pcsx2/plugins/GSdx/xbyak/xbyak.h

/* Copyright (c) 2007 MITSUNARI Shigeo
* All rights reserved.
* 
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* 
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
* list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
* and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* Neither the name of the copyright owner nor the names of its contributors may
* be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
* specific prior written permission.
* 
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
* AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
* ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
* LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
* CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
* SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
* INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
* CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
* ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF
* THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/

#pragma once
#ifndef XBYAK_XBYAK_H_
#define XBYAK_XBYAK_H_
/*!
	@file xbyak.h
	@brief Xbyak ; JIT assembler for x86(IA32)/x64 by C++
	@author herumi
	@url https://github.com/herumi/xbyak, http://homepage1.nifty.com/herumi/soft/xbyak_e.html
	@note modified new BSD license
	http://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause
*/
#ifndef XBYAK_NO_OP_NAMES
	#if not +0 // trick to detect whether 'not' is operator or not
		#error "use -fno-operator-names option if you want to use and(), or(), xor(), not() as function names, Or define XBYAK_NO_OP_NAMES and use and_(), or_(), xor_(), not_()."
	#endif
#endif

#include <stdio.h> // for debug print
#include <assert.h>
#include <list>
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#ifndef NDEBUG
#include <iostream>
#endif

//#define XBYAK_USE_MMAP_ALLOCATOR
#if !defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__MINGW32__)
	#undef XBYAK_USE_MMAP_ALLOCATOR
#endif

// This covers -std=(gnu|c)++(0x|11|1y), -stdlib=libc++, and modern Microsoft.
#if ((defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1600)) || defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) ||\
	 			 ((__cplusplus >= 201103) || defined(__GXX_EXPERIMENTAL_CXX0X__)))
	#include <unordered_map>
	#define XBYAK_STD_UNORDERED_MAP std::unordered_map
	#define XBYAK_STD_UNORDERED_MULTIMAP std::unordered_multimap

// Clang/llvm-gcc and ICC-EDG in 'GCC-mode' always claim to be GCC 4.2, using
// libstdcxx 20070719 (from GCC 4.2.1, the last GPL 2 version).
// These headers have been expanded/fixed in various forks.
// In F.S.F. 'real' GCC, issues with the tr headers were resolved in GCC 4.5.
#elif defined(__GNUC__) && (__GNUC__ >= 4) && ((__GNUC_MINOR__ >= 5) || \
								 ((__GLIBCXX__ >= 20070719) && (__GNUC_MINOR__ >= 2) && \
									(defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) || defined(__llvm__))))
	#include <tr1/unordered_map>
	#define XBYAK_STD_UNORDERED_MAP std::tr1::unordered_map
	#define XBYAK_STD_UNORDERED_MULTIMAP std::tr1::unordered_multimap

#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1500) && (_MSC_VER < 1600)
	#include <unordered_map>
	#define XBYAK_STD_UNORDERED_MAP std::tr1::unordered_map
	#define XBYAK_STD_UNORDERED_MULTIMAP std::tr1::unordered_multimap

#else
	#include <map>
	#define XBYAK_STD_UNORDERED_MAP std::map
	#define XBYAK_STD_UNORDERED_MULTIMAP std::multimap
#endif
#ifdef _WIN32
	#include <windows.h>
	#include <malloc.h>
#elif defined(__GNUC__)
	#include <unistd.h>
	#include <sys/mman.h>
	#include <stdlib.h>
#endif
#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || (_MSC_VER >= 1600)
	#include <stdint.h>
#endif

#if defined(_WIN64) || defined(__MINGW64__) || (defined(__CYGWIN__) && defined(__x86_64__))
	#define XBYAK64_WIN
#elif defined(__x86_64__)
	#define XBYAK64_GCC
#endif
#if !defined(XBYAK64) && !defined(XBYAK32)
	#if defined(XBYAK64_GCC) || defined(XBYAK64_WIN)
		#define XBYAK64
	#else
		#define XBYAK32
	#endif
#endif

#if (__cplusplus >= 201103) || (_MSC_VER >= 1800)
	#define XBYAK_VARIADIC_TEMPLATE
#endif

#ifdef _MSC_VER
	#pragma warning(push)
	#pragma warning(disable : 4514) /* remove inline function */
	#pragma warning(disable : 4786) /* identifier is too long */
	#pragma warning(disable : 4503) /* name is too long */
	#pragma warning(disable : 4127) /* constant expresison */
#endif

namespace Xbyak {

#include "xbyak_bin2hex.h"

enum {
	DEFAULT_MAX_CODE_SIZE = 4096,
	VERSION = 0x4840 /* 0xABCD = A.BC(D) */
};
/*
#ifndef MIE_INTEGER_TYPE_DEFINED
#define MIE_INTEGER_TYPE_DEFINED
#ifdef _MSC_VER
	typedef unsigned __int64 uint64;
	typedef __int64 sint64;
#else
	typedef uint64_t uint64;
	typedef int64_t sint64;
#endif
typedef unsigned int uint32;
typedef unsigned short uint16;
typedef unsigned char uint8;
#endif
*/
#ifndef MIE_ALIGN
	#ifdef _MSC_VER
		#define MIE_ALIGN(x) __declspec(align(x))
	#else
		#define MIE_ALIGN(x) __attribute__((aligned(x)))
	#endif
#endif
#ifndef MIE_PACK // for shufps
	#define MIE_PACK(x, y, z, w) ((x) * 64 + (y) * 16 + (z) * 4 + (w))
#endif

enum {
	ERR_NONE = 0,
	ERR_BAD_ADDRESSING,
	ERR_CODE_IS_TOO_BIG,
	ERR_BAD_SCALE,
	ERR_ESP_CANT_BE_INDEX,
	ERR_BAD_COMBINATION,
	ERR_BAD_SIZE_OF_REGISTER,
	ERR_IMM_IS_TOO_BIG,
	ERR_BAD_ALIGN,
	ERR_LABEL_IS_REDEFINED,
	ERR_LABEL_IS_TOO_FAR,
	ERR_LABEL_IS_NOT_FOUND,
	ERR_CODE_ISNOT_COPYABLE,
	ERR_BAD_PARAMETER,
	ERR_CANT_PROTECT,
	ERR_CANT_USE_64BIT_DISP,
	ERR_OFFSET_IS_TOO_BIG,
	ERR_MEM_SIZE_IS_NOT_SPECIFIED,
	ERR_BAD_MEM_SIZE,
	ERR_BAD_ST_COMBINATION,
	ERR_OVER_LOCAL_LABEL, // not used
	ERR_UNDER_LOCAL_LABEL,
	ERR_CANT_ALLOC,
	ERR_ONLY_T_NEAR_IS_SUPPORTED_IN_AUTO_GROW,
	ERR_BAD_PROTECT_MODE,
	ERR_BAD_PNUM,
	ERR_BAD_TNUM,
	ERR_BAD_VSIB_ADDRESSING,
	ERR_CANT_CONVERT,
	ERR_LABEL_ISNOT_SET_BY_L,
	ERR_LABEL_IS_ALREADY_SET_BY_L,
	ERR_BAD_LABEL_STR,
	ERR_MUNMAP,
	ERR_INTERNAL
};

class Error : public std::exception {
	int err_;
public:
	explicit Error(int err) : err_(err)
	{
		if (err_ < 0 || err_ > ERR_INTERNAL) {
			fprintf(stderr, "bad err=%d in Xbyak::Error\n", err_);
			exit(1);
		}
	}
	operator int() const { return err_; }
	const char *what() const throw()
	{
		static const char *errTbl[] = {
			"none",
			"bad addressing",
			"code is too big",
			"bad scale",
			"esp can't be index",
			"bad combination",
			"bad size of register",
			"imm is too big",
			"bad align",
			"label is redefined",
			"label is too far",
			"label is not found",
			"code is not copyable",
			"bad parameter",
			"can't protect",
			"can't use 64bit disp(use (void*))",
			"offset is too big",
			"MEM size is not specified",
			"bad mem size",
			"bad st combination",
			"over local label",
			"under local label",
			"can't alloc",
			"T_SHORT is not supported in AutoGrow",
			"bad protect mode",
			"bad pNum",
			"bad tNum",
			"bad vsib addressing",
			"can't convert",
			"label is not set by L()",
			"label is already set by L()",
			"bad label string",
			"err munmap",
			"internal error",
		};
		assert((size_t)err_ < sizeof(errTbl) / sizeof(*errTbl));
		return errTbl[err_];
	}
};

inline const char *ConvertErrorToString(Error err)
{
	return err.what();
}

inline void *AlignedMalloc(size_t size, size_t alignment)
{
#ifdef __MINGW32__
	return __mingw_aligned_malloc(size, alignment);
#elif defined(_WIN32)
	return _aligned_malloc(size, alignment);
#else
	void *p;
	int ret = posix_memalign(&p, alignment, size);
	return (ret == 0) ? p : 0;
#endif
}

inline void AlignedFree(void *p)
{
#ifdef __MINGW32__
	__mingw_aligned_free(p);
#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
	_aligned_free(p);
#else
	free(p);
#endif
}

template<class To, class From>
inline const To CastTo(From p) throw()
{
	return (const To)(size_t)(p);
}
namespace inner {

static const size_t ALIGN_PAGE_SIZE = 4096;

inline bool IsInDisp8(uint32 x) { return 0xFFFFFF80 <= x || x <= 0x7F; }
inline bool IsInInt32(uint64 x) { return ~uint64(0x7fffffffu) <= x || x <= 0x7FFFFFFFU; }

inline uint32 VerifyInInt32(uint64 x)
{
#ifdef XBYAK64
	if (!IsInInt32(x)) throw Error(ERR_OFFSET_IS_TOO_BIG);
#endif
	return static_cast<uint32>(x);
}

enum LabelMode {
	LasIs, // as is
	Labs, // absolute
	LaddTop // (addr + top) for mov(reg, label) with AutoGrow
};

} // inner

/*
	custom allocator
*/
struct Allocator {
	virtual uint8 *alloc(size_t size) { return reinterpret_cast<uint8*>(AlignedMalloc(size, inner::ALIGN_PAGE_SIZE)); }
	virtual void free(uint8 *p) { AlignedFree(p); }
	virtual ~Allocator() {}
	/* override to return false if you call protect() manually */
	virtual bool useProtect() const { return true; }
};

#ifdef XBYAK_USE_MMAP_ALLOCATOR
class MmapAllocator : Allocator {
	typedef XBYAK_STD_UNORDERED_MAP<uintptr_t, size_t> SizeList;
	SizeList sizeList_;
public:
	uint8 *alloc(size_t size)
	{
		const size_t alignedSizeM1 = inner::ALIGN_PAGE_SIZE - 1;
		size = (size + alignedSizeM1) & ~alignedSizeM1;
#ifdef MAP_ANONYMOUS
		const int mode = MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS;
#elif defined(MAP_ANON)
		const int mode = MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANON;
#else
		#error "not supported"
#endif
		void *p = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, mode, -1, 0);
		if (p == MAP_FAILED) throw Error(ERR_CANT_ALLOC);
		assert(p);
		sizeList_[(uintptr_t)p] = size;
		return (uint8*)p;
	}
	void free(uint8 *p)
	{
		if (p == 0) return;
		SizeList::iterator i = sizeList_.find((uintptr_t)p);
		if (i == sizeList_.end()) throw Error(ERR_BAD_PARAMETER);
		if (munmap((void*)i->first, i->second) < 0) throw Error(ERR_MUNMAP);
		sizeList_.erase(i);
	}
};
#endif

class Operand {
private:
	uint8 idx_; // 0..15, MSB = 1 if spl/bpl/sil/dil
	uint8 kind_;
	uint16 bit_;
public:
	enum Kind {
		NONE = 0,
		MEM = 1 << 1,
		IMM = 1 << 2,
		REG = 1 << 3,
		MMX = 1 << 4,
		XMM = 1 << 5,
		FPU = 1 << 6,
		YMM = 1 << 7
	};
	enum Code {
#ifdef XBYAK64
		RAX = 0, RCX, RDX, RBX, RSP, RBP, RSI, RDI, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15,
		R8D = 8, R9D, R10D, R11D, R12D, R13D, R14D, R15D,
		R8W = 8, R9W, R10W, R11W, R12W, R13W, R14W, R15W,
		R8B = 8, R9B, R10B, R11B, R12B, R13B, R14B, R15B,
		SPL = 4, BPL, SIL, DIL,
#endif
		EAX = 0, ECX, EDX, EBX, ESP, EBP, ESI, EDI,
		AX = 0, CX, DX, BX, SP, BP, SI, DI,
		AL = 0, CL, DL, BL, AH, CH, DH, BH
	};
	Operand() : idx_(0), kind_(0), bit_(0) { }
	Operand(int idx, Kind kind, int bit, bool ext8bit = 0)
		: idx_(static_cast<uint8>(idx | (ext8bit ? 0x80 : 0)))
		, kind_(static_cast<uint8>(kind))
		, bit_(static_cast<uint16>(bit))
	{
		assert((bit_ & (bit_ - 1)) == 0); // bit must be power of two
	}
	Kind getKind() const { return static_cast<Kind>(kind_); }
	int getIdx() const { return idx_ & 15; }
	bool isNone() const { return kind_ == 0; }
	bool isMMX() const { return is(MMX); }
	bool isXMM() const { return is(XMM); }
	bool isYMM() const { return is(YMM); }
	bool isREG(int bit = 0) const { return is(REG, bit); }
	bool isMEM(int bit = 0) const { return is(MEM, bit); }
	bool isFPU() const { return is(FPU); }
	bool isExt8bit() const { return (idx_ & 0x80) != 0; }
	// ah, ch, dh, bh?
	bool isHigh8bit() const
	{
		if (!isBit(8)) return false;
		if (isExt8bit()) return false;
		const int idx = getIdx();
		return AH <= idx && idx <= BH;
	}
	// any bit is accetable if bit == 0
	bool is(int kind, uint32 bit = 0) const
	{
		return (kind_ & kind) && (bit == 0 || (bit_ & bit)); // cf. you can set (8|16)
	}
	bool isBit(uint32 bit) const { return (bit_ & bit) != 0; }
	uint32 getBit() const { return bit_; }
	const char *toString() const
	{
		const int idx = getIdx();
		if (kind_ == REG) {
			if (isExt8bit()) {
				static const char *tbl[4] = { "spl", "bpl", "sil", "dil" };
				return tbl[idx - 4];
			}
			static const char *tbl[4][16] = {
				{ "al", "cl", "dl", "bl", "ah", "ch", "dh", "bh", "r8b", "r9b", "r10b",  "r11b", "r12b", "r13b", "r14b", "r15b" },
				{ "ax", "cx", "dx", "bx", "sp", "bp", "si", "di", "r8w", "r9w", "r10w",  "r11w", "r12w", "r13w", "r14w", "r15w" },
				{ "eax", "ecx", "edx", "ebx", "esp", "ebp", "esi", "edi", "r8d", "r9d", "r10d",  "r11d", "r12d", "r13d", "r14d", "r15d" },
				{ "rax", "rcx", "rdx", "rbx", "rsp", "rbp", "rsi", "rdi", "r8", "r9", "r10",  "r11", "r12", "r13", "r14", "r15" },
			};
			return tbl[bit_ == 8 ? 0 : bit_ == 16 ? 1 : bit_ == 32 ? 2 : 3][idx];
		} else if (isYMM()) {
			static const char *tbl[16] = { "ym0", "ym1", "ym2", "ym3", "ym4", "ym5", "ym6", "ym7", "ym8", "ym9", "ym10", "ym11", "ym12", "ym13", "ym14", "ym15" };
			return tbl[idx];
		} else if (isXMM()) {
			static const char *tbl[16] = { "xm0", "xm1", "xm2", "xm3", "xm4", "xm5", "xm6", "xm7", "xm8", "xm9", "xm10", "xm11", "xm12", "xm13", "xm14", "xm15" };
			return tbl[idx];
		} else if (isMMX()) {
			static const char *tbl[8] = { "mm0", "mm1", "mm2", "mm3", "mm4", "mm5", "mm6", "mm7" };
			return tbl[idx];
		} else if (isFPU()) {
			static const char *tbl[8] = { "st0", "st1", "st2", "st3", "st4", "st5", "st6", "st7" };
			return tbl[idx];
		}
		throw Error(ERR_INTERNAL);
	}
	bool operator==(const Operand& rhs) const { return idx_ == rhs.idx_ && kind_ == rhs.kind_ && bit_ == rhs.bit_; }
	bool operator!=(const Operand& rhs) const { return !operator==(rhs); }
};

class Label;

struct Reg8;
struct Reg16;
struct Reg32;
#ifdef XBYAK64
struct Reg64;
#endif
class Reg : public Operand {
	bool hasRex() const { return isExt8bit() | isREG(64) | isExtIdx(); }
public:
	Reg() { }
	Reg(int idx, Kind kind, int bit = 0, bool ext8bit = false) : Operand(idx, kind, bit, ext8bit) { }
	Reg changeBit(int bit) const { return Reg(getIdx(), getKind(), bit, isExt8bit()); }
	bool isExtIdx() const { return getIdx() > 7; }
	uint8 getRex(const Reg& base = Reg()) const
	{
		return (hasRex() || base.hasRex()) ? uint8(0x40 | ((isREG(64) | base.isREG(64)) ? 8 : 0) | (isExtIdx() ? 4 : 0)| (base.isExtIdx() ? 1 : 0)) : 0;
	}
	Reg8 cvt8() const;
	Reg16 cvt16() const;
	Reg32 cvt32() const;
#ifdef XBYAK64
	Reg64 cvt64() const;
#endif
};

struct Reg8 : public Reg {
	explicit Reg8(int idx = 0, bool ext8bit = false) : Reg(idx, Operand::REG, 8, ext8bit) { }
};

struct Reg16 : public Reg {
	explicit Reg16(int idx = 0) : Reg(idx, Operand::REG, 16) { }
};

struct Mmx : public Reg {
	explicit Mmx(int idx = 0, Kind kind = Operand::MMX, int bit = 64) : Reg(idx, kind, bit) { }
};

struct Xmm : public Mmx {
	explicit Xmm(int idx = 0, Kind kind = Operand::XMM, int bit = 128) : Mmx(idx, kind, bit) { }
};

struct Ymm : public Xmm {
	explicit Ymm(int idx = 0) : Xmm(idx, Operand::YMM, 256) { }
};

struct Fpu : public Reg {
	explicit Fpu(int idx = 0) : Reg(idx, Operand::FPU, 32) { }
};

struct Reg32e : public Reg {
	explicit Reg32e(int idx, int bit) : Reg(idx, Operand::REG, bit) {}
};
struct Reg32 : public Reg32e {
	explicit Reg32(int idx = 0) : Reg32e(idx, 32) {}
};
#ifdef XBYAK64
struct Reg64 : public Reg32e {
	explicit Reg64(int idx = 0) : Reg32e(idx, 64) {}
};
struct RegRip {
	sint64 disp_;
	Label* label_;
	explicit RegRip(sint64 disp = 0, Label* label = 0) : disp_(disp), label_(label) {}
	friend const RegRip operator+(const RegRip& r, sint64 disp) {
		return RegRip(r.disp_ + disp, r.label_);
	}
	friend const RegRip operator-(const RegRip& r, sint64 disp) {
		return RegRip(r.disp_ - disp, r.label_);
	}
	friend const RegRip operator+(const RegRip& r, Label& label) {
		if (r.label_) throw Error(ERR_BAD_ADDRESSING);
		return RegRip(r.disp_, &label);
	}
};
#endif

inline Reg8 Reg::cvt8() const
{
	const int idx = getIdx();
	if (isBit(8)) return Reg8(idx, isExt8bit());
#ifdef XBYAK32
	if (idx >= 4) throw Error(ERR_CANT_CONVERT);
#endif
	return Reg8(idx, 4 <= idx && idx < 8);
}

inline Reg16 Reg::cvt16() const
{
	const int idx = getIdx();
	if (isBit(8) && (4 <= idx && idx < 8) && !isExt8bit()) throw Error(ERR_CANT_CONVERT);
	return Reg16(idx);
}

inline Reg32 Reg::cvt32() const
{
	const int idx = getIdx();
	if (isBit(8) && (4 <= idx && idx < 8) && !isExt8bit()) throw Error(ERR_CANT_CONVERT);
	return Reg32(idx);
}

#ifdef XBYAK64
inline Reg64 Reg::cvt64() const
{
	const int idx = getIdx();
	if (isBit(8) && (4 <= idx && idx < 8) && !isExt8bit()) throw Error(ERR_CANT_CONVERT);
	return Reg64(idx);
}
#endif

class RegExp {
public:
	struct SReg {
		uint16 bit:9; // 32/64/128/256 none if 0
		uint16 idx:7;
		SReg() : bit(0), idx(0) { }
		void set(const Reg& r) { this->bit = uint16(r.getBit()); this->idx = uint16(r.getIdx()); }
		bool operator==(const SReg& rhs) const { return bit == rhs.bit && idx == rhs.idx; }
	};
	RegExp(size_t disp = 0) : disp_(disp), scale_(0) { }
	RegExp(const Reg& r, int scale = 1)
		: disp_(0)
		, scale_(scale)
	{
		if (!r.is(Reg::REG, 32|64) && !r.is(Reg::XMM|Reg::YMM)) throw Error(ERR_BAD_SIZE_OF_REGISTER);
		if (scale != 1 && scale != 2 && scale != 4 && scale != 8) throw Error(ERR_BAD_SCALE);
		if (r.getBit() >= 128 || scale != 1) { // xmm/ymm is always index
			index_.set(r);
		} else {
			base_.set(r);
		}
	}
	bool isVsib() const { return index_.bit >= 128; }
	bool isYMM() const { return index_.bit >= 256; }
	RegExp optimize() const // select smaller size
	{
		// [reg * 2] => [reg + reg]
		if (!isVsib() && !base_.bit && index_.bit && scale_ == 2) {
			RegExp ret = *this;
			ret.base_ = index_;
			ret.scale_ = 1;
			return ret;
		}
		return *this;
	}
	bool operator==(const RegExp& rhs) const
	{
		return base_ == rhs.base_ && index_ == rhs.index_ && disp_ == rhs.disp_;
	}
	const SReg& getBase() const { return base_; }
	const SReg& getIndex() const { return index_; }
	int getScale() const { return scale_; }
	uint32 getDisp() const { return uint32(disp_); }
	void verify() const
	{
		if (base_.bit >= 128) throw Error(ERR_BAD_SIZE_OF_REGISTER);
		if (index_.bit && index_.bit <= 64) {
			if (index_.idx == Operand::ESP) throw Error(ERR_ESP_CANT_BE_INDEX);
			if (base_.bit && base_.bit != index_.bit) throw Error(ERR_BAD_SIZE_OF_REGISTER);
		}
	}
private:
	friend RegExp operator+(const RegExp& a, const RegExp& b);
	friend RegExp operator-(const RegExp& e, size_t disp);
	/*
		[base_ + index_ * scale_ + disp_]
		base : Reg32e, index : Reg32e(w/o esp), Xmm, Ymm
	*/
	size_t disp_;
	int scale_;
	SReg base_;
	SReg index_;
};

inline RegExp operator+(const RegExp& a, const RegExp& b)
{
	if (a.index_.bit && b.index_.bit) throw Error(ERR_BAD_ADDRESSING);
	RegExp ret = a;
	if (!ret.index_.bit) { ret.index_ = b.index_; ret.scale_ = b.scale_; }
	if (b.base_.bit) {
		if (ret.base_.bit) {
			if (ret.index_.bit) throw Error(ERR_BAD_ADDRESSING);
			// base + base => base + index * 1
			ret.index_ = b.base_;
			// [reg + esp] => [esp + reg]
			if (ret.index_.idx == Operand::ESP) std::swap(ret.base_, ret.index_);
			ret.scale_ = 1;
		} else {
			ret.base_ = b.base_;
		}
	}
	ret.disp_ += b.disp_;
	return ret;
}
inline RegExp operator*(const Reg& r, int scale)
{
	return RegExp(r, scale);
}
inline RegExp operator-(const RegExp& e, size_t disp)
{
	RegExp ret = e;
	ret.disp_ -= disp;
	return ret;
}

// 2nd parameter for constructor of CodeArray(maxSize, userPtr, alloc)
void *const AutoGrow = (void*)1;

class CodeArray {
	enum Type {
		USER_BUF = 1, // use userPtr(non alignment, non protect)
		ALLOC_BUF, // use new(alignment, protect)
		AUTO_GROW // automatically move and grow memory if necessary
	};
	CodeArray(const CodeArray& rhs);
	void operator=(const CodeArray&);
	bool isAllocType() const { return type_ == ALLOC_BUF || type_ == AUTO_GROW; }
	struct AddrInfo {
		size_t codeOffset; // position to write
		size_t jmpAddr; // value to write
		int jmpSize; // size of jmpAddr
		inner::LabelMode mode;
		AddrInfo(size_t _codeOffset, size_t _jmpAddr, int _jmpSize, inner::LabelMode _mode)
			: codeOffset(_codeOffset), jmpAddr(_jmpAddr), jmpSize(_jmpSize), mode(_mode) {}
		uint64 getVal(const uint8 *top) const
		{
			uint64 disp = (mode == inner::LaddTop) ? jmpAddr + size_t(top) : (mode == inner::LasIs) ? jmpAddr : jmpAddr - size_t(top);
			if (jmpSize == 4) disp = inner::VerifyInInt32(disp);
			return disp;
		}
	};
	typedef std::list<AddrInfo> AddrInfoList;
	AddrInfoList addrInfoList_;
	const Type type_;
#ifdef XBYAK_USE_MMAP_ALLOCATOR
	MmapAllocator defaultAllocator_;
#else
	Allocator defaultAllocator_;
#endif
	Allocator *alloc_;
protected:
	size_t maxSize_;
	uint8 *top_;
	size_t size_;

	/*
		allocate new memory and copy old data to the new area
	*/
	void growMemory()
	{
		const size_t newSize = (std::max<size_t>)(DEFAULT_MAX_CODE_SIZE, maxSize_ * 2);
		uint8 *newTop = alloc_->alloc(newSize);
		if (newTop == 0) throw Error(ERR_CANT_ALLOC);
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size_; i++) newTop[i] = top_[i];
		alloc_->free(top_);
		top_ = newTop;
		maxSize_ = newSize;
	}
	/*
		calc jmp address for AutoGrow mode
	*/
	void calcJmpAddress()
	{
		for (AddrInfoList::const_iterator i = addrInfoList_.begin(), ie = addrInfoList_.end(); i != ie; ++i) {
			uint64 disp = i->getVal(top_);
			rewrite(i->codeOffset, disp, i->jmpSize);
		}
		if (alloc_->useProtect() && !protect(top_, size_, true)) throw Error(ERR_CANT_PROTECT);
	}
public:
	explicit CodeArray(size_t maxSize, void *userPtr = 0, Allocator *allocator = 0)
		: type_(userPtr == AutoGrow ? AUTO_GROW : userPtr ? USER_BUF : ALLOC_BUF)
		, alloc_(allocator ? allocator : (Allocator*)&defaultAllocator_)
		, maxSize_(maxSize)
		, top_(type_ == USER_BUF ? reinterpret_cast<uint8*>(userPtr) : alloc_->alloc((std::max<size_t>)(maxSize, 1)))
		, size_(0)
	{
		if (maxSize_ > 0 && top_ == 0) throw Error(ERR_CANT_ALLOC);
		if ((type_ == ALLOC_BUF && alloc_->useProtect()) && !protect(top_, maxSize, true)) {
			alloc_->free(top_);
			throw Error(ERR_CANT_PROTECT);
		}
	}
	virtual ~CodeArray()
	{
		if (isAllocType()) {
			if (alloc_->useProtect()) protect(top_, maxSize_, false);
			alloc_->free(top_);
		}
	}
	void resetSize()
	{
		size_ = 0;
		addrInfoList_.clear();
	}
	void db(int code)
	{
		if (size_ >= maxSize_) {
			if (type_ == AUTO_GROW) {
				growMemory();
			} else {
				throw Error(ERR_CODE_IS_TOO_BIG);
			}
		}
		top_[size_++] = static_cast<uint8>(code);
	}
	void db(const uint8 *code, int codeSize)
	{
		for (int i = 0; i < codeSize; i++) db(code[i]);
	}
	void db(uint64 code, int codeSize)
	{
		if (codeSize > 8) throw Error(ERR_BAD_PARAMETER);
		for (int i = 0; i < codeSize; i++) db(static_cast<uint8>(code >> (i * 8)));
	}
	void dw(uint32 code) { db(code, 2); }
	void dd(uint32 code) { db(code, 4); }
	void dq(uint64 code) { db(code, 8); }
	const uint8 *getCode() const { return top_; }
	template<class F>
	const F getCode() const { return CastTo<F>(top_); }
	const uint8 *getCurr() const { return &top_[size_]; }
	template<class F>
	const F getCurr() const { return CastTo<F>(&top_[size_]); }
	size_t getSize() const { return size_; }
	void setSize(size_t size)
	{
		if (size > maxSize_) throw Error(ERR_OFFSET_IS_TOO_BIG);
		size_ = size;
	}
	void dump() const
	{
		const uint8 *p = getCode();
		size_t bufSize = getSize();
		size_t remain = bufSize;
		for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
			size_t disp = 16;
			if (remain < 16) {
				disp = remain;
			}
			for (size_t j = 0; j < 16; j++) {
				if (j < disp) {
					printf("%02X", p[i * 16 + j]);
				}
			}
			putchar('\n');
			remain -= disp;
			if (remain <= 0) {
				break;
			}
		}
	}
	/*
		@param offset [in] offset from top
		@param disp [in] offset from the next of jmp
		@param size [in] write size(1, 2, 4, 8)
	*/
	void rewrite(size_t offset, uint64 disp, size_t size)
	{
		assert(offset < maxSize_);
		if (size != 1 && size != 2 && size != 4 && size != 8) throw Error(ERR_BAD_PARAMETER);
		uint8 *const data = top_ + offset;
		for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
			data[i] = static_cast<uint8>(disp >> (i * 8));
		}
	}
	void save(size_t offset, size_t val, int size, inner::LabelMode mode)
	{
		addrInfoList_.push_back(AddrInfo(offset, val, size, mode));
	}
	bool isAutoGrow() const { return type_ == AUTO_GROW; }
	/**
		change exec permission of memory
		@param addr [in] buffer address
		@param size [in] buffer size
		@param canExec [in] true(enable to exec), false(disable to exec)
		@return true(success), false(failure)
	*/
	static inline bool protect(const void *addr, size_t size, bool canExec)
	{
#if defined(_WIN32)
		DWORD oldProtect;
		return VirtualProtect(const_cast<void*>(addr), size, canExec ? PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE : PAGE_READWRITE, &oldProtect) != 0;
#elif defined(__GNUC__)
		size_t pageSize = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
		size_t iaddr = reinterpret_cast<size_t>(addr);
		size_t roundAddr = iaddr & ~(pageSize - static_cast<size_t>(1));
		int mode = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | (canExec ? PROT_EXEC : 0);
		return mprotect(reinterpret_cast<void*>(roundAddr), size + (iaddr - roundAddr), mode) == 0;
#else
		return true;
#endif
	}
	/**
		get aligned memory pointer
		@param addr [in] address
		@param alingedSize [in] power of two
		@return aligned addr by alingedSize
	*/
	static inline uint8 *getAlignedAddress(uint8 *addr, size_t alignedSize = 16)
	{
		return reinterpret_cast<uint8*>((reinterpret_cast<size_t>(addr) + alignedSize - 1) & ~(alignedSize - static_cast<size_t>(1)));
	}
};

class Address : public Operand {
	mutable uint8 top_[6]; // 6 = 1(ModRM) + 1(SIB) + 4(disp)
	uint8 size_;
	uint8 rex_;
	size_t disp_;
	const Label* label_;
	bool isOnlyDisp_;
	bool is64bitDisp_;
	bool is32bit_;
	mutable bool isVsib_;
	bool isYMM_;
	void verify() const { if (isVsib_) throw Error(ERR_BAD_VSIB_ADDRESSING); }
public:
	Address(uint32 sizeBit, bool isOnlyDisp, size_t disp, bool is32bit, bool is64bitDisp = false, bool isVsib = false, bool isYMM = false)
		: Operand(0, MEM, sizeBit)
		, size_(0)
		, rex_(0)
		, disp_(disp)
		, label_(0)
		, isOnlyDisp_(isOnlyDisp)
		, is64bitDisp_(is64bitDisp)
		, is32bit_(is32bit)
		, isVsib_(isVsib)
		, isYMM_(isYMM)
	{
	}
	void db(int code)
	{
		if (size_ >= sizeof(top_)) throw Error(ERR_CODE_IS_TOO_BIG);
		top_[size_++] = static_cast<uint8>(code);
	}
	void dd(uint32 code) { for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) db(code >> (i * 8)); }
	const uint8 *getCode() const { return top_; }
	size_t getSize() const { return size_; }
	void updateRegField(uint8 regIdx) const
	{
		*top_ = (*top_ & B11000111) | ((regIdx << 3) & B00111000);
	}
	void setVsib(bool isVsib) const { isVsib_ = isVsib; }
	bool isVsib() const { return isVsib_; }
	bool isYMM() const { return isYMM_; }
	bool is32bit() const { verify(); return is32bit_; }
	bool isOnlyDisp() const { verify(); return isOnlyDisp_; } // for mov eax
	size_t getDisp() const { verify(); return disp_; }
	uint8 getRex() const { verify(); return rex_; }
	bool is64bitDisp() const { verify(); return is64bitDisp_; } // for moffset
	void setRex(uint8 rex) { rex_ = rex; }
	void setLabel(const Label* label) { label_ = label; }
	const Label* getLabel() const { return label_; }
};

class AddressFrame {
private:
	void operator=(const AddressFrame&);
	Address makeAddress(const RegExp& e) const
	{
		e.verify();
		const bool isVsib = e.isVsib();
		const bool isYMM = e.isYMM();
		const RegExp::SReg& base = e.getBase();
		const RegExp::SReg& index = e.getIndex();
		const uint32 disp = e.getDisp();
		Address frame(bit_, (!base.bit && !index.bit), disp, base.bit == 32 || index.bit == 32, false, isVsib, isYMM);
		enum {
			mod00 = 0, mod01 = 1, mod10 = 2
		};
		int mod;
		if (!base.bit || ((base.idx & 7) != Operand::EBP && disp == 0)) {
			mod = mod00;
		} else if (inner::IsInDisp8(disp)) {
			mod = mod01;
		} else {
			mod = mod10;
		}
		const int baseIdx = base.bit ? (base.idx & 7) : Operand::EBP;
		/* ModR/M = [2:3:3] = [Mod:reg/code:R/M] */
		bool hasSIB = index.bit || (base.idx & 7) == Operand::ESP;
#ifdef XBYAK64
		if (!base.bit && !index.bit) hasSIB = true;
#endif
		if (hasSIB) {
			frame.db((mod << 6) | Operand::ESP);
			/* SIB = [2:3:3] = [SS:index:base(=rm)] */
			const int indexIdx = index.bit ? (index.idx & 7) : Operand::ESP;
			const int scale = e.getScale();
			const int ss = (scale == 8) ? 3 : (scale == 4) ? 2 : (scale == 2) ? 1 : 0;
			frame.db((ss << 6) | (indexIdx << 3) | baseIdx);
		} else {
			frame.db((mod << 6) | baseIdx);
		}
		if (mod == mod01) {
			frame.db(disp);
		} else if (mod == mod10 || (mod == mod00 && !base.bit)) {
			frame.dd(disp);
		}
		int rex = ((index.idx >> 3) << 1) | (base.idx >> 3);
		if (rex) rex |= 0x40;
		frame.setRex(uint8(rex));
		return frame;
	}
public:
	const uint32 bit_;
	explicit AddressFrame(uint32 bit) : bit_(bit) { }
	Address operator[](const void *disp) const
	{
		size_t adr = reinterpret_cast<size_t>(disp);
#ifdef XBYAK64
		if (adr > 0xFFFFFFFFU) throw Error(ERR_OFFSET_IS_TOO_BIG);
#endif
		RegExp e(static_cast<uint32>(adr));
		return operator[](e);
	}
#ifdef XBYAK64
	Address operator[](uint64 disp) const
	{
		return Address(64, true, disp, false, true);
	}
	Address operator[](const RegRip& addr) const
	{
		Address frame(bit_, true, addr.disp_, false);
		frame.db(0x05);
		if (addr.label_) {
			frame.setLabel(addr.label_);
		} else {
			frame.dd(inner::VerifyInInt32(addr.disp_));
		}
		return frame;
	}
#endif
	Address operator[](const RegExp& e) const
	{
		return makeAddress(e.optimize());
	}
};

struct JmpLabel {
	size_t endOfJmp; /* offset from top to the end address of jmp */
	int jmpSize;
	inner::LabelMode mode;
	size_t disp; // disp for [rip + disp]
	explicit JmpLabel(size_t endOfJmp = 0, int jmpSize = 0, inner::LabelMode mode = inner::LasIs, size_t disp = 0)
		: endOfJmp(endOfJmp), jmpSize(jmpSize), mode(mode), disp(disp)
	{
	}
};

class LabelManager;

class Label {
	mutable LabelManager *mgr;
	mutable int id;
	friend class LabelManager;
public:
	Label() : mgr(0), id(0) {}
	Label(const Label& rhs);
	Label& operator=(const Label& rhs);
	~Label();
	int getId() const { return id; }

	// backward compatibility
	static std::string toStr(int num)
	{
		char buf[16];
#ifdef _MSC_VER
		_snprintf_s
#else
		snprintf
#endif
		(buf, sizeof(buf), ".%08x", num);
		return buf;
	}
};

class LabelManager {
	// for string label
	struct SlabelVal {
		size_t offset;
		SlabelVal(size_t offset) : offset(offset) {}
	};
	typedef XBYAK_STD_UNORDERED_MAP<std::string, SlabelVal> SlabelDefList;
	typedef XBYAK_STD_UNORDERED_MULTIMAP<std::string, const JmpLabel> SlabelUndefList;
	struct SlabelState {
		SlabelDefList defList;
		SlabelUndefList undefList;
	};
	typedef std::list<SlabelState> StateList;
	// for Label class
	struct ClabelVal {
		ClabelVal(size_t offset = 0) : offset(offset), refCount(1) {}
		size_t offset;
		int refCount;
	};
	typedef XBYAK_STD_UNORDERED_MAP<int, ClabelVal> ClabelDefList;
	typedef XBYAK_STD_UNORDERED_MULTIMAP<int, const JmpLabel> ClabelUndefList;

	CodeArray *base_;
	// global : stateList_.front(), local : stateList_.back()
	StateList stateList_;
	mutable int labelId_;
	ClabelDefList clabelDefList_;
	ClabelUndefList clabelUndefList_;

	int getId(const Label& label) const
	{
		if (label.id == 0) label.id = labelId_++;
		return label.id;
	}
	template<class DefList, class UndefList, class T>
	void define_inner(DefList& defList, UndefList& undefList, const T& labelId, size_t addrOffset)
	{
		// add label
		typename DefList::value_type item(labelId, addrOffset);
		std::pair<typename DefList::iterator, bool> ret = defList.insert(item);
		if (!ret.second) throw Error(ERR_LABEL_IS_REDEFINED);
		// search undefined label
		for (;;) {
			typename UndefList::iterator itr = undefList.find(labelId);
			if (itr == undefList.end()) break;
			const JmpLabel *jmp = &itr->second;
			const size_t offset = jmp->endOfJmp - jmp->jmpSize;
			size_t disp;
			if (jmp->mode == inner::LaddTop) {
				disp = addrOffset;
			} else if (jmp->mode == inner::Labs) {
				disp = size_t(base_->getCurr());
			} else {
				disp = addrOffset - jmp->endOfJmp + jmp->disp;
#ifdef XBYAK64
				if (jmp->jmpSize <= 4 && !inner::IsInInt32(disp)) throw Error(ERR_OFFSET_IS_TOO_BIG);
#endif
				if (jmp->jmpSize == 1 && !inner::IsInDisp8((uint32)disp)) throw Error(ERR_LABEL_IS_TOO_FAR);
			}
			if (base_->isAutoGrow()) {
				base_->save(offset, disp, jmp->jmpSize, jmp->mode);
			} else {
				base_->rewrite(offset, disp, jmp->jmpSize);
			}
			undefList.erase(itr);
		}
	}
	template<class DefList, class T>
	bool getOffset_inner(const DefList& defList, size_t *offset, const T& label) const
	{
		typename DefList::const_iterator i = defList.find(label);
		if (i == defList.end()) return false;
		*offset = i->second.offset;
		return true;
	}
	friend class Label;
	void incRefCount(int id) { clabelDefList_[id].refCount++; }
	void decRefCount(int id)
	{
		ClabelDefList::iterator i = clabelDefList_.find(id);
		if (i == clabelDefList_.end()) return;
		if (i->second.refCount == 1) {
			clabelDefList_.erase(id);
		} else {
			--i->second.refCount;
		}
	}
	template<class T>
	bool hasUndefinedLabel_inner(const T& list) const
	{
#ifndef NDEBUG
		for (typename T::const_iterator i = list.begin(); i != list.end(); ++i) {
			std::cerr << "undefined label:" << i->first << std::endl;
		}
#endif
		return !list.empty();
	}
public:
	LabelManager()
	{
		reset();
	}
	void reset()
	{
		base_ = 0;
		labelId_ = 1;
		stateList_.clear();
		stateList_.push_back(SlabelState());
		stateList_.push_back(SlabelState());
	}
	void enterLocal()
	{
		stateList_.push_back(SlabelState());
	}
	void leaveLocal()
	{
		if (stateList_.size() <= 2) throw Error(ERR_UNDER_LOCAL_LABEL);
		if (hasUndefinedLabel_inner(stateList_.back().undefList)) throw Error(ERR_LABEL_IS_NOT_FOUND);
		stateList_.pop_back();
	}
	void set(CodeArray *base) { base_ = base; }
	void defineSlabel(std::string label)
	{
		if (label == "@b" || label == "@f") throw Error(ERR_BAD_LABEL_STR);
		if (label == "@@") {
			SlabelDefList& defList = stateList_.front().defList;
			SlabelDefList::iterator i = defList.find("@f");
			if (i != defList.end()) {
				defList.erase(i);
				label = "@b";
			} else {
				i = defList.find("@b");
				if (i != defList.end()) {
					defList.erase(i);
				}
				label = "@f";
			}
		}
		SlabelState& st = *label.c_str() == '.' ? stateList_.back() : stateList_.front();
		define_inner(st.defList, st.undefList, label, base_->getSize());
	}
	void defineClabel(const Label& label)
	{
		define_inner(clabelDefList_, clabelUndefList_, getId(label), base_->getSize());
		label.mgr = this;
	}
	void assign(Label& dst, const Label& src)
	{
		ClabelDefList::const_iterator i = clabelDefList_.find(src.id);
		if (i == clabelDefList_.end()) throw Error(ERR_LABEL_ISNOT_SET_BY_L);
		define_inner(clabelDefList_, clabelUndefList_, dst.id, i->second.offset);
		dst.mgr = this;
	}
	bool getOffset(size_t *offset, std::string& label) const
	{
		const SlabelDefList& defList = stateList_.front().defList;
		if (label == "@b") {
			if (defList.find("@f") != defList.end()) {
				label = "@f";
			} else if (defList.find("@b") == defList.end()) {
				throw Error(ERR_LABEL_IS_NOT_FOUND);
			}
		} else if (label == "@f") {
			if (defList.find("@f") != defList.end()) {
				label = "@b";
			}
		}
		const SlabelState& st = *label.c_str() == '.' ? stateList_.back() : stateList_.front();
		return getOffset_inner(st.defList, offset, label);
	}
	bool getOffset(size_t *offset, const Label& label) const
	{
		return getOffset_inner(clabelDefList_, offset, getId(label));
	}
	void addUndefinedLabel(const std::string& label, const JmpLabel& jmp)
	{
		SlabelState& st = *label.c_str() == '.' ? stateList_.back() : stateList_.front();
		st.undefList.insert(SlabelUndefList::value_type(label, jmp));
	}
	void addUndefinedLabel(const Label& label, const JmpLabel& jmp)
	{
		clabelUndefList_.insert(ClabelUndefList::value_type(label.id, jmp));
	}
	bool hasUndefSlabel() const
	{
		for (StateList::const_iterator i = stateList_.begin(), ie = stateList_.end(); i != ie; ++i) {
			if (hasUndefinedLabel_inner(i->undefList)) return true;
		}
		return false;
	}
	bool hasUndefClabel() const { return hasUndefinedLabel_inner(clabelUndefList_); }
};

inline Label::Label(const Label& rhs)
{
	id = rhs.id;
	mgr = rhs.mgr;
	if (mgr) mgr->incRefCount(id);
}
inline Label& Label::operator=(const Label& rhs)
{
	if (id) throw Error(ERR_LABEL_IS_ALREADY_SET_BY_L);
	id = rhs.id;
	mgr = rhs.mgr;
	if (mgr) mgr->incRefCount(id);
	return *this;
}
inline Label::~Label()
{
	if (id && mgr) mgr->decRefCount(id);
}

class CodeGenerator : public CodeArray {
public:
	enum LabelType {
		T_SHORT,
		T_NEAR,
		T_AUTO // T_SHORT if possible
	};
private:
	CodeGenerator operator=(const CodeGenerator&); // don't call
#ifdef XBYAK64
	enum { i32e = 32 | 64, BIT = 64 };
	static const size_t dummyAddr = (size_t(0x11223344) << 32) | 55667788;
	typedef Reg64 NativeReg;
#else
	enum { i32e = 32, BIT = 32 };
	static const size_t dummyAddr = 0x12345678;
	typedef Reg32 NativeReg;
#endif
	// (XMM, XMM|MEM)
	static inline bool isXMM_XMMorMEM(const Operand& op1, const Operand& op2)
	{
		return op1.isXMM() && (op2.isXMM() || op2.isMEM());
	}
	// (MMX, MMX|MEM) or (XMM, XMM|MEM)
	static inline bool isXMMorMMX_MEM(const Operand& op1, const Operand& op2)
	{
		return (op1.isMMX() && (op2.isMMX() || op2.isMEM())) || isXMM_XMMorMEM(op1, op2);
	}
	// (XMM, MMX|MEM)
	static inline bool isXMM_MMXorMEM(const Operand& op1, const Operand& op2)
	{
		return op1.isXMM() && (op2.isMMX() || op2.isMEM());
	}
	// (MMX, XMM|MEM)
	static inline bool isMMX_XMMorMEM(const Operand& op1, const Operand& op2)
	{
		return op1.isMMX() && (op2.isXMM() || op2.isMEM());
	}
	// (XMM, REG32|MEM)
	static inline bool isXMM_REG32orMEM(const Operand& op1, const Operand& op2)
	{
		return op1.isXMM() && (op2.isREG(i32e) || op2.isMEM());
	}
	// (REG32, XMM|MEM)
	static inline bool isREG32_XMMorMEM(const Operand& op1, const Operand& op2)
	{
		return op1.isREG(i32e) && (op2.isXMM() || op2.isMEM());
	}
	// (REG32, REG32|MEM)
	static inline bool isREG32_REG32orMEM(const Operand& op1, const Operand& op2)
	{
		return op1.isREG(i32e) && ((op2.isREG(i32e) && op1.getBit() == op2.getBit()) || op2.isMEM());
	}
	void rex(const Operand& op1, const Operand& op2 = Operand())
	{
		uint8 rex = 0;
		const Operand *p1 = &op1, *p2 = &op2;
		if (p1->isMEM()) std::swap(p1, p2);
		if (p1->isMEM()) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		if (p2->isMEM()) {
			const Address& addr = static_cast<const Address&>(*p2);
			if (BIT == 64 && addr.is32bit()) db(0x67);
			rex = addr.getRex() | static_cast<const Reg&>(*p1).getRex();
		} else {
			// ModRM(reg, base);
			rex = static_cast<const Reg&>(op2).getRex(static_cast<const Reg&>(op1));
		}
		// except movsx(16bit, 32/64bit)
		if ((op1.isBit(16) && !op2.isBit(i32e)) || (op2.isBit(16) && !op1.isBit(i32e))) db(0x66);
		if (rex) db(rex);
	}
	enum AVXtype {
		PP_NONE = 1 << 0,
		PP_66 = 1 << 1,
		PP_F3 = 1 << 2,
		PP_F2 = 1 << 3,
		MM_RESERVED = 1 << 4,
		MM_0F = 1 << 5,
		MM_0F38 = 1 << 6,
		MM_0F3A = 1 << 7
	};
	void vex(bool r, int idx, bool is256, int type, bool x = false, bool b = false, int w = 1)
	{
		uint32 pp = (type & PP_66) ? 1 : (type & PP_F3) ? 2 : (type & PP_F2) ? 3 : 0;
		uint32 vvvv = (((~idx) & 15) << 3) | (is256 ? 4 : 0) | pp;
		if (!b && !x && !w && (type & MM_0F)) {
			db(0xC5); db((r ? 0 : 0x80) | vvvv);
		} else {
			uint32 mmmm = (type & MM_0F) ? 1 : (type & MM_0F38) ? 2 : (type & MM_0F3A) ? 3 : 0;
			db(0xC4); db((r ? 0 : 0x80) | (x ? 0 : 0x40) | (b ? 0 : 0x20) | mmmm); db((w << 7) | vvvv);
		}
	}
	LabelManager labelMgr_;
	bool isInDisp16(uint32 x) const { return 0xFFFF8000 <= x || x <= 0x7FFF; }
	uint8 getModRM(int mod, int r1, int r2) const { return static_cast<uint8>((mod << 6) | ((r1 & 7) << 3) | (r2 & 7)); }
	void opModR(const Reg& reg1, const Reg& reg2, int code0, int code1 = NONE, int code2 = NONE)
	{
		rex(reg2, reg1);
		db(code0 | (reg1.isBit(8) ? 0 : 1)); if (code1 != NONE) db(code1); if (code2 != NONE) db(code2);
		db(getModRM(3, reg1.getIdx(), reg2.getIdx()));
	}
	void opModM(const Address& addr, const Reg& reg, int code0, int code1 = NONE, int code2 = NONE)
	{
		if (addr.is64bitDisp()) throw Error(ERR_CANT_USE_64BIT_DISP);
		rex(addr, reg);
		db(code0 | (reg.isBit(8) ? 0 : 1)); if (code1 != NONE) db(code1); if (code2 != NONE) db(code2);
		addr.updateRegField(static_cast<uint8>(reg.getIdx()));
		opAddr(addr);
	}
	void makeJmp(uint32 disp, LabelType type, uint8 shortCode, uint8 longCode, uint8 longPref)
	{
		const int shortJmpSize = 2;
		const int longHeaderSize = longPref ? 2 : 1;
		const int longJmpSize = longHeaderSize + 4;
		if (type != T_NEAR && inner::IsInDisp8(disp - shortJmpSize)) {
			db(shortCode); db(disp - shortJmpSize);
		} else {
			if (type == T_SHORT) throw Error(ERR_LABEL_IS_TOO_FAR);
			if (longPref) db(longPref);
			db(longCode); dd(disp - longJmpSize);
		}
	}
	template<class T>
	void opJmp(T& label, LabelType type, uint8 shortCode, uint8 longCode, uint8 longPref)
	{
		if (isAutoGrow() && size_ + 16 >= maxSize_) growMemory(); /* avoid splitting code of jmp */
		size_t offset = 0;
		if (labelMgr_.getOffset(&offset, label)) { /* label exists */
			makeJmp(inner::VerifyInInt32(offset - size_), type, shortCode, longCode, longPref);
		} else {
			int jmpSize = 0;
			if (type == T_NEAR) {
				jmpSize = 4;
				if (longPref) db(longPref);
				db(longCode); dd(0);
			} else {
				jmpSize = 1;
				db(shortCode); db(0);
			}
			JmpLabel jmp(size_, jmpSize, inner::LasIs);
			labelMgr_.addUndefinedLabel(label, jmp);
		}
	}
	void opJmpAbs(const void *addr, LabelType type, uint8 shortCode, uint8 longCode)
	{
		if (isAutoGrow()) {
			if (type != T_NEAR) throw Error(ERR_ONLY_T_NEAR_IS_SUPPORTED_IN_AUTO_GROW);
			if (size_ + 16 >= maxSize_) growMemory();
			db(longCode);
			dd(0);
			save(size_ - 4, size_t(addr) - size_, 4, inner::Labs);
		} else {
			makeJmp(inner::VerifyInInt32(reinterpret_cast<const uint8*>(addr) - getCurr()), type, shortCode, longCode, 0);
		}

	}
	void opAddr(const Address &addr)
	{
		db(addr.getCode(), static_cast<int>(addr.getSize()));
		if (addr.getLabel()) { // [rip + Label]
			putL_inner(*addr.getLabel(), true, addr.getDisp());
		}
	}
	/* preCode is for SSSE3/SSE4 */
	void opGen(const Operand& reg, const Operand& op, int code, int pref, bool isValid(const Operand&, const Operand&), int imm8 = NONE, int preCode = NONE)
	{
		if (isValid && !isValid(reg, op)) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		if (pref != NONE) db(pref);
		if (op.isMEM()) {
			opModM(static_cast<const Address&>(op), static_cast<const Reg&>(reg), 0x0F, preCode, code);
		} else {
			opModR(static_cast<const Reg&>(reg), static_cast<const Reg&>(op), 0x0F, preCode, code);
		}
		if (imm8 != NONE) db(imm8);
	}
	void opMMX_IMM(const Mmx& mmx, int imm8, int code, int ext)
	{
		if (mmx.isXMM()) db(0x66);
		opModR(Reg32(ext), mmx, 0x0F, code);
		db(imm8);
	}
	void opMMX(const Mmx& mmx, const Operand& op, int code, int pref = 0x66, int imm8 = NONE, int preCode = NONE)
	{
		opGen(mmx, op, code, mmx.isXMM() ? pref : NONE, isXMMorMMX_MEM, imm8, preCode);
	}
	void opMovXMM(const Operand& op1, const Operand& op2, int code, int pref)
	{
		if (pref != NONE) db(pref);
		if (op1.isXMM() && op2.isMEM()) {
			opModM(static_cast<const Address&>(op2), static_cast<const Reg&>(op1), 0x0F, code);
		} else if (op1.isMEM() && op2.isXMM()) {
			opModM(static_cast<const Address&>(op1), static_cast<const Reg&>(op2), 0x0F, code | 1);
		} else {
			throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		}
	}
	void opExt(const Operand& op, const Mmx& mmx, int code, int imm, bool hasMMX2 = false)
	{
		if (hasMMX2 && op.isREG(i32e)) { /* pextrw is special */
			if (mmx.isXMM()) db(0x66);
			opModR(static_cast<const Reg&>(op), mmx, 0x0F, B11000101); db(imm);
		} else {
			opGen(mmx, op, code, 0x66, isXMM_REG32orMEM, imm, B00111010);
		}
	}
	void opR_ModM(const Operand& op, int bit, int ext, int code0, int code1 = NONE, int code2 = NONE, bool disableRex = false)
	{
		int opBit = op.getBit();
		if (disableRex && opBit == 64) opBit = 32;
		if (op.isREG(bit)) {
			opModR(Reg(ext, Operand::REG, opBit), static_cast<const Reg&>(op).changeBit(opBit), code0, code1, code2);
		} else if (op.isMEM()) {
			opModM(static_cast<const Address&>(op), Reg(ext, Operand::REG, opBit), code0, code1, code2);
		} else {
			throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		}
	}
	void opShift(const Operand& op, int imm, int ext)
	{
		verifyMemHasSize(op);
		opR_ModM(op, 0, ext, (B11000000 | ((imm == 1 ? 1 : 0) << 4)));
		if (imm != 1) db(imm);
	}
	void opShift(const Operand& op, const Reg8& cl, int ext)
	{
		if (cl.getIdx() != Operand::CL) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		opR_ModM(op, 0, ext, B11010010);
	}
	void opModRM(const Operand& op1, const Operand& op2, bool condR, bool condM, int code0, int code1 = NONE, int code2 = NONE)
	{
		if (condR) {
			opModR(static_cast<const Reg&>(op1), static_cast<const Reg&>(op2), code0, code1, code2);
		} else if (condM) {
			opModM(static_cast<const Address&>(op2), static_cast<const Reg&>(op1), code0, code1, code2);
		} else {
			throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		}
	}
	void opShxd(const Operand& op, const Reg& reg, uint8 imm, int code, const Reg8 *cl = 0)
	{
		if (cl && cl->getIdx() != Operand::CL) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		opModRM(reg, op, (op.isREG(16 | i32e) && op.getBit() == reg.getBit()), op.isMEM() && (reg.isREG(16 | i32e)), 0x0F, code | (cl ? 1 : 0));
		if (!cl) db(imm);
	}
	// (REG, REG|MEM), (MEM, REG)
	void opRM_RM(const Operand& op1, const Operand& op2, int code)
	{
		if (op1.isREG() && op2.isMEM()) {
			opModM(static_cast<const Address&>(op2), static_cast<const Reg&>(op1), code | 2);
		} else {
			opModRM(op2, op1, op1.isREG() && op1.getKind() == op2.getKind(), op1.isMEM() && op2.isREG(), code);
		}
	}
	// (REG|MEM, IMM)
	void opRM_I(const Operand& op, uint32 imm, int code, int ext)
	{
		verifyMemHasSize(op);
		uint32 immBit = inner::IsInDisp8(imm) ? 8 : isInDisp16(imm) ? 16 : 32;
		if (op.isBit(8)) immBit = 8;
		if (op.getBit() < immBit) throw Error(ERR_IMM_IS_TOO_BIG);
		if (op.isBit(32|64) && immBit == 16) immBit = 32; /* don't use MEM16 if 32/64bit mode */
		if (op.isREG() && op.getIdx() == 0 && (op.getBit() == immBit || (op.isBit(64) && immBit == 32))) { // rax, eax, ax, al
			rex(op);
			db(code | 4 | (immBit == 8 ? 0 : 1));
		} else {
			int tmp = immBit < (std::min)(op.getBit(), 32U) ? 2 : 0;
			opR_ModM(op, 0, ext, B10000000 | tmp);
		}
		db(imm, immBit / 8);
	}
	void opIncDec(const Operand& op, int code, int ext)
	{
		verifyMemHasSize(op);
#ifndef XBYAK64
		if (op.isREG() && !op.isBit(8)) {
			rex(op); db(code | op.getIdx());
			return;
		}
#endif
		code = B11111110;
		if (op.isREG()) {
			opModR(Reg(ext, Operand::REG, op.getBit()), static_cast<const Reg&>(op), code);
		} else {
			opModM(static_cast<const Address&>(op), Reg(ext, Operand::REG, op.getBit()), code);
		}
	}
	void opPushPop(const Operand& op, int code, int ext, int alt)
	{
		if (op.isREG()) {
			if (op.isBit(16)) db(0x66);
			if (static_cast<const Reg&>(op).getIdx() >= 8) db(0x41);
			db(alt | (op.getIdx() & 7));
		} else if (op.isMEM()) {
			opModM(static_cast<const Address&>(op), Reg(ext, Operand::REG, op.getBit()), code);
		} else {
			throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		}
	}
	void verifyMemHasSize(const Operand& op) const
	{
		if (op.isMEM() && op.getBit() == 0) throw Error(ERR_MEM_SIZE_IS_NOT_SPECIFIED);
	}
	void opMovxx(const Reg& reg, const Operand& op, uint8 code)
	{
		if (op.isBit(32)) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		int w = op.isBit(16);
#ifdef XBYAK64
		if (op.isHigh8bit()) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
#endif
		bool cond = reg.isREG() && (reg.getBit() > op.getBit());
		opModRM(reg, op, cond && op.isREG(), cond && op.isMEM(), 0x0F, code | w);
	}
	void opFpuMem(const Address& addr, uint8 m16, uint8 m32, uint8 m64, uint8 ext, uint8 m64ext)
	{
		if (addr.is64bitDisp()) throw Error(ERR_CANT_USE_64BIT_DISP);
		uint8 code = addr.isBit(16) ? m16 : addr.isBit(32) ? m32 : addr.isBit(64) ? m64 : 0;
		if (!code) throw Error(ERR_BAD_MEM_SIZE);
		if (m64ext && addr.isBit(64)) ext = m64ext;

		rex(addr, st0);
		db(code);
		addr.updateRegField(ext);
		opAddr(addr);
	}
	// use code1 if reg1 == st0
	// use code2 if reg1 != st0 && reg2 == st0
	void opFpuFpu(const Fpu& reg1, const Fpu& reg2, uint32 code1, uint32 code2)
	{
		uint32 code = reg1.getIdx() == 0 ? code1 : reg2.getIdx() == 0 ? code2 : 0;
		if (!code) throw Error(ERR_BAD_ST_COMBINATION);
		db(uint8(code >> 8));
		db(uint8(code | (reg1.getIdx() | reg2.getIdx())));
	}
	void opFpu(const Fpu& reg, uint8 code1, uint8 code2)
	{
		db(code1); db(code2 | reg.getIdx());
	}
	void opVex(const Reg& r, const Operand *p1, const Operand *p2, int type, int code, int w)
	{
		bool x, b;
		if (p2->isMEM()) {
			const Address& addr = static_cast<const Address&>(*p2);
			uint8 rex = addr.getRex();
			x = (rex & 2) != 0;
			b = (rex & 1) != 0;
			if (BIT == 64 && addr.is32bit()) db(0x67);
			if (BIT == 64 && w == -1) w = (rex & 4) ? 1 : 0;
		} else {
			x = false;
			b = static_cast<const Reg&>(*p2).isExtIdx();
		}
		if (w == -1) w = 0;
		vex(r.isExtIdx(), p1 ? p1->getIdx() : 0, r.isYMM(), type, x, b, w);
		db(code);
		if (p2->isMEM()) {
			const Address& addr = static_cast<const Address&>(*p2);
			addr.updateRegField(static_cast<uint8>(r.getIdx()));
			opAddr(addr);
		} else {
			db(getModRM(3, r.getIdx(), p2->getIdx()));
		}
	}
	// (r, r, r/m) if isR_R_RM
	// (r, r/m, r)
	void opGpr(const Reg32e& r, const Operand& op1, const Operand& op2, int type, uint8 code, bool isR_R_RM)
	{
		const Operand *p1 = &op1;
		const Operand *p2 = &op2;
		if (!isR_R_RM) std::swap(p1, p2);
		const unsigned int bit = r.getBit();
		if (p1->getBit() != bit || (p2->isREG() && p2->getBit() != bit)) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		int w = bit == 64;
		opVex(r, p1, p2, type, code, w);
	}
	void opAVX_X_X_XM(const Xmm& x1, const Operand& op1, const Operand& op2, int type, int code0, bool supportYMM, int w = -1)
	{
		const Xmm *x2;
		const Operand *op;
		if (op2.isNone()) {
			x2 = &x1;
			op = &op1;
		} else {
			if (!(op1.isXMM() || (supportYMM && op1.isYMM()))) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
			x2 = static_cast<const Xmm*>(&op1);
			op = &op2;
		}
		// (x1, x2, op)
		if (!((x1.isXMM() && x2->isXMM()) || (supportYMM && x1.isYMM() && x2->isYMM()))) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		opVex(x1, x2, op, type, code0, w);
	}
	// if cvt then return pointer to Xmm(idx) (or Ymm(idx)), otherwise return op
	void opAVX_X_X_XMcvt(const Xmm& x1, const Operand& op1, const Operand& op2, bool cvt, Operand::Kind kind, int type, int code0, bool supportYMM, int w = -1)
	{
		// use static_cast to avoid calling unintentional copy constructor on gcc
		opAVX_X_X_XM(x1, op1, cvt ? kind == Operand::XMM ? static_cast<const Operand&>(Xmm(op2.getIdx())) : static_cast<const Operand&>(Ymm(op2.getIdx())) : op2, type, code0, supportYMM, w);
	}
	// support (x, x/m, imm), (y, y/m, imm)
	void opAVX_X_XM_IMM(const Xmm& x, const Operand& op, int type, int code, bool supportYMM, int w = -1, int imm = NONE)
	{
		opAVX_X_X_XM(x, x.isXMM() ? xm0 : ym0, op, type, code, supportYMM, w); if (imm != NONE) db((uint8)imm);
	}
	// QQQ:need to refactor
	void opSp1(const Reg& reg, const Operand& op, uint8 pref, uint8 code0, uint8 code1)
	{
		if (reg.isBit(8)) throw Error(ERR_BAD_SIZE_OF_REGISTER);
		bool is16bit = reg.isREG(16) && (op.isREG(16) || op.isMEM());
		if (!is16bit && !(reg.isREG(i32e) && (op.isREG(reg.getBit()) || op.isMEM()))) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		if (is16bit) db(0x66);
		db(pref); opModRM(reg.changeBit(i32e == 32 ? 32 : reg.getBit()), op, op.isREG(), true, code0, code1);
	}
	void opGather(const Xmm& x1, const Address& addr, const Xmm& x2, int type, uint8 code, int w, int mode)
	{
		if (!addr.isVsib()) throw Error(ERR_BAD_VSIB_ADDRESSING);
		const int y_vx_y = 0;
		const int y_vy_y = 1;
//		const int x_vy_x = 2;
		const bool isAddrYMM = addr.isYMM();
		if (!x1.isXMM() || isAddrYMM || !x2.isXMM()) {
			bool isOK = false;
			if (mode == y_vx_y) {
				isOK = x1.isYMM() && !isAddrYMM && x2.isYMM();
			} else if (mode == y_vy_y) {
				isOK = x1.isYMM() && isAddrYMM && x2.isYMM();
			} else { // x_vy_x
				isOK = !x1.isYMM() && isAddrYMM && !x2.isYMM();
			}
			if (!isOK) throw Error(ERR_BAD_VSIB_ADDRESSING);
		}
		addr.setVsib(false);
		opAVX_X_X_XM(isAddrYMM ? Ymm(x1.getIdx()) : x1, isAddrYMM ? Ymm(x2.getIdx()) : x2, addr, type, code, true, w);
		addr.setVsib(true);
	}
public:
	unsigned int getVersion() const { return VERSION; }
	using CodeArray::db;
	const Mmx mm0, mm1, mm2, mm3, mm4, mm5, mm6, mm7;
	const Xmm xmm0, xmm1, xmm2, xmm3, xmm4, xmm5, xmm6, xmm7;
	const Ymm ymm0, ymm1, ymm2, ymm3, ymm4, ymm5, ymm6, ymm7;
	const Xmm &xm0, &xm1, &xm2, &xm3, &xm4, &xm5, &xm6, &xm7;
	const Ymm &ym0, &ym1, &ym2, &ym3, &ym4, &ym5, &ym6, &ym7;
	const Reg32 eax, ecx, edx, ebx, esp, ebp, esi, edi;
	const Reg16 ax, cx, dx, bx, sp, bp, si, di;
	const Reg8 al, cl, dl, bl, ah, ch, dh, bh;
	const AddressFrame ptr, byte, word, dword, qword;
	const Fpu st0, st1, st2, st3, st4, st5, st6, st7;
#ifdef XBYAK64
	const Reg64 rax, rcx, rdx, rbx, rsp, rbp, rsi, rdi, r8, r9, r10, r11, r12, r13, r14, r15;
	const Reg32 r8d, r9d, r10d, r11d, r12d, r13d, r14d, r15d;
	const Reg16 r8w, r9w, r10w, r11w, r12w, r13w, r14w, r15w;
	const Reg8 r8b, r9b, r10b, r11b, r12b, r13b, r14b, r15b;
	const Reg8 spl, bpl, sil, dil;
	const Xmm xmm8, xmm9, xmm10, xmm11, xmm12, xmm13, xmm14, xmm15;
	const Ymm ymm8, ymm9, ymm10, ymm11, ymm12, ymm13, ymm14, ymm15;
	const Xmm &xm8, &xm9, &xm10, &xm11, &xm12, &xm13, &xm14, &xm15; // for my convenience
	const Ymm &ym8, &ym9, &ym10, &ym11, &ym12, &ym13, &ym14, &ym15;
	const RegRip rip;
#endif
	void L(const std::string& label) { labelMgr_.defineSlabel(label); }
	void L(const Label& label) { labelMgr_.defineClabel(label); }
	/*
		assign src to dst
		require
		dst : does not used by L()
		src : used by L()
	*/
	void assignL(Label& dst, const Label& src) { labelMgr_.assign(dst, src); }
	void inLocalLabel() { labelMgr_.enterLocal(); }
	void outLocalLabel() { labelMgr_.leaveLocal(); }
	void jmp(std::string label, LabelType type = T_AUTO)
	{
		opJmp(label, type, B11101011, B11101001, 0);
	}
	void jmp(const Label& label, LabelType type = T_AUTO)
	{
		opJmp(label, type, B11101011, B11101001, 0);
	}
	void jmp(const char *label, LabelType type = T_AUTO) { jmp(std::string(label), type); }
	void jmp(const void *addr, LabelType type = T_AUTO)
	{
		opJmpAbs(addr, type, B11101011, B11101001);
	}
	void jmp(const Operand& op)
	{
		opR_ModM(op, BIT, 4, 0xFF, NONE, NONE, true);
	}
	void call(const Operand& op)
	{
		opR_ModM(op, 16 | i32e, 2, 0xFF, NONE, NONE, true);
	}
	// (REG|MEM, REG)
	void test(const Operand& op, const Reg& reg)
	{
		opModRM(reg, op, op.isREG() && (op.getKind() == reg.getKind()), op.isMEM(), B10000100);
	}
	// (REG|MEM, IMM)
	void test(const Operand& op, uint32 imm)
	{
		verifyMemHasSize(op);
		if (op.isREG() && op.getIdx() == 0) { // al, ax, eax
			rex(op);
			db(B10101000 | (op.isBit(8) ? 0 : 1));
		} else {
			opR_ModM(op, 0, 0, B11110110);
		}
		db(imm, (std::min)(op.getBit() / 8, 4U));
	}
	void ret(int imm = 0)
	{
		if (imm) {
			db(B11000010); dw(imm);
		} else {
			db(B11000011);
		}
	}
	// (REG16|REG32, REG16|REG32|MEM)
	void imul(const Reg& reg, const Operand& op)
	{
		opModRM(reg, op, op.isREG() && (reg.getKind() == op.getKind()), op.isMEM(), 0x0F, B10101111);
	}
	void imul(const Reg& reg, const Operand& op, int imm)
	{
		int s = inner::IsInDisp8(imm) ? 1 : 0;
		opModRM(reg, op, op.isREG() && (reg.getKind() == op.getKind()), op.isMEM(), B01101001 | (s << 1));
		int size = s ? 1 : reg.isREG(16) ? 2 : 4;
		db(imm, size);
	}
	void pop(const Operand& op)
	{
		opPushPop(op, B10001111, 0, B01011000);
	}
	void push(const Operand& op)
	{
		opPushPop(op, B11111111, 6, B01010000);
	}
	void push(const AddressFrame& af, uint32 imm)
	{
		if (af.bit_ == 8 && inner::IsInDisp8(imm)) {
			db(B01101010); db(imm);
		} else if (af.bit_ == 16 && isInDisp16(imm)) {
			db(0x66); db(B01101000); dw(imm);
		} else {
			db(B01101000); dd(imm);
		}
	}
	/* use "push(word, 4)" if you want "push word 4" */
	void push(uint32 imm)
	{
		if (inner::IsInDisp8(imm)) {
			push(byte, imm);
		} else {
			push(dword, imm);
		}
	}
	void bswap(const Reg32e& reg)
	{
		opModR(Reg32(1), reg, 0x0F);
	}
	void mov(const Operand& reg1, const Operand& reg2)
	{
		const Reg *reg = 0;
		const Address *addr = 0;
		uint8 code = 0;
		if (reg1.isREG() && reg1.getIdx() == 0 && reg2.isMEM()) { // mov eax|ax|al, [disp]
			reg = &static_cast<const Reg&>(reg1);
			addr= &static_cast<const Address&>(reg2);
			code = B10100000;
		} else
		if (reg1.isMEM() && reg2.isREG() && reg2.getIdx() == 0) { // mov [disp], eax|ax|al
			reg = &static_cast<const Reg&>(reg2);
			addr= &static_cast<const Address&>(reg1);
			code = B10100010;
		}
#ifdef XBYAK64
		if (addr && addr->is64bitDisp()) {
			if (code) {
				rex(*reg);
				db(reg1.isREG(8) ? 0xA0 : reg1.isREG() ? 0xA1 : reg2.isREG(8) ? 0xA2 : 0xA3);
				db(addr->getDisp(), 8);
			} else {
				throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
			}
		} else
#else
		if (code && addr->isOnlyDisp()) {
			rex(*reg, *addr);
			db(code | (reg->isBit(8) ? 0 : 1));
			dd(static_cast<uint32>(addr->getDisp()));
		} else
#endif
		{
			opRM_RM(reg1, reg2, B10001000);
		}
	}
private:
	/*
		mov(r, imm) = db(imm, mov_imm(r, imm))
	*/
	int mov_imm(const Reg& reg, size_t imm)
	{
		int bit = reg.getBit();
		const int idx = reg.getIdx();
		int code = B10110000 | ((bit == 8 ? 0 : 1) << 3);
		if (bit == 64 && (imm & ~size_t(0xffffffffu)) == 0) {
			rex(Reg32(idx));
			bit = 32;
		} else {
			rex(reg);
			if (bit == 64 && inner::IsInInt32(imm)) {
				db(B11000111);
				code = B11000000;
				bit = 32;
			}
		}
		db(code | (idx & 7));
		return bit / 8;
	}
	template<class T>
	void putL_inner(T& label, bool relative = false, size_t disp = 0)
	{
		const int jmpSize = relative ? 4 : (int)sizeof(size_t);
		if (isAutoGrow() && size_ + 16 >= maxSize_) growMemory();
		size_t offset = 0;
		if (labelMgr_.getOffset(&offset, label)) {
			if (relative) {
				db(inner::VerifyInInt32(offset + disp - size_ - jmpSize), jmpSize);
			} else if (isAutoGrow()) {
				db(uint64(0), jmpSize);
				save(size_ - jmpSize, offset, jmpSize, inner::LaddTop);
			} else {
				db(size_t(top_) + offset, jmpSize);
			}
			return;
		}
		db(uint64(0), jmpSize);
		JmpLabel jmp(size_, jmpSize, (relative ? inner::LasIs : isAutoGrow() ? inner::LaddTop : inner::Labs), disp);
		labelMgr_.addUndefinedLabel(label, jmp);
	}
public:
	void mov(const Operand& op, size_t imm)
	{
		verifyMemHasSize(op);
		if (op.isREG()) {
			const int size = mov_imm(static_cast<const Reg&>(op), imm);
			db(imm, size);
		} else if (op.isMEM()) {
			opModM(static_cast<const Address&>(op), Reg(0, Operand::REG, op.getBit()), B11000110);
			int size = op.getBit() / 8; if (size > 4) size = 4;
			db(static_cast<uint32>(imm), size);
		} else {
			throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		}
	}
	void mov(const NativeReg& reg, const char *label) // can't use std::string
	{
		if (label == 0) {
			mov(static_cast<const Operand&>(reg), 0); // call imm
			return;
		}
		mov_imm(reg, dummyAddr);
		putL(label);
	}
	void mov(const NativeReg& reg, const Label& label)
	{
		mov_imm(reg, dummyAddr);
		putL(label);
	}
	void movbe(const Reg& reg, const Address& addr) { opModM(addr, reg, 0x0F, 0x38, 0xF0); }
	void movbe(const Address& addr, const Reg& reg) { opModM(addr, reg, 0x0F, 0x38, 0xF1); }
	/*
		put address of label to buffer
		@note the put size is 4(32-bit), 8(64-bit)
	*/
	void putL(std::string label) { putL_inner(label); }
	void putL(const Label& label) { putL_inner(label); }
	void adcx(const Reg32e& reg, const Operand& op) { opGen(reg, op, 0xF6, 0x66, isREG32_REG32orMEM, NONE, 0x38); }
	void adox(const Reg32e& reg, const Operand& op) { opGen(reg, op, 0xF6, 0xF3, isREG32_REG32orMEM, NONE, 0x38); }
	void cmpxchg8b(const Address& addr) { opModM(addr, Reg32(1), 0x0F, B11000111); }
#ifdef XBYAK64
	void cmpxchg16b(const Address& addr) { opModM(addr, Reg64(1), 0x0F, B11000111); }
#endif
	void xadd(const Operand& op, const Reg& reg)
	{
		opModRM(reg, op, (op.isREG() && reg.isREG() && op.getBit() == reg.getBit()), op.isMEM(), 0x0F, B11000000 | (reg.isBit(8) ? 0 : 1));
	}
	void cmpxchg(const Operand& op, const Reg& reg)
	{
		opModRM(reg, op, (op.isREG() && reg.isREG() && op.getBit() == reg.getBit()), op.isMEM(), 0x0F, 0xb0 | (reg.isBit(8) ? 0 : 1));
	}
	void xchg(const Operand& op1, const Operand& op2)
	{
		const Operand *p1 = &op1, *p2 = &op2;
		if (p1->isMEM() || (p2->isREG(16 | i32e) && p2->getIdx() == 0)) {
			p1 = &op2; p2 = &op1;
		}
		if (p1->isMEM()) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		if (p2->isREG() && (p1->isREG(16 | i32e) && p1->getIdx() == 0)
#ifdef XBYAK64
			&& (p2->getIdx() != 0 || !p1->isREG(32))
#endif
		) {
			rex(*p2, *p1); db(0x90 | (p2->getIdx() & 7));
			return;
		}
		opModRM(*p1, *p2, (p1->isREG() && p2->isREG() && (p1->getBit() == p2->getBit())), p2->isMEM(), B10000110 | (p1->isBit(8) ? 0 : 1));
	}
	void call(std::string label) { opJmp(label, T_NEAR, 0, B11101000, 0); }
	// call(string label)
	void call(const char *label) { call(std::string(label)); }
	void call(const Label& label) { opJmp(label, T_NEAR, 0, B11101000, 0); }
	// call(function pointer)
#ifdef XBYAK_VARIADIC_TEMPLATE
	template<class Ret, class... Params>
	void call(Ret(*func)(Params...)) { call(CastTo<const void*>(func)); }
#endif
	void call(const void *addr) { opJmpAbs(addr, T_NEAR, 0, B11101000); }
	// special case
	void movd(const Address& addr, const Mmx& mmx)
	{
		if (mmx.isXMM()) db(0x66);
		opModM(addr, mmx, 0x0F, B01111110);
	}
	void movd(const Reg32& reg, const Mmx& mmx)
	{
		if (mmx.isXMM()) db(0x66);
		opModR(mmx, reg, 0x0F, B01111110);
	}
	void movd(const Mmx& mmx, const Address& addr)
	{
		if (mmx.isXMM()) db(0x66);
		opModM(addr, mmx, 0x0F, B01101110);
	}
	void movd(const Mmx& mmx, const Reg32& reg)
	{
		if (mmx.isXMM()) db(0x66);
		opModR(mmx, reg, 0x0F, B01101110);
	}
	void movq2dq(const Xmm& xmm, const Mmx& mmx)
	{
		db(0xF3); opModR(xmm, mmx, 0x0F, B11010110);
	}
	void movdq2q(const Mmx& mmx, const Xmm& xmm)
	{
		db(0xF2); opModR(mmx, xmm, 0x0F, B11010110);
	}
	void movq(const Mmx& mmx, const Operand& op)
	{
		if (mmx.isXMM()) db(0xF3);
		opModRM(mmx, op, (mmx.getKind() == op.getKind()), op.isMEM(), 0x0F, mmx.isXMM() ? B01111110 : B01101111);
	}
	void movq(const Address& addr, const Mmx& mmx)
	{
		if (mmx.isXMM()) db(0x66);
		opModM(addr, mmx, 0x0F, mmx.isXMM() ? B11010110 : B01111111);
	}
#ifdef XBYAK64
	void movq(const Reg64& reg, const Mmx& mmx)
	{
		if (mmx.isXMM()) db(0x66);
		opModR(mmx, reg, 0x0F, B01111110);
	}
	void movq(const Mmx& mmx, const Reg64& reg)
	{
		if (mmx.isXMM()) db(0x66);
		opModR(mmx, reg, 0x0F, B01101110);
	}
	void pextrq(const Operand& op, const Xmm& xmm, uint8 imm)
	{
		if (!op.isREG(64) && !op.isMEM()) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		opGen(Reg64(xmm.getIdx()), op, 0x16, 0x66, 0, imm, B00111010); // force to 64bit
	}
	void pinsrq(const Xmm& xmm, const Operand& op, uint8 imm)
	{
		if (!op.isREG(64) && !op.isMEM()) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		opGen(Reg64(xmm.getIdx()), op, 0x22, 0x66, 0, imm, B00111010); // force to 64bit
	}
	void movsxd(const Reg64& reg, const Operand& op)
	{
		if (!op.isBit(32)) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		opModRM(reg, op, op.isREG(), op.isMEM(), 0x63);
	}
#endif
	// MMX2 : pextrw : reg, mmx/xmm, imm
	// SSE4 : pextrw, pextrb, pextrd, extractps : reg/mem, mmx/xmm, imm
	void pextrw(const Operand& op, const Mmx& xmm, uint8 imm) { opExt(op, xmm, 0x15, imm, true); }
	void pextrb(const Operand& op, const Xmm& xmm, uint8 imm) { opExt(op, xmm, 0x14, imm); }
	void pextrd(const Operand& op, const Xmm& xmm, uint8 imm) { opExt(op, xmm, 0x16, imm); }
	void extractps(const Operand& op, const Xmm& xmm, uint8 imm) { opExt(op, xmm, 0x17, imm); }
	void pinsrw(const Mmx& mmx, const Operand& op, int imm)
	{
		if (!op.isREG(32) && !op.isMEM()) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		opGen(mmx, op, B11000100, mmx.isXMM() ? 0x66 : NONE, 0, imm);
	}
	void insertps(const Xmm& xmm, const Operand& op, uint8 imm) { opGen(xmm, op, 0x21, 0x66, isXMM_XMMorMEM, imm, B00111010); }
	void pinsrb(const Xmm& xmm, const Operand& op, uint8 imm) { opGen(xmm, op, 0x20, 0x66, isXMM_REG32orMEM, imm, B00111010); }
	void pinsrd(const Xmm& xmm, const Operand& op, uint8 imm) { opGen(xmm, op, 0x22, 0x66, isXMM_REG32orMEM, imm, B00111010); }

	void pmovmskb(const Reg32e& reg, const Mmx& mmx)
	{
		if (mmx.isXMM()) db(0x66);
		opModR(reg, mmx, 0x0F, B11010111);
	}
	void maskmovq(const Mmx& reg1, const Mmx& reg2)
	{
		if (!reg1.isMMX() || !reg2.isMMX()) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		opModR(reg1, reg2, 0x0F, B11110111);
	}
	void lea(const Reg32e& reg, const Address& addr) { opModM(addr, reg, B10001101); }

	void movmskps(const Reg32e& reg, const Xmm& xmm) { opModR(reg, xmm, 0x0F, B01010000); }
	void movmskpd(const Reg32e& reg, const Xmm& xmm) { db(0x66); movmskps(reg, xmm); }
	void movntps(const Address& addr, const Xmm& xmm) { opModM(addr, Mmx(xmm.getIdx()), 0x0F, B00101011); }
	void movntdqa(const Xmm& xmm, const Address& addr) { db(0x66); opModM(addr, xmm, 0x0F, 0x38, 0x2A); }
	void lddqu(const Xmm& xmm, const Address& addr) { db(0xF2); opModM(addr, xmm, 0x0F, B11110000); }
	void movnti(const Address& addr, const Reg32e& reg) { opModM(addr, reg, 0x0F, B11000011); }
	void movntq(const Address& addr, const Mmx& mmx)
	{
		if (!mmx.isMMX()) throw Error(ERR_BAD_COMBINATION);
		opModM(addr, mmx, 0x0F, B11100111);
	}
	void crc32(const Reg32e& reg, const Operand& op)
	{
		if (reg.isBit(32) && op.isBit(16)) db(0x66);
		db(0xF2);
		opModRM(reg, op, op.isREG(), op.isMEM(), 0x0F, 0x38, 0xF0 | (op.isBit(8) ? 0 : 1));
	}
	void rdrand(const Reg& r) { if (r.isBit(8)) throw Error(ERR_BAD_SIZE_OF_REGISTER); opModR(Reg(6, Operand::REG, r.getBit()), r, 0x0f, 0xc7); }
	void rdseed(const Reg& r) { if (r.isBit(8)) throw Error(ERR_BAD_SIZE_OF_REGISTER); opModR(Reg(7, Operand::REG, r.getBit()), r, 0x0f, 0xc7); }
	void rorx(const Reg32e& r, const Operand& op, uint8 imm) { opGpr(r, op, Reg32e(0, r.getBit()), MM_0F3A | PP_F2, 0xF0, false); db(imm); }
	enum { NONE = 256 };
	CodeGenerator(size_t maxSize = DEFAULT_MAX_CODE_SIZE, void *userPtr = 0, Allocator *allocator = 0)
		: CodeArray(maxSize, userPtr, allocator)
		, mm0(0), mm1(1), mm2(2), mm3(3), mm4(4), mm5(5), mm6(6), mm7(7)
		, xmm0(0), xmm1(1), xmm2(2), xmm3(3), xmm4(4), xmm5(5), xmm6(6), xmm7(7)
		, ymm0(0), ymm1(1), ymm2(2), ymm3(3), ymm4(4), ymm5(5), ymm6(6), ymm7(7)
		, xm0(xmm0), xm1(xmm1), xm2(xmm2), xm3(xmm3), xm4(xmm4), xm5(xmm5), xm6(xmm6), xm7(xmm7) // for my convenience
		, ym0(ymm0), ym1(ymm1), ym2(ymm2), ym3(ymm3), ym4(ymm4), ym5(ymm5), ym6(ymm6), ym7(ymm7) // for my convenience
		, eax(Operand::EAX), ecx(Operand::ECX), edx(Operand::EDX), ebx(Operand::EBX), esp(Operand::ESP), ebp(Operand::EBP), esi(Operand::ESI), edi(Operand::EDI)
		, ax(Operand::AX), cx(Operand::CX), dx(Operand::DX), bx(Operand::BX), sp(Operand::SP), bp(Operand::BP), si(Operand::SI), di(Operand::DI)
		, al(Operand::AL), cl(Operand::CL), dl(Operand::DL), bl(Operand::BL), ah(Operand::AH), ch(Operand::CH), dh(Operand::DH), bh(Operand::BH)
		, ptr(0), byte(8), word(16), dword(32), qword(64)
		, st0(0), st1(1), st2(2), st3(3), st4(4), st5(5), st6(6), st7(7)
#ifdef XBYAK64
		, rax(Operand::RAX), rcx(Operand::RCX), rdx(Operand::RDX), rbx(Operand::RBX), rsp(Operand::RSP), rbp(Operand::RBP), rsi(Operand::RSI), rdi(Operand::RDI), r8(Operand::R8), r9(Operand::R9), r10(Operand::R10), r11(Operand::R11), r12(Operand::R12), r13(Operand::R13), r14(Operand::R14), r15(Operand::R15)
		, r8d(Operand::R8D), r9d(Operand::R9D), r10d(Operand::R10D), r11d(Operand::R11D), r12d(Operand::R12D), r13d(Operand::R13D), r14d(Operand::R14D), r15d(Operand::R15D)
		, r8w(Operand::R8W), r9w(Operand::R9W), r10w(Operand::R10W), r11w(Operand::R11W), r12w(Operand::R12W), r13w(Operand::R13W), r14w(Operand::R14W), r15w(Operand::R15W)
		, r8b(Operand::R8B), r9b(Operand::R9B), r10b(Operand::R10B), r11b(Operand::R11B), r12b(Operand::R12B), r13b(Operand::R13B), r14b(Operand::R14B), r15b(Operand::R15B)
		, spl(Operand::SPL, true), bpl(Operand::BPL, true), sil(Operand::SIL, true), dil(Operand::DIL, true)
		, xmm8(8), xmm9(9), xmm10(10), xmm11(11), xmm12(12), xmm13(13), xmm14(14), xmm15(15)
		, ymm8(8), ymm9(9), ymm10(10), ymm11(11), ymm12(12), ymm13(13), ymm14(14), ymm15(15)
		, xm8(xmm8), xm9(xmm9), xm10(xmm10), xm11(xmm11), xm12(xmm12), xm13(xmm13), xm14(xmm14), xm15(xmm15) // for my convenience
		, ym8(ymm8), ym9(ymm9), ym10(ymm10), ym11(ymm11), ym12(ymm12), ym13(ymm13), ym14(ymm14), ym15(ymm15) // for my convenience
		, rip()
#endif
	{
		labelMgr_.set(this);
	}
	void reset()
	{
		resetSize();
		labelMgr_.reset();
		labelMgr_.set(this);
	}
	bool hasUndefinedLabel() const { return labelMgr_.hasUndefSlabel() || labelMgr_.hasUndefClabel(); }
	/*
		call ready() to complete generating code on AutoGrow
	*/
	void ready()
	{
		if (hasUndefinedLabel()) throw Error(ERR_LABEL_IS_NOT_FOUND);
		calcJmpAddress();
	}
#ifdef XBYAK_TEST
	void dump(bool doClear = true)
	{
		CodeArray::dump();
		if (doClear) size_ = 0;
	}
#endif

#ifndef XBYAK_DONT_READ_LIST
#include "xbyak_mnemonic.h"
	void align(int x = 16)
	{
		if (x == 1) return;
		if (x < 1 || (x & (x - 1))) throw Error(ERR_BAD_ALIGN);
		if (isAutoGrow() && x > (int)inner::ALIGN_PAGE_SIZE) fprintf(stderr, "warning:autoGrow mode does not support %d align\n", x);
		while (size_t(getCurr()) % x) {
			nop();
		}
	}
#endif
};

namespace util {
static const Mmx mm0(0), mm1(1), mm2(2), mm3(3), mm4(4), mm5(5), mm6(6), mm7(7);
static const Xmm xmm0(0), xmm1(1), xmm2(2), xmm3(3), xmm4(4), xmm5(5), xmm6(6), xmm7(7);
static const Ymm ymm0(0), ymm1(1), ymm2(2), ymm3(3), ymm4(4), ymm5(5), ymm6(6), ymm7(7);
static const Reg32 eax(Operand::EAX), ecx(Operand::ECX), edx(Operand::EDX), ebx(Operand::EBX), esp(Operand::ESP), ebp(Operand::EBP), esi(Operand::ESI), edi(Operand::EDI);
static const Reg16 ax(Operand::AX), cx(Operand::CX), dx(Operand::DX), bx(Operand::BX), sp(Operand::SP), bp(Operand::BP), si(Operand::SI), di(Operand::DI);
static const Reg8 al(Operand::AL), cl(Operand::CL), dl(Operand::DL), bl(Operand::BL), ah(Operand::AH), ch(Operand::CH), dh(Operand::DH), bh(Operand::BH);
static const AddressFrame ptr(0), byte(8), word(16), dword(32), qword(64);
static const Fpu st0(0), st1(1), st2(2), st3(3), st4(4), st5(5), st6(6), st7(7);
#ifdef XBYAK64
static const Reg64 rax(Operand::RAX), rcx(Operand::RCX), rdx(Operand::RDX), rbx(Operand::RBX), rsp(Operand::RSP), rbp(Operand::RBP), rsi(Operand::RSI), rdi(Operand::RDI), r8(Operand::R8), r9(Operand::R9), r10(Operand::R10), r11(Operand::R11), r12(Operand::R12), r13(Operand::R13), r14(Operand::R14), r15(Operand::R15);
static const Reg32 r8d(Operand::R8D), r9d(Operand::R9D), r10d(Operand::R10D), r11d(Operand::R11D), r12d(Operand::R12D), r13d(Operand::R13D), r14d(Operand::R14D), r15d(Operand::R15D);
static const Reg16 r8w(Operand::R8W), r9w(Operand::R9W), r10w(Operand::R10W), r11w(Operand::R11W), r12w(Operand::R12W), r13w(Operand::R13W), r14w(Operand::R14W), r15w(Operand::R15W);
static const Reg8 r8b(Operand::R8B), r9b(Operand::R9B), r10b(Operand::R10B), r11b(Operand::R11B), r12b(Operand::R12B), r13b(Operand::R13B), r14b(Operand::R14B), r15b(Operand::R15B), spl(Operand::SPL, 1), bpl(Operand::BPL, 1), sil(Operand::SIL, 1), dil(Operand::DIL, 1);
static const Xmm xmm8(8), xmm9(9), xmm10(10), xmm11(11), xmm12(12), xmm13(13), xmm14(14), xmm15(15);
static const Ymm ymm8(8), ymm9(9), ymm10(10), ymm11(11), ymm12(12), ymm13(13), ymm14(14), ymm15(15);
static const RegRip rip;
#endif
} // util

#ifdef _MSC_VER
	#pragma warning(pop)
#endif

} // end of namespace

#endif // XBYAK_XBYAK_H_