diff --git a/bsnes/heuristics/super-famicom.cpp b/bsnes/heuristics/super-famicom.cpp
index 5a93548e..375edf54 100644
--- a/bsnes/heuristics/super-famicom.cpp
+++ b/bsnes/heuristics/super-famicom.cpp
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ struct SuperFamicom {
 
   auto manifest() const -> string;
   auto region() const -> string;
+  auto videoRegion() const -> string;
   auto revision() const -> string;
   auto board() const -> string;
   auto title() const -> string;
@@ -186,6 +187,11 @@ auto SuperFamicom::region() const -> string {
   return region ? region : "NTSC";
 }
 
+auto SuperFamicom::videoRegion() const -> string {
+  auto region = data[headerAddress + 0x29];
+  return (region <= 0x01 || region >= 0x12) ? "NTSC" : "PAL";
+}
+
 auto SuperFamicom::revision() const -> string {
   string revision;
 
diff --git a/bsnes/processor/wdc65816/instruction.cpp b/bsnes/processor/wdc65816/instruction.cpp
index 9250999b..1d39fa2c 100644
--- a/bsnes/processor/wdc65816/instruction.cpp
+++ b/bsnes/processor/wdc65816/instruction.cpp
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ N push(PC.b);
   IF = 1;
   DF = 0;
   PC.l = read(r.vector + 0);
-  PC.h = read(r.vector + 1);
+L PC.h = read(r.vector + 1);
   PC.b = 0x00;
   idleJump();
 }
diff --git a/bsnes/sfc/cpu/irq.cpp b/bsnes/sfc/cpu/irq.cpp
index d97983a3..b0bb88c6 100644
--- a/bsnes/sfc/cpu/irq.cpp
+++ b/bsnes/sfc/cpu/irq.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ auto CPU::irq(bool line) -> void {
   WDC65816::irq(line);
   if(line) {
     status.irqTransition = 1;
-    r.wai = 0;
   }
 }
 
@@ -16,7 +15,6 @@ auto CPU::pollInterrupts() -> void {
   //NMI hold
   if(status.nmiHold.lower() && io.nmiEnable) {
     status.nmiTransition = 1;
-    r.wai = 0;
   }
 
   //NMI test
@@ -28,7 +26,6 @@ auto CPU::pollInterrupts() -> void {
   status.irqHold = 0;
   if(status.irqLine && io.irqEnable) {
     status.irqTransition = 1;
-    r.wai = 0;
   }
 
   //IRQ test
@@ -46,7 +43,6 @@ auto CPU::nmitimenUpdate(uint8 data) -> void {
 
   if(io.virqEnable && !io.hirqEnable && status.irqLine) {
     status.irqTransition = 1;
-    r.wai = 0;
   } else if(!io.irqEnable) {
     status.irqLine = 0;
     status.irqTransition = 0;
@@ -54,7 +50,6 @@ auto CPU::nmitimenUpdate(uint8 data) -> void {
 
   if(io.nmiEnable.raise(data & 0x80) && status.nmiLine) {
     status.nmiTransition = 1;
-    r.wai = 0;
   }
 
   status.irqLock = 1;
@@ -80,12 +75,14 @@ auto CPU::timeup() -> bool {
 auto CPU::nmiTest() -> bool {
   if(!status.nmiTransition) return 0;
   status.nmiTransition = 0;
+  r.wai = 0;
   return 1;
 }
 
 auto CPU::irqTest() -> bool {
   if(!status.irqTransition) return 0;
   status.irqTransition = 0;
+  r.wai = 0;
   return !r.p.i;
 }
 
diff --git a/bsnes/sfc/interface/configuration.cpp b/bsnes/sfc/interface/configuration.cpp
index d9392e7b..709c64ef 100644
--- a/bsnes/sfc/interface/configuration.cpp
+++ b/bsnes/sfc/interface/configuration.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ auto Configuration::process(Markup::Node document, bool load) -> void {
   bind(natural, "Hacks/CPU/Overclock", hacks.cpu.overclock);
   bind(boolean, "Hacks/PPU/Fast", hacks.ppu.fast);
   bind(boolean, "Hacks/PPU/Deinterlace", hacks.ppu.deinterlace);
+  bind(natural, "Hacks/PPU/RenderCycle", hacks.ppu.renderCycle);
   bind(boolean, "Hacks/PPU/NoSpriteLimit", hacks.ppu.noSpriteLimit);
   bind(natural, "Hacks/PPU/Mode7/Scale", hacks.ppu.mode7.scale);
   bind(boolean, "Hacks/PPU/Mode7/Perspective", hacks.ppu.mode7.perspective);
diff --git a/bsnes/sfc/interface/configuration.hpp b/bsnes/sfc/interface/configuration.hpp
index 6ea850b8..b8f1fda4 100644
--- a/bsnes/sfc/interface/configuration.hpp
+++ b/bsnes/sfc/interface/configuration.hpp
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ struct Configuration {
       bool fast = true;
       bool deinterlace = true;
       bool noSpriteLimit = false;
+      uint renderCycle = 512;
       struct Mode7 {
         uint scale = 1;
         bool perspective = true;
diff --git a/bsnes/sfc/ppu-fast/ppu.cpp b/bsnes/sfc/ppu-fast/ppu.cpp
index 7df82e8c..3775ab99 100644
--- a/bsnes/sfc/ppu-fast/ppu.cpp
+++ b/bsnes/sfc/ppu-fast/ppu.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ auto PPU::hdPerspective() const -> bool { return configuration.hacks.ppu.mode7.p
 auto PPU::hdSupersample() const -> bool { return configuration.hacks.ppu.mode7.supersample; }
 auto PPU::hdMosaic() const -> bool { return configuration.hacks.ppu.mode7.mosaic; }
 auto PPU::deinterlace() const -> bool { return configuration.hacks.ppu.deinterlace; }
+auto PPU::renderCycle() const -> uint { return configuration.hacks.ppu.renderCycle; }
 #define ppu ppufast
 
 PPU::PPU() {
@@ -88,7 +89,7 @@ auto PPU::main() -> void {
 
   if(system.frameCounter == 0) {
     uint y = vcounter();
-    step(512);
+    step(renderCycle());
     if(y >= 1 && y <= 239) {
       if(io.displayDisable || y >= vdisp()) {
         lines[y].io.displayDisable = true;
diff --git a/bsnes/sfc/ppu-fast/ppu.hpp b/bsnes/sfc/ppu-fast/ppu.hpp
index 98756bf1..60949ee9 100644
--- a/bsnes/sfc/ppu-fast/ppu.hpp
+++ b/bsnes/sfc/ppu-fast/ppu.hpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ struct PPU : PPUcounter {
   alwaysinline auto hdSupersample() const -> bool;
   alwaysinline auto hdMosaic() const -> bool;
   alwaysinline auto deinterlace() const -> bool;
+  alwaysinline auto renderCycle() const -> uint;
 
   //ppu.cpp
   PPU();
diff --git a/bsnes/target-bsnes/program/game.cpp b/bsnes/target-bsnes/program/game.cpp
index c3b5b6e3..33ac1a89 100644
--- a/bsnes/target-bsnes/program/game.cpp
+++ b/bsnes/target-bsnes/program/game.cpp
@@ -130,6 +130,7 @@ auto Program::loadSuperFamicom(string location) -> bool {
     }
   }
   superFamicom.title = heuristics.title();
+  superFamicom.region = heuristics.videoRegion();
   superFamicom.manifest = manifest ? manifest : heuristics.manifest();
   hackPatchMemory(rom);
   superFamicom.document = BML::unserialize(superFamicom.manifest);
diff --git a/bsnes/target-bsnes/program/hacks.cpp b/bsnes/target-bsnes/program/hacks.cpp
index 91deb40f..6f271926 100644
--- a/bsnes/target-bsnes/program/hacks.cpp
+++ b/bsnes/target-bsnes/program/hacks.cpp
@@ -3,14 +3,26 @@ auto Program::hackCompatibility() -> void {
   bool fastPPUNoSpriteLimit = emulatorSettings.noSpriteLimit.checked();
   bool fastDSP = emulatorSettings.fastDSP.checked();
   bool coprocessorDelayedSync = emulatorSettings.coprocessorDelayedSyncOption.checked();
+  uint renderCycle = 512;
 
   auto title = superFamicom.title;
+  auto region = superFamicom.region;
+
+  //relies on mid-scanline rendering techniques
   if(title == "AIR STRIKE PATROL" || title == "DESERT FIGHTER") fastPPU = false;
+
+  //relies on cycle-accurate writes to the echo buffer
   if(title == "KOUSHIEN_2") fastDSP = false;
+
+  //extremely timing sensitive
   if(title == "RENDERING RANGER R2") fastDSP = false;
 
+  //fixes an errant scanline on the title screen due to writing to PPU registers too late
+  if(title == "ADVENTURES OF FRANKEN" && region == "PAL") renderCycle = 32;
+
   emulator->configure("Hacks/PPU/Fast", fastPPU);
   emulator->configure("Hacks/PPU/NoSpriteLimit", fastPPUNoSpriteLimit);
+  emulator->configure("Hacks/PPU/RenderCycle", renderCycle);
   emulator->configure("Hacks/PPU/Mode7/Scale", settings.emulator.hack.ppu.mode7.scale);
   emulator->configure("Hacks/PPU/Mode7/Perspective", settings.emulator.hack.ppu.mode7.perspective);
   emulator->configure("Hacks/PPU/Mode7/Supersample", settings.emulator.hack.ppu.mode7.supersample);
diff --git a/bsnes/target-bsnes/program/program.hpp b/bsnes/target-bsnes/program/program.hpp
index a7b17752..92930b5c 100644
--- a/bsnes/target-bsnes/program/program.hpp
+++ b/bsnes/target-bsnes/program/program.hpp
@@ -150,6 +150,7 @@ public:
 
   struct SuperFamicom : Game {
     string title;
+    string region;
     vector<uint8_t> program;
     vector<uint8_t> data;
     vector<uint8_t> expansion;