higan, the multi-system emulator

higan emulates a number of classic videogame consoles of the 1980s and 1990s, allowing you to play classic games on a modern general-purpose computer.

As of v102, higan has top-tier support for the following consoles:

• Nintendo Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Entertainment System, including addon hardware:
  • Super Game Boy
  • Sufami Turbo
• Nintendo Game Boy Advance

It also includes some level of support for these consoles:

• BS-X Satellaview addon for the Super Famicom
• Nintendo Famicom/Nintendo Entertainment System
• Nintendo Game Boy
• Nintendo Game Boy Color
• Sega Master System
• Sega Game Gear
• Sega Megadrive/Genesis
• NEC PC Engine/TurboGrafx 16 (but not the CD-ROM² System/TurboGrafx-CD)
• NEC SuperGrafx
• Bandai Wonderswan
• Bandai Wonderswan Color

Note: Some console were released under different names in different geographic regions. To avoid listing all possible names every time such a console is mentioned, higan uses the name from the console's region of origin. In practice, that means Japanese names: "Famicom" and "Super Famicom" instead of NES and SNES, "Mega Drive" instead of "Genesis", "PC Engine" instead of "TurboGrafx-16".

higan is actively supported on FreeBSD 10 and above, and Microsoft Windows 7 and above. It also includes some level of support for GNU/Linux and macOS.

higan is officially spelled with a lowercase "h", not a capital.

About this document

This is the unofficial higan README, a community-maintained introduction and reference. It may be out of date by the time you read this, and it may contain errors or omissions. If you find something that's wrong, or you have a suggestion, see "Unofficial higan resources" below.

Official higan resources

• Official homepage
• Official forum

Unofficial higan resources

• Source code repository archives official higan releases and WIP snapshots since approximately v067r21.
• Quark shader repository collects shaders that higan can use to add special effects like TV scanlines to its video output, or smarter algorithms for scaling up to modern PC resolutions. See Installing custom shaders below for details.
• Mercurial Magic is a tool for converting MSU-1 games and mods into a format higan can use. See Importing MSU-1 games below for details.

There are also other projects based on current or older versions of higan, in whole or in part, that you might want to check out.

• Mednafen is another multi-system emulator. Its Super Famicom emulation is based on bsnes v059, from the time before bsnes was renamed to higan.
• BizHawk is another multi-system emulator, specialising in the creation of tool-assisted speedruns. Its Super Famicom emulation is based on bsnes v087.
• nSide is a fork of higan that greatly enhances its NES emulation support, and adds minor features to the other cores too. It also restores the "balanced" Super Famicom emulation core that was removed from higan in v099, which is less CPU intensive than the current accuracy-focussed core.
• bsnes-plus is a fork of bsnes v073 that adds improved support for debugging Super Famicom software.

Installing and uninstalling higan

The best way to install higan depends on what platform you're using, as well as whether you want to use official binaries or compile the source-code from scratch.

Installing an official release on Windows

Official higan releases are distributed in 7-zip archives. You will need to install 7-zip, or another compatible archiving tool, to install higan.

Once you have a suitable archiving tool, extract the contents of the higan archive into a new folder.

When you're done, the new folder should contain higan.exe and icarus.exe along with other assorted files and directories that describe the systems higan emulates.

You may put that folder wherever you like.

To run higan, open the higan.exe file.

Before you can actually play games, you'll need to import them and configure higan. If you want to play Game Boy Advance games, you will need a GBA BIOS.

Uninstalling an official release on Windows

Delete the folder containing higan.exe and the other associated data from the original archive.

To remove higan's configuration:

1. Press Win+R to open the Run dialog
2. Type %LOCALAPPDATA% and press Enter to open the folder where higan's configuration data lives
3. Delete the subdirectories named icarus and higan if they exist.

You might also want to remove the games imported into higan's library (including in-game saves and save-states):

1. Press Win+R to open the Run dialog
2. Type %USERPROFILE% and press Enter to open the folder where higan keeps its game library
3. Delete the folder named Emulation if it exists

Compiling from source on Windows

You will need a copy of the higan source-code. If you download an official release from the higan homepage, you will need 7-zip or a compatible tool to extract it. Alternatively, you may obtain higan source code from the unofficial git repo using the Git source-code management tool, or by clicking the download button on the right-hand side of the web-page and choosing an archive format.

You will need a C++ compiler to compile higan. We recommend installing TDM64-GCC, preferably the latest version but anything newer than 4.9 should be fine. higan does not support building with clang++ (Clang is still not quite there yet for Windows) nor Microsoft Visual C++ (last we checked, it didn't support all the C++ features higan uses).

Note: Make sure you get TDM64-GCC, not TDM-GCC. When compiled in x86 (32-bit) mode, higan may crash at startup because gcc targeting x86 does not support Windows' structured exception handling (SEH). Also, historically in x86 mode gcc has miscompiled a part of the NES emulation core. See the higan forum for details.

Once you've installed mingw-w64, open a command-prompt window, type g++ --version then press Enter to check it's installed correctly. You should see a message like

g++ 1.2.3 20010101
Copyright (C) 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

...except it should mention the version of mingw that you installed and the corresponding dates. If you see an error message like "command not found" or "bad command or filename", you may need to add mingw's "bin" folder to your computer's %PATH%. See the mingw documentation for help with that.

Once mingw is installed and available from the command prompt:

1. Put the higan source code in some convenient location, like C:\higan-src
2. Open the command-prompt
3. Type cd C:\higan-src (or wherever you put the higan source) and press Enter
4. Type mingw32-make -C icarus compiler=g++ and press Enter to build the icarus import tool
5. Type mingw32-make -C higan compiler=g++ and press Enter to build the main higan executable

Installing a compiled build on Windows

1. In Windows Explorer, create the folder where you want higan to live
2. Assuming you built higan in C:\higan-src, copy C:\higan-src\icarus\out\icarus.exe into the new folder
3. Copy C:\higan-src\icarus\Database and its contents into the new folder
4. Copy C:\higan-src\higan\out\higan.exe into the new folder
5. Copy all the *.sys directories in C:\higan-src\higan\systems into the new folder

The new folder should now contain icarus.exe, higan.exe, a folder named Database, and half a dozen folders named after the systems higan emulates with .sys at the end. This is what you would get by downloading an official build, as described under Installing an official release on Windows above.

Before you can actually play games, you'll need to import them and configure higan. If you want to play Game Boy Advance games, you will need a GBA BIOS.

Uninstalling a compiled build on Windows

The process is the same as Uninstalling an official release on Windows above. You may also wish to delete the higan source folder.

Compiling from source on Linux

You will need a copy of the higan source-code. If you download an official release from the higan homepage, you will need 7-zip or a compatible tool to extract it. Alternatively, you may obtain higan source code from the unofficial git repo using the Git source-code management tool, or by clicking the download button on the right-hand side of the web-page and choosing an archive format.

You will also need GCC 4.9 or higher, including the C and C++ compiler, GNU Make, and development files (headers, etc.) for the following libraries:

• GTK 2.x
• PulseAudio
• Mesa
• gtksourceview 2.x
• Cairo
• SDL 1.2
• libXv
• libAO
• OpenAL
• udev

On a Debian-derived Linux distribution, you can install everything you need with a command like:

sudo apt-get install build-essential libgtk2.0-dev libpulse-dev \
    mesa-common-dev libgtksourceview2.0-dev libcairo2-dev libsdl1.2-dev \
    libxv-dev libao-dev libopenal-dev libudev-dev

Once you have all the dependencies installed, you may build and install higan.

Note: Run these commands as yourself, do not run them as root (no sudo, no su, etc.), because higan does not support being installed system-wide.

1. Put the higan source code in some convenient location, like ~/higan-src
2. Open a terminal window
3. Type cd ~/higan-src (or wherever you put the higan source) and press Enter
4. Type make -C icarus compiler=g++ and press Enter to build the icarus import tool
5. Type make -C higan compiler=g++ and press Enter to build the main higan executable

Installing a compiled build on Linux

Assuming you have successfully compiled higan as described in the previous section:

1. Open a terminal window
2. Type cd ~/higan-src (or wherever you put the higan source) and press Enter
3. Type make -C icarus install and press Enter to install icarus and its game database
4. Type make -C higan install and press Enter to install higan and its supporting files

This installs higan and its associated data files into the ~/.local directory hierarchy.

To confirm higan is installed correctly, type higan in a terminal and press Enter. If the higan window appears, everything is working. On the other hand, if you get an error message like "command not found", you should double-check that the directory ~/.local/bin is included in your $PATH environment variable by running the following command in a terminal:

echo "$PATH" | tr ':' '\n' | grep ~/.local/bin

If the above command prints the full path of ~/.local/bin (for example: /home/yourname/.local/bin) then you should be good. If it prints nothing, you need to add the following line to ~/.profile:

export PATH=~/.local/bin:$PATH

(this line must be in ~/.profile because most GUIs do not read any other files at login)

If you also have a ~/.bash_profile, make sure it reads the contents of ~/.profile with a line like this:

source ~/.profile

You will need to log out and log back in for changes to ~/.profile or ~/.bash_profile to take effect.

Before you can actually play games, you'll need to import them and configure higan. If you want to play Game Boy Advance games, you will need a GBA BIOS.

Uninstalling a compiled build on Linux

To uninstall higan, as installed by the above instructions:

1. Open a terminal window
2. Type cd ~/higan-src (or wherever you put the higan source) and press Enter
3. Type make -C icarus uninstall and press Enter
4. Type make -C higan uninstall and press Enter

To remove higan's configuration, delete the directory ~/.config/higan as well.

To remove the games imported into higan's library (including in-game saves and save-states), delete the directory ~/Emulation.

You may also wish to delete the higan source directory.

Installing the GBA BIOS

For most of the systems higan emulates, the console itself contains (almost) no actual software, so emulating the system does not require infringing the copyright of the hardware manufacturer. However, the Game Boy Advance is different: every device contains a standard library of software routines for common functions games require, often called a "BIOS" by analogy with the Basic Input/Output System used in IBM PC compatibles.

For the same legal reasons that commercial games cannot be distributed with emulators, the GBA BIOS cannot be distributed with higan, but is required for GBA software to run.

If you have a real GBA and a flashcart, the Internet contains many tools that will extract the BIOS image so it can be copied to your desktop computer. The correct GBA BIOS file is exactly 16384 bytes long, and has the SHA-256 hash fd2547724b505f487e6dcb29ec2ecff3af35a841a77ab2e85fd87350abd36570.

Once you have the correct BIOS file:

1. rename it to bios.rom
   • if you're using Windows, turn off "hide extensions for known file types" so you don't wind up with a file called bios.rom.dat or whatever the file's original extension was.
2. Copy the file into higans Game Boy Advance.sysdirectory, alongside themanifest.bml` file that is already there.
   • In Windows, find Game Boy Advance.sys in the same folder as higan.exe
   • In Linux, find Game Boy Advance.sys in ~/.local/share/higan/

Note: If you upgrade this version of higan to a newer version, make sure the bios.rom file winds up in the Game Boy Advance.sys directory of the new version.

The higan interface

When you launch higan, the main window appears, with a menu-bar across the top, a status-bar across the bottom, and a large area in the middle where the game's video output appears.

The Library menu

The Library menu allows you to import games into higan's game library, and to load games from the library.

To play a game from your library, click on the Library menu, click on the console manufacturer submenu (Nintendo for the Super Famicom, Bandai for the WonderSwan, etc.) then click on the console menu item. A window will appear listing all the games in your library for that particular console. Select the game you want to play and click the Open button, or just double-click the game, and it will begin playing as though you'd just turned on the console.

To add a new game to your library, choose "Load ROM File ..." from the Library menu. A file-picker dialog will appear, allowing you to pick any ROM image for any supported system, with any of the most common file extensions. It also allows loading ROM images from .zip archives, if the archive contains a single ROM image.

To add many games at once, run icarus, or choose "Import ROM Files ..." from the Library menu (which just runs icarus anyway). A file-picker will appear, with a check-box for each file in the current directory. Check the check-boxes for all the files you want to import, then click "Import ..." in the bottom right.

For more information about the higan game library, see The Game Library below.

The console menu

Note: The console menu does not appear until a game is loaded. Also, it's not named "console", it's named for the kind of console the loaded game runs on. For example, when playing a Game Boy game, you will have a "Game Boy" menu.

The console menu contains commands relevant to the particular console being emulated. All consoles will have some of the following items, but few consoles have all of them.

• Controller Port 1 allows you to connect different emulated controllers to the first controller port, if there is one.
  • See the Configuration dialog for information about configuring which host controller inputs are used for the emulated controllers.
  • This menu appears for the Famicom, even though the Famicom did not support alternate controllers, because the Famicom emulation core also emulates the NES, which did.
• Controller Port 2 allows you to connect different emulated controllers to the second controller port, if there is one.
  • See the Configuration dialog for information about configuring which host controller inputs are used for the emulated controllers.
  • This menu appears for the Famicom, even though the Famicom did not support alternate controllers, because the Famicom emulation core also emulates the NES, which did.
• Expansion Port allows you to connect different emulated devices to the console's expansion port, if there is one.
  • For the Super Famicom, the 21fx is a homebrew device that allows a program running on a PC to control a physical Super Famicom (or SNES). This option allows the same program to control the emulated SNES, for development or testing.
• Power Cycle restarts the loaded game as though the emulated console were switched off and on again.
• Unload stops the current game, as though the emulated console were switched off. You can load the same or a different game from the Library menu.

The Settings menu

The Settings menu allows you to configure things that aren't specific to any particular console.

• Video Scale determines the size and shape of the emulated console's video output in windowed mode (as opposed to full-screen)
  • Small, Medium and Large control the size of the video output (and resize the window to match)
  • Aspect Correction stretches the image to match the aspect ratio produced by the original console hardware, but can cause a "ripple" effect at small sizes, due to rounding errors.
• Video Emulation applies various effects to the emulated console's video output to reproduce some behaviours that aren't technically part of the console itself.
  • "Blurring" simulates the limited horizontal resolution of standard-definition TVs by blurring together horizontally-adjacent pixels. Games like Jurassic Park for the Super Famicom depend on this to emulate a transparency effect. For hand-held consoles like the Game Boy Advance, this simulates the slow response time of the cheap LCD screens these consoles used by blurring each output frame with the previous one.
  • "Colors" simulates the way a console's display device differs from modern computer monitor's colour reproduction. In particular, it simulates the slightly-different gamma correction used by the Super Famicom, the dim, washed out colours of the original Game Boy Advance, and the pea-green display of the original Game Boy.
  • "Mask Overscan" hides parts of the video output that would have been hidden by the bezel around the edge of a standard-definition television screen. Some games (particularly on the Famicom) allowed random glitchy output to be displayed in this area. The amount masked can be configured in the configuration dialog.
• Video Shader controls how the low-resolution video output of the emulated console is scaled up to suit modern high-resolution displays. The availability of items in this submenu depends on which video driver higan is using, so see Drivers for more information.
  • "None" draws each output pixel according to the colour of the single nearest input pixel, sometimes called "nearest neighbour" scaling. This produces unnaturally crisp and blocky images.
  • "Blur" draws each output pixel by averaging the colours of the four nearest input pixels, sometimes called "bilinear" scaling. This produces unnaturally blurry images.
  • When using the OpenGL driver, an additional item appears in this menu for each installed Quark shader. See Installing custom shaders for details.
• Synchronize Audio causes higan to wait for audio playback to complete before resuming emulation. This should reduce popping and glitching noises, but if your PC's video refresh-rate and audio-playback rate are in a different ratio than the emulated console, this may increase them. If your PC cannot emulate at full-speed, (60fps for most consoles, 75fps for WonderSwan) this has no noticable effect.
• Mute Audio causes higan to not output sound from the emulated console. The sound hardware is still emulated.
• Show Status Bar causes higan to show or hide the status bar at the bottom of the window. This option has no effect in full-screen mode. See The status bar for more information.
• Configuration ... opens the Configuration dialog

The Tools menu

TODO

The Help menu

TODO

The status bar

TODO

• FPS
• "Paused" flag
• "No cartridge loaded"

The Configuration dialog

TODO

The Cheat Editor

TODO

The State Manager

TODO

The Manifest Viewer

TODO

The Game Library

higan maintains a "game library" containing all the games you've played.

• In Windows, the game library is the Emulation folder inside your profile folder.
  • to find your profile folder, press Win+R to open the Run dialog, then type %USERPROFILE% and press Enter.
• In Linux, the game library is the Emulation directory inside your home directory.

On all platforms, the game library location can be configured. Launch higan, then from the Settings menu, choose "Configuration ..." then click the Advanced tab then click the "Change ..." button. A directory-picker window will appear, allowing you to choose any existing directory to be your game library. Next launch icarus, then click the "Settings ..." button in the lower-right, then click the "Change ..." button. A directory-picker window will appear, allowing you to choose the same directory again.

Inside the library directory there is a subdirectory for each system, and inside each system directory are the game folders for each imported game. For more information about game folders, see Why game folders? below.

Why game folders?

A game is more than just the raw data originally encased in a game's ROM chip. If a game allows you to save your progress, that information needs to be stored somewhere. If you use an emulator's save-state feature, those save-states need to be stored somewhere. If you use Game Genie or Pro Action Replay codes, information about what codes exist, what codes are enabled, and what they do needs to be stored somewhere.

On the technical side, a physical game cartridge contains a circuit board that makes the game data available to the console, and different games used circuit boards that work differently. That circuit-layout information needs to be stored somewhere. Some games included custom processors to do calculations the base console could not do quickly enough (like the SuperFX chip used in StarFox for the Super Famicom) and information about extra chips needs to be stored somewhere. Some of those custom processors require extra data to work that's not part of the main game data (like the DSP chip used in Super Mario Kart for the Super Famicom) and that data needs to be stored somewhere too.

higan keeps all this game-related information together in a single place: a game folder in the higan library.

Importing regular games

Importing games with co-processor firmware

Importing BS-X games

Importing Sufami Turbo games

Importing Super Game Boy games

Importing MSU-1 games

Configuring higan

Drivers

Installing custom shaders

Controls

• mapping PC inputs to emulated controllers
• configuring which emulated controllers are connected to the emulated system

Save States

Save states versus in-game saves

Menu save states

Manager save states

Hotkey save states

Notes on specific emulation cores

The WonderSwan rotates!

Shaders look weird on Super Famicom because of interlace/hi-res

GBA in-game saves are Difficult

PSG volume for the Mega Drive (see https://board.byuu.org/viewtopic.php?p=42158#p42158 for info)

Frequently Asked Questions

where is the vsync option?

exclusive full-screen?

phones and tablets