, i_size, cmp_value))
			{
				return false;
			}

			switch (d_size)
			{
			case 1: old_value = ((atomic_t<u8>*)vm::base_priv(addr))->compare_and_swap((u8)cmp_value, (u8)reg_value); break;
			case 2: old_value = ((atomic_t<u16>*)vm::base_priv(addr))->compare_and_swap((u16)cmp_value, (u16)reg_value); break;
			case 4: old_value = ((atomic_t<u32>*)vm::base_priv(addr))->compare_and_swap((u32)cmp_value, (u32)reg_value); break;
			case 8: old_value = ((atomic_t<u64>*)vm::base_priv(addr))->compare_and_swap((u64)cmp_value, (u64)reg_value); break;
			default: return false;
			}

			if (!put_x64_reg_value(context, X64R_RAX, d_size, old_value) || !set_x64_cmp_flags(context, d_size, cmp_value, old_value))
			{
				return false;
			}
			break;
		}
		case X64OP_LOAD_AND_STORE:
		{
			u64 value;
			if (!get_x64_reg_value(context, reg, d_size, i_size, value))
			{
				return false;
			}

			switch (d_size)
			{
			case 1: value = *(atomic_t<u8>*)vm::base_priv(addr) &= (u8)value; break;
			case 2: value = *(atomic_t<u16>*)vm::base_priv(addr) &= (u16)value; break;
			case 4: value = *(atomic_t<u32>*)vm::base_priv(addr) &= (u32)value; break;
			case 8: value = *(atomic_t<u64>*)vm::base_priv(addr) &= (u64)value; break;
			default: return false;
			}

			if (!set_x64_cmp_flags(context, d_size, value, 0))
			{
				return false;
			}
			break;
		}
		default:
		{
			LOG_ERROR(MEMORY, "Invalid or unsupported operation (op=%d, reg=%d, d_size=%lld, a_size=0x%llx, i_size=%lld)", op, reg, d_size, a_size, i_size);
			report_opcode();
			return false;
		}
		}

		// skip processed instruction
		RIP(context) += i_size;
		return true;
	});

	// TODO: allow recovering from a page fault as a feature of PS3 virtual memory
}

[[noreturn]] static void throw_access_violation(const char* cause, u64 addr)
{
	vm::throw_access_violation(addr, cause);
	std::abort();
}

// Modify context in order to convert hardware exception to C++ exception
static void prepare_throw_access_violation(x64_context* context, const char* cause, u32 address)
{
	// Set throw_access_violation() call args (old register values are lost)
	ARG1(context) = (u64)cause;
	ARG2(context) = address;

	// Push the exception address as a "return" address (throw_access_violation() shall not return)
	*--(u64*&)(RSP(context)) = RIP(context);
	RIP(context) = (u64)std::addressof(throw_access_violation);
}

#ifdef _WIN32

static LONG exception_handler(PEXCEPTION_POINTERS pExp)
{
	const u64 addr64 = pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[1] - (u64)vm::base(0);
	const bool is_writing = pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[0] != 0;

	if (pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode == EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION && addr64 < 0x100000000ull)
	{
		vm::g_tls_fault_count++;

		if (thread_ctrl::get_current() && handle_access_violation((u32)addr64, is_writing, pExp->ContextRecord))
		{
			return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION;
		}
	}

	return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
}

static LONG exception_filter(PEXCEPTION_POINTERS pExp)
{
	std::string msg = fmt::format("Unhandled Win32 exception 0x%08X.\n", pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode);

	if (pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode == EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION)
	{
		const u64 addr64 = pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[1] - (u64)vm::base(0);
		const auto cause = pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[0] != 0 ? "writing" : "reading";

		if (!(vm::g_tls_fault_count & (1ull << 63)) && addr64 < 0x100000000ull)
		{
			vm::g_tls_fault_count |= (1ull << 63);
			// Setup throw_access_violation() call on the context
			prepare_throw_access_violation(pExp->ContextRecord, cause, (u32)addr64);
			return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION;
		}

		msg += fmt::format("Access violation %s location %p at %p.\n", cause, pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[1], pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionAddress);
	}
	else
	{
		msg += fmt::format("Exception address: %p.\n", pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionAddress);

		for (DWORD i = 0; i < pExp->ExceptionRecord->NumberParameters; i++)
		{
			msg += fmt::format("ExceptionInformation[0x%x]: %p.\n", i, pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionInformation[i]);
		}
	}

	msg += fmt::format("Instruction address: %p.\n", pExp->ContextRecord->Rip);
	msg += fmt::format("Image base: %p.\n", GetModuleHandle(NULL));

	if (pExp->ExceptionRecord->ExceptionCode == EXCEPTION_ILLEGAL_INSTRUCTION)
	{
		msg += "\n"
			"Illegal instruction exception occured.\n"
			"Note that your CPU must support SSSE3 extension.\n";
	}

	// TODO: print registers and the callstack

	// Report fatal error
	report_fatal_error(msg);
	return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
}

const bool s_exception_handler_set = []() -> bool
{
	if (!AddVectoredExceptionHandler(1, (PVECTORED_EXCEPTION_HANDLER)exception_handler))
	{
		report_fatal_error("AddVectoredExceptionHandler() failed.");
		std::abort();
	}

	if (!SetUnhandledExceptionFilter((LPTOP_LEVEL_EXCEPTION_FILTER)exception_filter))
	{
		report_fatal_error("SetUnhandledExceptionFilter() failed.");
		std::abort();
	}

	return true;
}();

#else

static void signal_handler(int sig, siginfo_t* info, void* uct)
{
	x64_context* context = (ucontext_t*)uct;

#ifdef __APPLE__
	const bool is_writing = context->uc_mcontext->__es.__err & 0x2;
#else
	const bool is_writing = context->uc_mcontext.gregs[REG_ERR] & 0x2;
#endif

	const u64 addr64 = (u64)info->si_addr - (u64)vm::base(0);
	const auto cause = is_writing ? "writing" : "reading";

	if (addr64 < 0x100000000ull)
	{
		vm::g_tls_fault_count++;

		// Try to process access violation
		if (!thread_ctrl::get_current() || !handle_access_violation((u32)addr64, is_writing, context))
		{
			// Setup throw_access_violation() call on the context
			prepare_throw_access_violation(context, cause, (u32)addr64);
		}
	}
	else
	{
		// TODO (debugger interaction)
		report_fatal_error(fmt::format("Access violation %s location %p at %p.", cause, info->si_addr, RIP(context)));
		std::abort();
	}
}

const bool s_exception_handler_set = []() -> bool
{
	struct ::sigaction sa;
	sa.sa_flags = SA_SIGINFO;
	sigemptyset(&sa.sa_mask);
	sa.sa_sigaction = signal_handler;

	if (::sigaction(SIGSEGV, &sa, NULL) == -1)
	{
		std::printf("sigaction() failed (0x%x).", errno);
		std::abort();
	}

	return true;
}();

#endif

const bool s_self_test = []() -> bool
{
	// Find ret instruction
	if ((*(u8*)throw_access_violation & 0xF6) == 0xC2)
	{
		std::abort();
	}

	return true;
}();

thread_local DECLARE(thread_ctrl::g_tls_this_thread) = nullptr;

// TODO
atomic_t<u32> g_thread_count{ 0 };

void thread_ctrl::initialize()
{
	SetCurrentThreadDebugName(g_tls_this_thread->m_name.c_str());

	_log::g_tls_make_prefix = [](const auto&, auto, const auto&)
	{
		return g_tls_this_thread->m_name;
	};

	// TODO
	++g_thread_count;
}

void thread_ctrl::finalize() noexcept
{
	// TODO
	vm::reservation_free();

	// TODO
	--g_thread_count;

	// Call atexit functions
	g_tls_this_thread->m_atexit.exec();
}

std::string named_thread::get_name() const
{
	return fmt::format("('%s') Unnamed Thread", typeid(*this).name());
}

void named_thread::start()
{
	Expects(!m_thread);

	// Get shared_ptr instance (will throw if called from the constructor or the object has been created incorrectly)
	auto&& ptr = shared_from_this();

	// Run thread
	m_thread = thread_ctrl::spawn(get_name(), [thread = std::move(ptr)]()
	{
		try
		{
			LOG_TRACE(GENERAL, "Thread started");
			thread->on_task();
			LOG_TRACE(GENERAL, "Thread ended");
		}
		catch (const std::exception& e)
		{
			LOG_FATAL(GENERAL, "%s thrown: %s", typeid(e).name(), e.what());
			Emu.Pause();
		}
		catch (EmulationStopped)
		{
			LOG_NOTICE(GENERAL, "Thread aborted");
		}

		thread->on_exit();
	});
}

void named_thread::join()
{
	Expects(m_thread);

	try
	{
		m_thread->join();
		m_thread.reset();
	}
	catch (...)
	{
		m_thread.reset();
		throw;
	}
}