auto M68K::testCondition(uint4 condition) -> bool {
  switch(condition) {
  case  0: return true;   //T
  case  1: return false;  //F
  case  2: return !r.c && !r.z;  //HI
  case  3: return  r.c ||  r.z;  //LS
  case  4: return !r.c;  //CC,HS
  case  5: return  r.c;  //CS,LO
  case  6: return !r.z;  //NE
  case  7: return  r.z;  //EQ
  case  8: return !r.v;  //VC
  case  9: return  r.v;  //VS
  case 10: return !r.n;  //PL
  case 11: return  r.n;  //MI
  case 12: return  r.n ==  r.v;  //GE
  case 13: return  r.n !=  r.v;  //LT
  case 14: return  r.n ==  r.v && !r.z;  //GT
  case 15: return  r.n !=  r.v ||  r.z;  //LE
  }
  unreachable;
}

//

template<> auto M68K::bytes<Byte>() -> uint { return 1; }
template<> auto M68K::bytes<Word>() -> uint { return 2; }
template<> auto M68K::bytes<Long>() -> uint { return 4; }

template<> auto M68K::bits<Byte>() -> uint { return 8; }
template<> auto M68K::bits<Word>() -> uint { return 16; }
template<> auto M68K::bits<Long>() -> uint { return 32; }

template<uint Size> auto M68K::lsb() -> uint32 { return 1; }

template<> auto M68K::msb<Byte>() -> uint32 { return 0x80; }
template<> auto M68K::msb<Word>() -> uint32 { return 0x8000; }
template<> auto M68K::msb<Long>() -> uint32 { return 0x80000000; }

template<> auto M68K::mask<Byte>() -> uint32 { return 0xff; }
template<> auto M68K::mask<Word>() -> uint32 { return 0xffff; }
template<> auto M68K::mask<Long>() -> uint32 { return 0xffffffff; }

template<> auto M68K::clip<Byte>(uint32 data) -> uint32 { return data & 0xff; }
template<> auto M68K::clip<Word>(uint32 data) -> uint32 { return data & 0xffff; }
template<> auto M68K::clip<Long>(uint32 data) -> uint32 { return data & 0xffffffff; }

template<> auto M68K::sign<Byte>(uint32 data) -> int32 { return  (int8)data; }
template<> auto M68K::sign<Word>(uint32 data) -> int32 { return (int16)data; }
template<> auto M68K::sign<Long>(uint32 data) -> int32 { return (int32)data; }

//

auto M68K::instructionABCD(EffectiveAddress with, EffectiveAddress from) -> void {
  auto source = read<Byte>(from);
  auto target = read<Byte, Hold>(with);
  auto result = source + target + r.x;
  bool v = false;

  if(((target ^ source ^ result) & 0x10) || (result & 0x0f) >= 0x0a) {
    auto previous = result;
    result += 0x06;
    v |= ((~previous & 0x80) & (result & 0x80));
  }

  if(result >= 0xa0) {
    auto previous = result;
    result += 0x60;
    v |= ((~previous & 0x80) & (result & 0x80));
  }

  write<Byte>(with, result);

  r.c = sign<Byte>(result >> 1) < 0;
  r.v = v;
  r.z = clip<Byte>(result) ? 0 : r.z;
  r.n = sign<Byte>(result) < 0;
  r.x = r.c;
}

template<uint Size, bool Extend> auto M68K::ADD(uint32 source, uint32 target) -> uint32 {
  auto result = (uint64)source + target;
  if(Extend) result += r.x;

  r.c = sign<Size>(result >> 1) < 0;
  r.v = sign<Size>(~(target ^ source) & (target ^ result)) < 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(result) ? 0 : (Extend ? r.z : 1);
  r.n = sign<Size>(result) < 0;
  r.x = r.c;

  return clip<Size>(result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionADD(EffectiveAddress from, DataRegister with) -> void {
  auto source = read<Size>(from);
  auto target = read<Size>(with);
  auto result = ADD<Size>(source, target);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionADD(DataRegister from, EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto source = read<Size>(from);
  auto target = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  auto result = ADD<Size>(source, target);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionADDA(AddressRegister ar, EffectiveAddress ea) -> void {
  auto source = sign<Size>(read<Size>(ea));
  auto target = read<Long>(ar);
  write<Long>(ar, source + target);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionADDI(EffectiveAddress modify) -> void {
  auto source = readPC<Size>();
  auto target = read<Size, Hold>(modify);
  auto result = ADD<Size>(source, target);
  write<Size>(modify, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionADDQ(uint4 immediate, EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto source = immediate;
  auto target = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  auto result = ADD<Size>(source, target);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

//Size is ignored: always uses Long
template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionADDQ(uint4 immediate, AddressRegister with) -> void {
  auto result = read<Long>(with) + immediate;
  write<Long>(with, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionADDX(EffectiveAddress with, EffectiveAddress from) -> void {
  auto source = read<Size>(from);
  auto target = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  auto result = ADD<Size, Extend>(source, target);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::AND(uint32 source, uint32 target) -> uint32 {
  uint32 result = target & source;

  r.c = 0;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Size>(result) < 0;

  return clip<Size>(result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionAND(EffectiveAddress from, DataRegister with) -> void {
  auto source = read<Size>(from);
  auto target = read<Size>(with);
  auto result = AND<Size>(source, target);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionAND(DataRegister from, EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto source = read<Size>(from);
  auto target = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  auto result = AND<Size>(source, target);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionANDI(EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto source = readPC<Size>();
  auto target = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  auto result = AND<Size>(source, target);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

auto M68K::instructionANDI_TO_CCR() -> void {
  auto data = readPC<Word>();
  writeCCR(readCCR() & data);
}

auto M68K::instructionANDI_TO_SR() -> void {
  if(!supervisor()) return;

  auto data = readPC<Word>();
  writeSR(readSR() & data);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::ASL(uint32 result, uint shift) -> uint32 {
  bool carry = false;
  uint32 overflow = 0;
  for(auto _ : range(shift)) {
    carry = result & msb<Size>();
    uint32 before = result;
    result <<= 1;
    overflow |= before ^ result;
  }

  r.c = carry;
  r.v = sign<Size>(overflow) < 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Size>(result) < 0;
  if(shift) r.x = r.c;

  return clip<Size>(result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionASL(uint4 shift, DataRegister modify) -> void {
  auto result = ASL<Size>(read<Size>(modify), shift);
  write<Size>(modify, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionASL(DataRegister shift, DataRegister modify) -> void {
  auto count = read<Long>(shift) & 63;
  auto result = ASL<Size>(read<Size>(modify), count);
  write<Size>(modify, result);
}

auto M68K::instructionASL(EffectiveAddress modify) -> void {
  auto result = ASL<Word>(read<Word, Hold>(modify), 1);
  write<Word>(modify, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::ASR(uint32 result, uint shift) -> uint32 {
  bool carry = false;
  uint32 overflow = 0;
  for(auto _ : range(shift)) {
    carry = result & lsb<Size>();
    uint32 before = result;
    result = sign<Size>(result) >> 1;
    overflow |= before ^ result;
  }

  r.c = carry;
  r.v = sign<Size>(overflow) < 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Size>(result) < 0;
  if(shift) r.x = r.c;

  return clip<Size>(result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionASR(uint4 shift, DataRegister modify) -> void {
  auto result = ASR<Size>(read<Size>(modify), shift);
  write<Size>(modify, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionASR(DataRegister shift, DataRegister modify) -> void {
  auto count = read<Long>(shift) & 63;
  auto result = ASR<Size>(read<Size>(modify), count);
  write<Size>(modify, result);
}

auto M68K::instructionASR(EffectiveAddress modify) -> void {
  auto result = ASR<Word>(read<Word, Hold>(modify), 1);
  write<Word>(modify, result);
}

auto M68K::instructionBCC(uint4 condition, uint8 displacement) -> void {
  auto extension = readPC<Word>();
  if(displacement) r.pc -= 2;
  if(condition >= 2 && !testCondition(condition)) return;
  if(condition == 1) push<Long>(r.pc);
  r.pc += displacement ? (int8_t)displacement : (int16_t)extension - 2;
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionBCHG(DataRegister bit, EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto index = read<Size>(bit) & bits<Size>() - 1;
  auto test = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  r.z = test.bit(index) == 0;
  test.bit(index) ^= 1;
  write<Size>(with, test);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionBCHG(EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto index = readPC<Word>() & bits<Size>() - 1;
  auto test = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  r.z = test.bit(index) == 0;
  test.bit(index) ^= 1;
  write<Size>(with, test);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionBCLR(DataRegister bit, EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto index = read<Size>(bit) & bits<Size>() - 1;
  auto test = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  r.z = test.bit(index) == 0;
  test.bit(index) = 0;
  write<Size>(with, test);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionBCLR(EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto index = readPC<Word>() & bits<Size>() - 1;
  auto test = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  r.z = test.bit(index) == 0;
  test.bit(index) = 0;
  write<Size>(with, test);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionBSET(DataRegister bit, EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto index = read<Size>(bit) & bits<Size>() - 1;
  auto test = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  r.z = test.bit(index) == 0;
  test.bit(index) = 1;
  write<Size>(with, test);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionBSET(EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto index = readPC<Word>() & bits<Size>() - 1;
  auto test = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  r.z = test.bit(index) == 0;
  test.bit(index) = 1;
  write<Size>(with, test);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionBTST(DataRegister bit, EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto index = read<Size>(bit) & bits<Size>() - 1;
  auto test = read<Size>(with);
  r.z = test.bit(index) == 0;
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionBTST(EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto index = readPC<Word>() & bits<Size>() - 1;
  auto test = read<Size>(with);
  r.z = test.bit(index) == 0;
}

auto M68K::instructionCHK(DataRegister compare, EffectiveAddress maximum) -> void {
  auto source = read<Word>(maximum);
  auto target = read<Word>(compare);

  r.z = clip<Word>(target) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Word>(target) < 0;
  if(r.n) return exception(Exception::BoundsCheck, Vector::BoundsCheck);

  auto result = (uint64)target - source;
  r.c = sign<Word>(result >> 1) < 0;
  r.v = sign<Word>((target ^ source) & (target ^ result)) < 0;
  r.z = clip<Word>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Word>(result) < 0;
  if(r.n == r.v && !r.z) return exception(Exception::BoundsCheck, Vector::BoundsCheck);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionCLR(EffectiveAddress ea) -> void {
  read<Size, Hold>(ea);
  write<Size>(ea, 0);

  r.c = 0;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = 1;
  r.n = 0;
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::CMP(uint32 source, uint32 target) -> uint32 {
  auto result = (uint64)target - source;

  r.c = sign<Size>(result >> 1) < 0;
  r.v = sign<Size>((target ^ source) & (target ^ result)) < 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Size>(result) < 0;

  return clip<Size>(result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionCMP(DataRegister dr, EffectiveAddress ea) -> void {
  auto source = read<Size>(ea);
  auto target = read<Size>(dr);
  CMP<Size>(source, target);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionCMPA(AddressRegister ar, EffectiveAddress ea) -> void {
  auto source = sign<Size>(read<Size>(ea));
  auto target = read<Long>(ar);
  CMP<Long>(source, target);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionCMPI(EffectiveAddress ea) -> void {
  auto source = readPC<Size>();
  auto target = read<Size>(ea);
  CMP<Size>(source, target);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionCMPM(EffectiveAddress ax, EffectiveAddress ay) -> void {
  auto source = read<Size>(ay);
  auto target = read<Size>(ax);
  CMP<Size>(source, target);
}

auto M68K::instructionDBCC(uint4 condition, DataRegister dr) -> void {
  auto displacement = readPC<Word>();
  if(!testCondition(condition)) {
    uint16 result = read<Word>(dr);
    write<Word>(dr, result - 1);
    if(result) r.pc -= 2, r.pc += sign<Word>(displacement);
  }
}

template<bool Sign> auto M68K::DIV(uint16 divisor, DataRegister with) -> void {
  auto dividend = read<Long>(with);
  bool negativeQuotient = false;
  bool negativeRemainder = false;
  bool overflow = false;

  if(divisor == 0) return exception(Exception::DivisionByZero, Vector::DivisionByZero);

  if(Sign) {
    negativeQuotient = (dividend >> 31) ^ (divisor >> 15);
    if(dividend >> 31) dividend = -dividend, negativeRemainder = true;
    if(divisor >> 15) divisor = -divisor;
  }

  auto result = dividend;

  for(auto _ : range(16)) {
    bool lb = false;
    if(result >= (uint32)divisor << 15) result -= divisor << 15, lb = true;

    bool ob = result >> 31;
    result = result << 1 | lb;

    if(ob) overflow = true;
  }

  if(Sign) {
    if((uint16)result > 0x7fff + negativeQuotient) overflow = true;
  }

  if(result >> 16 >= divisor) overflow = true;

  if(Sign && !overflow) {
    if(negativeQuotient) result = ((-result) & 0xffff) | (result & 0xffff0000);
    if(negativeRemainder) result = (((-(result >> 16)) << 16) & 0xffff0000) | (result & 0xffff);
  }

  if(!overflow) write<Long>(with, result);

  r.c = 0;
  r.v = overflow;
  r.z = clip<Word>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Word>(result) < 0;
}

auto M68K::instructionDIVS(DataRegister with, EffectiveAddress from) -> void {
  auto divisor = read<Word>(from);
  DIV<1>(divisor, with);
}

auto M68K::instructionDIVU(DataRegister with, EffectiveAddress from) -> void {
  auto divisor = read<Word>(from);
  DIV<0>(divisor, with);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::EOR(uint32 source, uint32 target) -> uint32 {
  uint32 result = target ^ source;

  r.c = 0;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Size>(result) < 0;

  return clip<Size>(result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionEOR(DataRegister from, EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto source = read<Size>(from);
  auto target = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  auto result = EOR<Size>(source, target);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionEORI(EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto source = readPC<Size>();
  auto target = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  auto result = EOR<Size>(source, target);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

auto M68K::instructionEORI_TO_CCR() -> void {
  auto data = readPC<Word>();
  writeCCR(readCCR() ^ data);
}

auto M68K::instructionEORI_TO_SR() -> void {
  if(!supervisor()) return;

  auto data = readPC<Word>();
  writeSR(readSR() ^ data);
}

auto M68K::instructionEXG(DataRegister x, DataRegister y) -> void {
  auto z = read<Long>(x);
  write<Long>(x, read<Long>(y));
  write<Long>(y, z);
}

auto M68K::instructionEXG(AddressRegister x, AddressRegister y) -> void {
  auto z = read<Long>(x);
  write<Long>(x, read<Long>(y));
  write<Long>(y, z);
}

auto M68K::instructionEXG(DataRegister x, AddressRegister y) -> void {
  auto z = read<Long>(x);
  write<Long>(x, read<Long>(y));
  write<Long>(y, z);
}

template<> auto M68K::instructionEXT<Word>(DataRegister with) -> void {
  auto result = (int8)read<Byte>(with);
  write<Word>(with, result);

  r.c = 0;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Word>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Word>(result) < 0;
}

template<> auto M68K::instructionEXT<Long>(DataRegister with) -> void {
  auto result = (int16)read<Word>(with);
  write<Long>(with, result);

  r.c = 0;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Long>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Long>(result) < 0;
}

auto M68K::instructionILLEGAL() -> void {
  r.pc -= 2;
  if(opcode >> 12 == 0xa) return exception(Exception::Illegal, Vector::IllegalLineA);
  if(opcode >> 12 == 0xf) return exception(Exception::Illegal, Vector::IllegalLineF);
  return exception(Exception::Illegal, Vector::Illegal);
}

auto M68K::instructionJMP(EffectiveAddress target) -> void {
  r.pc = fetch<Long>(target);
}

auto M68K::instructionJSR(EffectiveAddress target) -> void {
  auto pc = fetch<Long>(target);
  push<Long>(r.pc);
  r.pc = pc;
}

auto M68K::instructionLEA(AddressRegister ar, EffectiveAddress ea) -> void {
  write<Long>(ar, fetch<Long>(ea));
}

auto M68K::instructionLINK(AddressRegister with) -> void {
  auto displacement = (int16)readPC<Word>();
  auto sp = AddressRegister{7};
  push<Long>(read<Long>(with));
  write<Long>(with, read<Long>(sp));
  write<Long>(sp, read<Long>(sp) + displacement);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::LSL(uint32 result, uint shift) -> uint32 {
  bool carry = false;
  for(auto _ : range(shift)) {
    carry = result & msb<Size>();
    result <<= 1;
  }

  r.c = carry;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Size>(result) < 0;
  if(shift) r.x = r.c;

  return clip<Size>(result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionLSL(uint4 immediate, DataRegister dr) -> void {
  auto result = LSL<Size>(read<Size>(dr), immediate);
  write<Size>(dr, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionLSL(DataRegister sr, DataRegister dr) -> void {
  auto shift = read<Long>(sr) & 63;
  auto result = LSL<Size>(read<Size>(dr), shift);
  write<Size>(dr, result);
}

auto M68K::instructionLSL(EffectiveAddress ea) -> void {
  auto result = LSL<Word>(read<Word, Hold>(ea), 1);
  write<Word>(ea, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::LSR(uint32 result, uint shift) -> uint32 {
  bool carry = false;
  for(auto _ : range(shift)) {
    carry = result & lsb<Size>();
    result >>= 1;
  }

  r.c = carry;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Size>(result) < 0;
  if(shift) r.x = r.c;

  return clip<Size>(result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionLSR(uint4 immediate, DataRegister dr) -> void {
  auto result = LSR<Size>(read<Size>(dr), immediate);
  write<Size>(dr, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionLSR(DataRegister shift, DataRegister dr) -> void {
  auto count = read<Long>(shift) & 63;
  auto result = LSR<Size>(read<Size>(dr), count);
  write<Size>(dr, result);
}

auto M68K::instructionLSR(EffectiveAddress ea) -> void {
  auto result = LSR<Word>(read<Word, Hold>(ea), 1);
  write<Word>(ea, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionMOVE(EffectiveAddress to, EffectiveAddress from) -> void {
  auto data = read<Size>(from);
  write<Size>(to, data);

  r.c = 0;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(data) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Size>(data) < 0;
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionMOVEA(AddressRegister ar, EffectiveAddress ea) -> void {
  auto data = sign<Size>(read<Size>(ea));
  write<Long>(ar, data);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionMOVEM_TO_MEM(EffectiveAddress to) -> void {
  auto list = readPC<Word>();
  auto addr = fetch<Long>(to);

  for(uint n : range(16)) {
    if(!list.bit(n)) continue;
    //pre-decrement mode traverses registers in reverse order {A7-A0, D7-D0}
    uint index = to.mode == AddressRegisterIndirectWithPreDecrement ? 15 - n : n;

    if(to.mode == AddressRegisterIndirectWithPreDecrement) addr -= bytes<Size>();
    auto data = index < 8 ? read<Size>(DataRegister{index}) : read<Size>(AddressRegister{index});
    write<Size>(addr, data);
    if(to.mode != AddressRegisterIndirectWithPreDecrement) addr += bytes<Size>();
  }

  AddressRegister with{to.reg};
  if(to.mode == AddressRegisterIndirectWithPreDecrement ) write<Long>(with, addr);
  if(to.mode == AddressRegisterIndirectWithPostIncrement) write<Long>(with, addr);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionMOVEM_TO_REG(EffectiveAddress from) -> void {
  auto list = readPC<Word>();
  auto addr = fetch<Long>(from);

  for(uint n : range(16)) {
    if(!list.bit(n)) continue;
    uint index = from.mode == AddressRegisterIndirectWithPreDecrement ? 15 - n : n;

    if(from.mode == AddressRegisterIndirectWithPreDecrement) addr -= bytes<Size>();
    auto data = read<Size>(addr);
    data = sign<Size>(data);
    index < 8 ? write<Long>(DataRegister{index}, data) : write<Long>(AddressRegister{index}, data);
    if(from.mode != AddressRegisterIndirectWithPreDecrement) addr += bytes<Size>();
  }

  AddressRegister with{from.reg};
  if(from.mode == AddressRegisterIndirectWithPreDecrement ) write<Long>(with, addr);
  if(from.mode == AddressRegisterIndirectWithPostIncrement) write<Long>(with, addr);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionMOVEP(DataRegister from, EffectiveAddress to) -> void {
  auto address = fetch<Size>(to);
  auto data = read<Long>(from);
  uint shift = bits<Size>();
  for(auto _ : range(bytes<Size>())) {
    shift -= 8;
    write<Byte>(address, data >> shift);
    address += 2;
  }
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionMOVEP(EffectiveAddress from, DataRegister to) -> void {
  auto address = fetch<Size>(from);
  auto data = read<Long>(to);
  uint shift = bits<Size>();
  for(auto _ : range(bytes<Size>())) {
    shift -= 8;
    data &= ~(0xff << shift);
    data |= read<Byte>(address) << shift;
    address += 2;
  }
  write<Long>(to, data);
}

auto M68K::instructionMOVEQ(DataRegister dr, uint8 immediate) -> void {
  write<Long>(dr, sign<Byte>(immediate));

  r.c = 0;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Byte>(immediate) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Byte>(immediate) < 0;
}

auto M68K::instructionMOVE_FROM_SR(EffectiveAddress ea) -> void {
  auto data = readSR();
  write<Word>(ea, data);
}

auto M68K::instructionMOVE_TO_CCR(EffectiveAddress ea) -> void {
  auto data = read<Word>(ea);
  writeCCR(data);
}

auto M68K::instructionMOVE_TO_SR(EffectiveAddress ea) -> void {
  if(!supervisor()) return;

  auto data = read<Word>(ea);
  writeSR(data);
}

auto M68K::instructionMOVE_FROM_USP(AddressRegister to) -> void {
  if(!supervisor()) return;

  write<Long>(to, r.sp);
}

auto M68K::instructionMOVE_TO_USP(AddressRegister from) -> void {
  if(!supervisor()) return;

  r.sp = read<Long>(from);
}

auto M68K::instructionMULS(DataRegister with, EffectiveAddress from) -> void {
  auto source = read<Word>(from);
  auto target = read<Word>(with);
  auto result = (int16)source * (int16)target;
  write<Long>(with, result);

  r.c = 0;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Long>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Long>(result) < 0;
}

auto M68K::instructionMULU(DataRegister with, EffectiveAddress from) -> void {
  auto source = read<Word>(from);
  auto target = read<Word>(with);
  auto result = source * target;
  write<Long>(with, result);

  r.c = 0;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Long>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Long>(result) < 0;
}

auto M68K::instructionNBCD(EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto source = 0u;
  auto target = read<Byte, Hold>(with);
  auto result = target - source - r.x;
  bool v = false;

  const bool adjustLo = (target ^ source ^ result) & 0x10;
  const bool adjustHi = result & 0x100;

  if(adjustLo) {
    auto previous = result;
    result -= 0x06;
    v |= (previous & 0x80) & (~result & 0x80);
  }

  if(adjustHi) {
    auto previous = result;
    result -= 0x60;
    v |= (previous & 0x80) & (~result & 0x80);
  }

  write<Byte>(with, result);

  r.c = sign<Byte>(result >> 1) < 0;
  r.v = v;
  r.z = clip<Byte>(result) ? 0 : r.z;
  r.n = sign<Byte>(result) < 0;
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionNEG(EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto result = SUB<Size>(read<Size, Hold>(with), 0);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionNEGX(EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto result = SUB<Size, Extend>(read<Size, Hold>(with), 0);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

auto M68K::instructionNOP() -> void {
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionNOT(EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto result = ~read<Size, Hold>(with);
  write<Size>(with, result);

  r.c = 0;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Size>(result) < 0;
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::OR(uint32 source, uint32 target) -> uint32 {
  auto result = target | source;

  r.c = 0;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Size>(result) < 0;

  return clip<Size>(result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionOR(EffectiveAddress from, DataRegister with) -> void {
  auto source = read<Size>(from);
  auto target = read<Size>(with);
  auto result = OR<Size>(source, target);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionOR(DataRegister from, EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto source = read<Size>(from);
  auto target = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  auto result = OR<Size>(source, target);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionORI(EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto source = readPC<Size>();
  auto target = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  auto result = OR<Size>(source, target);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

auto M68K::instructionORI_TO_CCR() -> void {
  auto data = readPC<Word>();
  writeCCR(readCCR() | data);
}

auto M68K::instructionORI_TO_SR() -> void {
  if(!supervisor()) return;

  auto data = readPC<Word>();
  writeSR(readSR() | data);
}

auto M68K::instructionPEA(EffectiveAddress from) -> void {
  auto data = fetch<Long>(from);
  push<Long>(data);
}

auto M68K::instructionRESET() -> void {
  if(!supervisor()) return;

  r.reset = true;
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::ROL(uint32 result, uint shift) -> uint32 {
  bool carry = false;
  for(auto _ : range(shift)) {
    carry = result & msb<Size>();
    result = result << 1 | carry;
  }

  r.c = carry;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Size>(result) < 0;

  return clip<Size>(result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionROL(uint4 shift, DataRegister modify) -> void {
  auto result = ROL<Size>(read<Size>(modify), shift);
  write<Size>(modify, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionROL(DataRegister shift, DataRegister modify) -> void {
  auto count = read<Long>(shift) & 63;
  auto result = ROL<Size>(read<Size>(modify), count);
  write<Size>(modify, result);
}

auto M68K::instructionROL(EffectiveAddress modify) -> void {
  auto result = ROL<Word>(read<Word, Hold>(modify), 1);
  write<Word>(modify, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::ROR(uint32 result, uint shift) -> uint32 {
  bool carry = false;
  for(auto _ : range(shift)) {
    carry = result & lsb<Size>();
    result >>= 1;
    if(carry) result |= msb<Size>();
  }

  r.c = carry;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Size>(result) < 0;

  return clip<Size>(result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionROR(uint4 shift, DataRegister modify) -> void {
  auto result = ROR<Size>(read<Size>(modify), shift);
  write<Size>(modify, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionROR(DataRegister shift, DataRegister modify) -> void {
  auto count = read<Long>(shift) & 63;
  auto result = ROR<Size>(read<Size>(modify), count);
  write<Size>(modify, result);
}

auto M68K::instructionROR(EffectiveAddress modify) -> void {
  auto result = ROR<Word>(read<Word, Hold>(modify), 1);
  write<Word>(modify, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::ROXL(uint32 result, uint shift) -> uint32 {
  bool carry = r.x;
  for(auto _ : range(shift)) {
    bool extend = carry;
    carry = result & msb<Size>();
    result = result << 1 | extend;
  }

  r.c = carry;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Size>(result) < 0;
  r.x = r.c;

  return clip<Size>(result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionROXL(uint4 shift, DataRegister modify) -> void {
  auto result = ROXL<Size>(read<Size>(modify), shift);
  write<Size>(modify, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionROXL(DataRegister shift, DataRegister modify) -> void {
  auto count = read<Long>(shift) & 63;
  auto result = ROXL<Size>(read<Size>(modify), count);
  write<Size>(modify, result);
}

auto M68K::instructionROXL(EffectiveAddress modify) -> void {
  auto result = ROXL<Word>(read<Word, Hold>(modify), 1);
  write<Word>(modify, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::ROXR(uint32 result, uint shift) -> uint32 {
  bool carry = r.x;
  for(auto _ : range(shift)) {
    bool extend = carry;
    carry = result & lsb<Size>();
    result >>= 1;
    if(extend) result |= msb<Size>();
  }

  r.c = carry;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Size>(result) < 0;
  r.x = r.c;

  return clip<Size>(result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionROXR(uint4 shift, DataRegister modify) -> void {
  auto result = ROXR<Size>(read<Size>(modify), shift);
  write<Size>(modify, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionROXR(DataRegister shift, DataRegister modify) -> void {
  auto count = read<Long>(shift) & 63;
  auto result = ROXR<Size>(read<Size>(modify), count);
  write<Size>(modify, result);
}

auto M68K::instructionROXR(EffectiveAddress modify) -> void {
  auto result = ROXR<Word>(read<Word, Hold>(modify), 1);
  write<Word>(modify, result);
}

auto M68K::instructionRTE() -> void {
  if(!supervisor()) return;

  auto sr = pop<Word>();
  r.pc = pop<Long>();
  writeSR(sr);
}

auto M68K::instructionRTR() -> void {
  writeCCR(pop<Word>());
  r.pc = pop<Long>();
}

auto M68K::instructionRTS() -> void {
  r.pc = pop<Long>();
}

auto M68K::instructionSBCD(EffectiveAddress with, EffectiveAddress from) -> void {
  auto source = read<Byte>(from);
  auto target = read<Byte, Hold>(with);
  auto result = target - source - r.x;
  bool v = false;

  const bool adjustLo = (target ^ source ^ result) & 0x10;
  const bool adjustHi = result & 0x100;

  if(adjustLo) {
    auto previous = result;
    result -= 0x06;
    v |= (previous & 0x80) & (~result & 0x80);
  }

  if(adjustHi) {
    auto previous = result;
    result -= 0x60;
    v |= (previous & 0x80) & (~result & 0x80);
  }

  write<Byte>(with, result);

  r.c = sign<Byte>(result >> 1) < 0;
  r.v = v;
  r.z = clip<Byte>(result) ? 0 : r.z;
  r.n = sign<Byte>(result) < 0;
}

auto M68K::instructionSCC(uint4 condition, EffectiveAddress to) -> void {
  uint8 result = testCondition(condition) ? ~0 : 0;
  write<Byte>(to, result);
}

auto M68K::instructionSTOP() -> void {
  if(!supervisor()) return;

  auto sr = readPC<Word>();
  writeSR(sr);
  r.stop = true;
}

template<uint Size, bool Extend> auto M68K::SUB(uint32 source, uint32 target) -> uint32 {
  auto result = (uint64)target - source;
  if(Extend) result -= r.x;

  r.c = sign<Size>(result >> 1) < 0;
  r.v = sign<Size>((target ^ source) & (target ^ result)) < 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(result) ? 0 : (Extend ? r.z : 1);
  r.n = sign<Size>(result) < 0;
  r.x = r.c;

  return result;
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionSUB(EffectiveAddress source_, DataRegister target_) -> void {
  auto source = read<Size>(source_);
  auto target = read<Size>(target_);
  auto result = SUB<Size>(source, target);
  write<Size>(target_, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionSUB(DataRegister source_, EffectiveAddress target_) -> void {
  auto source = read<Size>(source_);
  auto target = read<Size, Hold>(target_);
  auto result = SUB<Size>(source, target);
  write<Size>(target_, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionSUBA(AddressRegister to, EffectiveAddress from) -> void {
  auto source = sign<Size>(read<Size>(from));
  auto target = read<Long>(to);
  write<Long>(to, target - source);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionSUBI(EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto source = readPC<Size>();
  auto target = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  auto result = SUB<Size>(source, target);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionSUBQ(uint4 immediate, EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
  auto source = immediate;
  auto target = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  auto result = SUB<Size>(source, target);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

//Size is ignored: always uses Long
template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionSUBQ(uint4 immediate, AddressRegister with) -> void {
  auto result = read<Long>(with) - immediate;
  write<Long>(with, result);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionSUBX(EffectiveAddress with, EffectiveAddress from) -> void {
  auto source = read<Size>(from);
  auto target = read<Size, Hold>(with);
  auto result = SUB<Size, Extend>(source, target);
  write<Size>(with, result);
}

auto M68K::instructionSWAP(DataRegister with) -> void {
  auto result = read<Long>(with);
  result = result >> 16 | result << 16;
  write<Long>(with, result);

  r.c = 0;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Long>(result) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Long>(result) < 0;
}

auto M68K::instructionTAS(EffectiveAddress with) -> void {
//auto data = read<Byte, Hold>(with);
//write<Byte>(with, data | 0x80);

  //Mega Drive models 1&2 have a bug that prevents TAS write cycle from completing
  //this bugged behavior is required for certain software to function correctly
  auto data = read<Byte>(with);

  r.c = 0;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Byte>(data) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Byte>(data) < 0;
}

auto M68K::instructionTRAP(uint4 vector) -> void {
  exception(Exception::Trap, 32 + vector, r.i);
}

auto M68K::instructionTRAPV() -> void {
  if(r.v) exception(Exception::Overflow, Vector::Overflow);
}

template<uint Size> auto M68K::instructionTST(EffectiveAddress ea) -> void {
  auto data = read<Size>(ea);

  r.c = 0;
  r.v = 0;
  r.z = clip<Size>(data) == 0;
  r.n = sign<Size>(data) < 0;
}

auto M68K::instructionUNLK(AddressRegister with) -> void {
  auto sp = AddressRegister{7};
  write<Long>(sp, read<Long>(with));
  write<Long>(with, pop<Long>());
}