diff --git a/higan/emulator/emulator.hpp b/higan/emulator/emulator.hpp
index 445f56d4..d859cd3d 100644
--- a/higan/emulator/emulator.hpp
+++ b/higan/emulator/emulator.hpp
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ using namespace nall;
 
 namespace Emulator {
   static const string Name    = "higan";
-  static const string Version = "102";
+  static const string Version = "102.01";
   static const string Author  = "byuu";
   static const string License = "GPLv3";
   static const string Website = "http://byuu.org/";
diff --git a/higan/md/controller/controller.cpp b/higan/md/controller/controller.cpp
index 96195fb6..d4572a4f 100644
--- a/higan/md/controller/controller.cpp
+++ b/higan/md/controller/controller.cpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ Controller::Controller(uint port) : port(port) {
 }
 
 Controller::~Controller() {
+  scheduler.remove(*this);
 }
 
 auto Controller::Enter() -> void {
diff --git a/higan/ms/controller/controller.cpp b/higan/ms/controller/controller.cpp
index 4ead2bae..12c279cf 100644
--- a/higan/ms/controller/controller.cpp
+++ b/higan/ms/controller/controller.cpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ Controller::Controller(uint port) : port(port) {
 }
 
 Controller::~Controller() {
+  scheduler.remove(*this);
 }
 
 auto Controller::Enter() -> void {
diff --git a/higan/pce/controller/controller.cpp b/higan/pce/controller/controller.cpp
index 9adb25ec..63e0c0f3 100644
--- a/higan/pce/controller/controller.cpp
+++ b/higan/pce/controller/controller.cpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ Controller::Controller() {
 }
 
 Controller::~Controller() {
+  scheduler.remove(*this);
 }
 
 auto Controller::Enter() -> void {
diff --git a/higan/pce/controller/controller.hpp b/higan/pce/controller/controller.hpp
index 1684eeb9..6fc3e5c5 100644
--- a/higan/pce/controller/controller.hpp
+++ b/higan/pce/controller/controller.hpp
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ struct Controller : Thread {
   static auto Enter() -> void;
   auto main() -> void;
 
-  virtual auto readData() -> uint4 { return 0; }
+  virtual auto readData() -> uint4 { return 0x0f; }
   virtual auto writeData(uint2) -> void {}
 };
 
diff --git a/higan/pce/cpu/cpu.cpp b/higan/pce/cpu/cpu.cpp
index a84e827a..e1ec3d6b 100644
--- a/higan/pce/cpu/cpu.cpp
+++ b/higan/pce/cpu/cpu.cpp
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ auto CPU::power() -> void {
 
   memory::fill(&irq, sizeof(IRQ));
   memory::fill(&timer, sizeof(Timer));
+  memory::fill(&io, sizeof(IO));
 }
 
 auto CPU::lastCycle() -> void {
diff --git a/higan/pce/cpu/cpu.hpp b/higan/pce/cpu/cpu.hpp
index 2f58befa..6b62dacd 100644
--- a/higan/pce/cpu/cpu.hpp
+++ b/higan/pce/cpu/cpu.hpp
@@ -55,6 +55,10 @@ struct CPU : Processor::HuC6280, Thread {
     friend class CPU;
   } timer;
 
+  struct IO {
+    uint8 mdr;
+  } io;
+
 private:
   uint8 ram[0x2000];
 };
diff --git a/higan/pce/cpu/io.cpp b/higan/pce/cpu/io.cpp
index 2d543f8c..8873d031 100644
--- a/higan/pce/cpu/io.cpp
+++ b/higan/pce/cpu/io.cpp
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ auto CPU::read(uint21 addr) -> uint8 {
 
     //$0800-0bff  PSG
     if((addr & 0x1c00) == 0x0800) {
-      return 0x00;
+      return io.mdr;
     }
 
     //$0c00-0fff  Timer
     if((addr & 0x1c00) == 0x0c00) {
-      return timer.value;
+      return (io.mdr & 0x80) | timer.value;
     }
 
     //$1000-13ff  I/O
@@ -43,11 +43,20 @@ auto CPU::read(uint21 addr) -> uint8 {
 
     //$1400-17ff  IRQ
     if((addr & 0x1c00) == 0x1400) {
+      if(addr.bits(0,1) == 0) {
+        return io.mdr;
+      }
+
+      if(addr.bits(0,1) == 1) {
+        return io.mdr;
+      }
+
       if(addr.bits(0,1) == 2) {
         return (
           irq.disableExternal << 0
         | irq.disableVDC << 1
         | irq.disableTimer << 2
+        | (io.mdr & 0xf8)
         );
       }
 
@@ -56,6 +65,7 @@ auto CPU::read(uint21 addr) -> uint8 {
           irq.pendingExternal << 0
         | irq.pendingVDC << 1
         | irq.pendingTimer << 2
+        | (io.mdr & 0xf8)
         );
       }
     }
@@ -71,7 +81,7 @@ auto CPU::read(uint21 addr) -> uint8 {
     }
   }
 
-  return 0x00;
+  return 0xff;
 }
 
 auto CPU::write(uint21 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
@@ -99,11 +109,13 @@ auto CPU::write(uint21 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
 
     //$0800-0bff  PSG
     if((addr & 0x1c00) == 0x0800) {
+      io.mdr = data;
       return;
     }
 
     //$0c00-0fff  Timer
     if((addr & 0x1c00) == 0x0c00) {
+      io.mdr = data;
       if(!addr.bit(0)) {
         timer.latch = data.bits(0,6);
       } else {
@@ -115,12 +127,14 @@ auto CPU::write(uint21 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
 
     //$1000-13ff  I/O
     if((addr & 0x1c00) == 0x1000) {
+      io.mdr = data;
       PCEngine::peripherals.controllerPort->writeData(data.bits(0,1));
       return;
     }
 
     //$1400-17ff  IRQ
     if((addr & 0x1c00) == 0x1400) {
+      io.mdr = data;
       if(addr.bits(0,1) == 2) {
         irq.disableExternal = data.bit(0);
         irq.disableVDC = data.bit(1);
diff --git a/higan/pce/interface/interface.cpp b/higan/pce/interface/interface.cpp
index 4b4f2a88..9b1f4150 100644
--- a/higan/pce/interface/interface.cpp
+++ b/higan/pce/interface/interface.cpp
@@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ auto Interface::title() -> string {
 }
 
 auto Interface::videoSize() -> VideoSize {
-  return {256, 240};
+  return {1140, 242};
 }
 
 auto Interface::videoSize(uint width, uint height, bool arc) -> VideoSize {
   auto a = arc ? 8.0 / 7.0 : 1.0;
-  uint w = 256;
-  uint h = 240;
+  uint w = 285;
+  uint h = 242;
   uint m = min(width / (w * a), height / h);
   return {uint(w * a * m), uint(h * m)};
 }
diff --git a/higan/pce/vdc/background.cpp b/higan/pce/vdc/background.cpp
index 1cf35491..36fe7409 100644
--- a/higan/pce/vdc/background.cpp
+++ b/higan/pce/vdc/background.cpp
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 auto VDC::Background::scanline(uint y) -> void {
-  hoffset = hscroll;
   if(y == 0) {
-    voffset = vscroll;
+    vcounter = vscroll;
   } else {
-    voffset++;
+    vcounter++;
   }
+  hoffset = hscroll;
+  voffset = vcounter;
 }
 
 auto VDC::Background::run(uint x, uint y) -> void {
@@ -15,13 +16,13 @@ auto VDC::Background::run(uint x, uint y) -> void {
   batAddress *= width;
   batAddress += (hoffset >> 3) & (width  - 1);
 
-  uint16 tiledata = vdc.vramRead(batAddress);
+  uint16 tiledata = vdc.vram.read(batAddress);
   uint16 patternAddress = tiledata.bits(0,11) << 4;
   patternAddress += (voffset & 7);
   uint4 palette = tiledata.bits(12,15);
 
-  uint16 d0 = vdc.vramRead(patternAddress + 0);
-  uint16 d1 = vdc.vramRead(patternAddress + 8);
+  uint16 d0 = vdc.vram.read(patternAddress + 0);
+  uint16 d1 = vdc.vram.read(patternAddress + 8);
 
   uint3 index = 7 - (hoffset & 7);
   uint4 output;
@@ -30,6 +31,6 @@ auto VDC::Background::run(uint x, uint y) -> void {
   output.bit(2) = d1.bit(0 + index);
   output.bit(3) = d1.bit(8 + index);
 
-  if(enable && output) color = vdc.cram[palette << 4 | output];
+  if(enable && output) color = vdc.cram.read(palette << 4 | output);
   hoffset++;
 }
diff --git a/higan/pce/vdc/dma.cpp b/higan/pce/vdc/dma.cpp
index dc49c168..82b36b8e 100644
--- a/higan/pce/vdc/dma.cpp
+++ b/higan/pce/vdc/dma.cpp
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 auto VDC::DMA::step(uint clocks) -> void {
   while(clocks--) {
     if(vramActive) {
-      uint16 data = vdc.vramRead(source);
-      vdc.vramWrite(target, data);
+      uint16 data = vdc.vram.read(source);
+      vdc.vram.write(target, data);
       sourceIncrementMode == 0 ? source++ : source--;
       targetIncrementMode == 0 ? target++ : target--;
       if(!--length) {
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ auto VDC::DMA::step(uint clocks) -> void {
     }
 
     if(satbActive) {
-      uint16 data = vdc.vramRead(satbSource + satbOffset);
-      vdc.satb[satbOffset] = data;
+      uint16 data = vdc.vram.read(satbSource + satbOffset);
+      vdc.satb.write(satbOffset, data);
       if(++satbOffset == 256) {
         satbActive = false;
         satbOffset = 0;
diff --git a/higan/pce/vdc/io.cpp b/higan/pce/vdc/io.cpp
index 9b779acb..548cec8e 100644
--- a/higan/pce/vdc/io.cpp
+++ b/higan/pce/vdc/io.cpp
@@ -1,17 +1,6 @@
-auto VDC::vramRead(uint16 addr) -> uint16 {
-  if(addr.bit(15)) return 0x00;
-  return vram[addr];
-}
-
-auto VDC::vramWrite(uint16 addr, uint16 data) -> void {
-  if(addr.bit(15)) return;
-  vram[addr] = data;
-}
-
 auto VDC::read(uint11 addr) -> uint8 {
   bool a0 = addr.bit(0);
   if(!addr.bit(10)) {
-    //VDC
     if(addr.bit(1) == 0) {
       //SR
       if(a0) return 0x00;
@@ -29,26 +18,25 @@ auto VDC::read(uint11 addr) -> uint8 {
     if(addr.bit(1) == 1) {
       if(io.address == 0x02) {
         //VRR
-        uint8 data = io.vramDataRead.byte(a0);
+        uint8 data = vram.dataRead.byte(a0);
         if(a0) {
-          io.vramAddressRead += io.vramAddressIncrement;
-          io.vramDataRead = vramRead(io.vramAddressRead);
+          vram.addressRead += vram.addressIncrement;
+          vram.dataRead = vram.read(vram.addressRead);
         }
         return data;
       }
     }
   } else {
-    //VCE
     if(addr.bits(0,2) == 0x04) {
       //CTR
-      uint8 data = cram[io.colorAddress].bits(0,7);
+      uint8 data = cram.read(cram.address).bits(0,7);
       return data;
     }
 
     if(addr.bits(0,2) == 0x05) {
       //CTR
-      uint8 data = cram[io.colorAddress].bit(0);
-      io.colorAddress++;
+      uint8 data = 0xfe | cram.read(cram.address).bit(0);
+      cram.address++;
       return data;
     }
   }
@@ -59,7 +47,6 @@ auto VDC::read(uint11 addr) -> uint8 {
 auto VDC::write(uint11 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   bool a0 = addr.bit(0);
   if(!addr.bit(10)) {
-    //VDC
     if(addr.bit(1) == 0) {
       //AR
       if(a0) return;
@@ -70,23 +57,23 @@ auto VDC::write(uint11 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
     if(addr.bit(1) == 1) {
       if(io.address == 0x00) {
         //MAWR
-        io.vramAddressWrite.byte(a0) = data;
+        vram.addressWrite.byte(a0) = data;
         return;
       }
 
       if(io.address == 0x01) {
         //MARR
-        io.vramAddressRead.byte(a0) = data;
-        io.vramDataRead = vramRead(io.vramAddressRead);
+        vram.addressRead.byte(a0) = data;
+        vram.dataRead = vram.read(vram.addressRead);
         return;
       }
 
       if(io.address == 0x02) {
         //VWR
-        io.vramDataWrite.byte(a0) = data;
+        vram.dataWrite.byte(a0) = data;
         if(a0) {
-          vramWrite(io.vramAddressWrite, io.vramDataWrite);
-          io.vramAddressWrite += io.vramAddressIncrement;
+          vram.write(vram.addressWrite, vram.dataWrite);
+          vram.addressWrite += vram.addressIncrement;
         }
         return;
       }
@@ -104,10 +91,10 @@ auto VDC::write(uint11 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
         } else {
           io.displayOutput = data.bits(0,1);
           io.dramRefresh = data.bit(2);
-          if(data.bits(3,4) == 0) io.vramAddressIncrement = 0x01;
-          if(data.bits(3,4) == 1) io.vramAddressIncrement = 0x20;
-          if(data.bits(3,4) == 2) io.vramAddressIncrement = 0x40;
-          if(data.bits(3,4) == 3) io.vramAddressIncrement = 0x80;
+          if(data.bits(3,4) == 0) vram.addressIncrement = 0x01;
+          if(data.bits(3,4) == 1) vram.addressIncrement = 0x20;
+          if(data.bits(3,4) == 2) vram.addressIncrement = 0x40;
+          if(data.bits(3,4) == 3) vram.addressIncrement = 0x80;
         }
         return;
       }
@@ -127,7 +114,7 @@ auto VDC::write(uint11 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
       if(io.address == 0x08) {
         //BYR
         background.vscroll.byte(a0) = data;
-        background.voffset = background.vscroll;
+        background.vcounter = background.vscroll;
         return;
       }
 
@@ -149,9 +136,9 @@ auto VDC::write(uint11 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
       if(io.address == 0x0a) {
         //HSR
         if(!a0) {
-          io.horizontalSyncWidth = data.bits(0,4);
+          vce.horizontalSyncWidth = data.bits(0,4);
         } else {
-          io.horizontalDisplayStart = data.bits(0,6);
+          vce.horizontalDisplayStart = data.bits(0,6);
         }
         return;
       }
@@ -159,9 +146,9 @@ auto VDC::write(uint11 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
       if(io.address == 0x0b) {
         //HDR
         if(!a0) {
-          io.horizontalDisplayWidth = data.bits(0,6);
+          vce.horizontalDisplayLength = data.bits(0,6);
         } else {
-          io.horizontalDisplayEnd = data.bits(0,6);
+          vce.horizontalDisplayEnd = data.bits(0,6);
         }
         return;
       }
@@ -169,23 +156,27 @@ auto VDC::write(uint11 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
       if(io.address == 0x0c) {
         //VPR
         if(!a0) {
-          io.verticalSyncWidth = data.bits(0,4);
+          vce.verticalSyncWidth = data.bits(0,4);
         } else {
-          io.verticalDisplayStart = data.bits(0,7);
+          vce.verticalDisplayStart = data.bits(0,7);
         }
         return;
       }
 
       if(io.address == 0x0d) {
         //VDR
-        io.verticalDisplayWidth.byte(a0) = data;
+        if(!a0) {
+          vce.verticalDisplayLength.bits(0,7) = data.bits(0,7);
+        } else {
+          vce.verticalDisplayLength.bit(8) = data.bit(0);
+        }
         return;
       }
 
       if(io.address == 0x0e) {
         //VCR
         if(a0) return;
-        io.verticalDisplayEnd = data.bits(0,7);
+        vce.verticalDisplayEnd = data.bits(0,7);
         return;
       }
 
@@ -227,10 +218,12 @@ auto VDC::write(uint11 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
       }
     }
   } else {
-    //VCE
     if(addr.bits(0,2) == 0x00) {
       //CR
-      io.divisionRatio = data.bits(0,1);
+      if(data.bits(0,1) == 0) vce.clock = 4;
+      if(data.bits(0,1) == 1) vce.clock = 3;
+      if(data.bits(0,1) == 2) vce.clock = 2;
+      if(data.bits(0,1) == 3) vce.clock = 2;
       io.colorBlur = data.bit(2);
       io.grayscale = data.bit(7);
       return;
@@ -238,26 +231,26 @@ auto VDC::write(uint11 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
 
     if(addr.bits(0,2) == 0x02) {
       //CTA
-      io.colorAddress.bits(0,7) = data.bits(0,7);
+      cram.address.bits(0,7) = data.bits(0,7);
       return;
     }
 
     if(addr.bits(0,2) == 0x03) {
       //CTA
-      io.colorAddress.bit(8) = data.bit(0);
+      cram.address.bit(8) = data.bit(0);
       return;
     }
 
     if(addr.bits(0,2) == 0x04) {
       //CTW
-      cram[io.colorAddress].bits(0,7) = data.bits(0,7);
+      cram.write(cram.address, 0, data.bits(0,7));
       return;
     }
 
     if(addr.bits(0,2) == 0x05) {
       //CTW
-      cram[io.colorAddress].bit(8) = data.bit(0);
-      io.colorAddress++;
+      cram.write(cram.address, 1, data.bit(0));
+      cram.address++;
       return;
     }
   }
diff --git a/higan/pce/vdc/memory.cpp b/higan/pce/vdc/memory.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7d9b464c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/higan/pce/vdc/memory.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+auto VDC::VRAM::read(uint16 addr) -> uint16 {
+  if(addr.bit(15)) return 0x0000;  //todo: random data?
+  return data[addr];
+}
+
+auto VDC::VRAM::write(uint16 addr, uint16 value) -> void {
+  if(addr.bit(15)) return;
+  data[addr] = value;
+}
+
+auto VDC::SATB::read(uint8 addr) -> uint16 {
+  return data[addr];
+}
+
+auto VDC::SATB::write(uint8 addr, uint16 value) -> void {
+  data[addr] = value;
+}
+
+auto VDC::CRAM::read(uint9 addr) -> uint9 {
+  return data[addr];
+}
+
+auto VDC::CRAM::write(uint9 addr, bool a0, uint8 value) -> void {
+  if(!a0) {
+    data[addr].bits(0,7) = value.bits(0,7);
+  } else {
+    data[addr].bit(8) = value.bit(0);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/higan/pce/vdc/sprite.cpp b/higan/pce/vdc/sprite.cpp
index 000c6463..eb9d670d 100644
--- a/higan/pce/vdc/sprite.cpp
+++ b/higan/pce/vdc/sprite.cpp
@@ -2,19 +2,19 @@ auto VDC::Sprite::scanline(uint y) -> void {
   y += 64;
   objects.reset();
 
-  static const uint width[]  = {15, 31};
-  static const uint height[] = {15, 31, 63, 63};
+  static const uint widths[]  = {15, 31};
+  static const uint heights[] = {15, 31, 63, 63};
 
   uint count = 0;
   for(uint index : range(64)) {
-    uint16 d0 = vdc.satb[index << 2 | 0];
-    uint16 d1 = vdc.satb[index << 2 | 1];
-    uint16 d2 = vdc.satb[index << 2 | 2];
-    uint16 d3 = vdc.satb[index << 2 | 3];
+    uint16 d0 = vdc.satb.read(index << 2 | 0);
+    uint16 d1 = vdc.satb.read(index << 2 | 1);
+    uint16 d2 = vdc.satb.read(index << 2 | 2);
+    uint16 d3 = vdc.satb.read(index << 2 | 3);
 
     Object object;
     object.y = d0.bits(0,9);
-    object.height = height[d3.bits(12,13)];
+    object.height = heights[d3.bits(12,13)];
     if(y < object.y) continue;
     if(y > object.y + object.height) continue;
 
@@ -23,15 +23,29 @@ auto VDC::Sprite::scanline(uint y) -> void {
     object.pattern = d2.bits(1,10);
     object.palette = d3.bits(0,3);
     object.priority = d3.bit(7);
-    object.width = width[d3.bit(8)];
+    object.width = widths[d3.bit(8)];
     object.hflip = d3.bit(11);
     object.vflip = d3.bit(15);
-    objects.append(object);
+    object.first = index == 0;
 
-    count += 1 + d3.bit(8);  //32-width sprites consume two slots
-    if(count >= 16) {
-      vdc.irq.raise(VDC::IRQ::Line::Overflow);
-      break;
+    if(object.width  == 31) object.pattern.bit(0) = 0;
+    if(object.height == 31) object.pattern.bit(1) = 0;
+    if(object.height == 63) object.pattern.bits(1,2) = 0;
+
+    if(object.width == 15) {
+      objects.append(object);
+      if(++count >= 16) return vdc.irq.raise(VDC::IRQ::Line::Overflow);
+    } else {
+      //32-width sprites count as two 16-width sprite slots
+      object.pattern ^= object.hflip;
+      object.width = 15;
+      objects.append(object);
+      if(++count >= 16) return vdc.irq.raise(VDC::IRQ::Line::Overflow);
+
+      object.x += 16;
+      object.pattern ^= 1;
+      objects.append(object);
+      if(++count >= 16) return vdc.irq.raise(VDC::IRQ::Line::Overflow);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -43,10 +57,8 @@ auto VDC::Sprite::run(uint x, uint y) -> void {
   color = nothing;
   if(!enable) return;
 
-  bool zero = 0;
-  uint index = 0;
+  bool first = false;
   for(auto& object : objects) {
-    uint id = index++;
     if(x < object.x) continue;
     if(x > object.x + object.width) continue;
 
@@ -55,21 +67,16 @@ auto VDC::Sprite::run(uint x, uint y) -> void {
     if(object.hflip) hoffset ^= object.width;
     if(object.vflip) voffset ^= object.height;
 
-    uint10 pattern = object.pattern;
-    if(object.width  == 31) pattern.bit(0) = 0;
-    if(object.height == 31) pattern.bit(1) = 0;
-    if(object.height == 63) pattern.bits(1,2) = 0;
-
-    uint16 patternAddress = pattern;
+    uint16 patternAddress = object.pattern;
     patternAddress  += (voffset >> 4) << 1;
     patternAddress  += (hoffset >> 4);
     patternAddress <<= 6;
     patternAddress  += (voffset & 15);
 
-    uint16 d0 = vdc.vramRead(patternAddress +  0);
-    uint16 d1 = vdc.vramRead(patternAddress + 16);
-    uint16 d2 = vdc.vramRead(patternAddress + 32);
-    uint16 d3 = vdc.vramRead(patternAddress + 48);
+    uint16 d0 = vdc.vram.read(patternAddress +  0);
+    uint16 d1 = vdc.vram.read(patternAddress + 16);
+    uint16 d2 = vdc.vram.read(patternAddress + 32);
+    uint16 d3 = vdc.vram.read(patternAddress + 48);
 
     uint4 index = 15 - (hoffset & 15);
     uint4 output;
@@ -80,12 +87,12 @@ auto VDC::Sprite::run(uint x, uint y) -> void {
     if(output == 0) continue;
 
     if(color) {
-      if(zero) vdc.irq.raise(VDC::IRQ::Line::Collision);
-      break;
+      if(first) return vdc.irq.raise(VDC::IRQ::Line::Collision);
+      return;
     }
 
-    color = vdc.cram[1 << 8 | object.palette << 4 | output];
+    color = vdc.cram.read(1 << 8 | object.palette << 4 | output);
     priority = object.priority;
-    if(id == 0) zero = 1;
+    if(object.first) first = true;
   }
 }
diff --git a/higan/pce/vdc/vdc.cpp b/higan/pce/vdc/vdc.cpp
index 6d6d52ef..cdf6c094 100644
--- a/higan/pce/vdc/vdc.cpp
+++ b/higan/pce/vdc/vdc.cpp
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 namespace PCEngine {
 
 VDC vdc;
+#include "memory.cpp"
 #include "io.cpp"
 #include "irq.cpp"
 #include "dma.cpp"
@@ -14,66 +15,108 @@ auto VDC::Enter() -> void {
 }
 
 auto VDC::main() -> void {
-  //1365 cycles/scanline
-  state.x = 0;
-  uint y = state.y;
-  auto output = buffer + y * 512;
-  background.scanline(y);
-  sprite.scanline(y);
-  for(uint x : range(256)) {
-    if(y < 240) {
-      background.run(x, y);
-      sprite.run(x, y);
+  auto output = buffer + 1140 * vce.vclock;
+
+  //todo: if block breaks TV Sports Basketball
+  //if(vce.vclock >= vce.vstart && vce.voffset < vce.vlength) {
+    background.scanline(vce.voffset);
+    sprite.scanline(vce.voffset);
+  //}
+
+  while(vce.hclock < 1140) {
+    uint9 color = 0;
+
+    if(vce.vclock >= vce.vstart && vce.voffset < vce.vlength
+    && vce.hclock >= vce.hstart && vce.hoffset < vce.hlength
+    ) {
+      background.run(vce.hoffset, vce.voffset);
+      sprite.run(vce.hoffset, vce.voffset);
+      vce.hoffset++;
 
       if(sprite.color && sprite.priority) {
-        *output++ = sprite.color();
+        color = sprite.color();
       } else if(background.color) {
-        *output++ = background.color();
+        color = background.color();
       } else if(sprite.color) {
-        *output++ = sprite.color();
+        color = sprite.color();
       } else {
-        *output++ = cram[0];
+        color = cram.read(0);
       }
     }
-    step(4);
-  }
-  step(341);
 
-  if(++state.y == 262) {
-    state.y = 0;
+    if(vce.clock >= 2) *output++ = color;
+    if(vce.clock >= 2) *output++ = color;
+    if(vce.clock >= 3) *output++ = color;
+    if(vce.clock >= 4) *output++ = color;
+
+    step(vce.clock);
   }
-  if(state.y == (io.lineCoincidence - 64)) irq.raise(IRQ::Line::LineCoincidence);
-  if(state.y == 240) {
+
+  if(vce.vclock == io.lineCoincidence - (66 - vce.vstart)) {
+    irq.raise(IRQ::Line::LineCoincidence);
+  }
+
+  step(1365 - vce.hclock);
+  scanline();
+}
+
+auto VDC::scanline() -> void {
+  vce.hclock = 0;
+  vce.hoffset = 0;
+  vce.hstart = vce.horizontalDisplayStart * vce.clock;
+  vce.hlength = (vce.horizontalDisplayLength + 1) << 3;
+  if(vce.clock == 2) vce.hstart += 0;
+  if(vce.clock == 3) vce.hstart += 0;
+  if(vce.clock == 4) vce.hstart += 0;
+
+  vce.vclock++;
+  if(vce.vclock >= vce.vstart) vce.voffset++;
+
+  if(vce.vclock == 262) {
+    frame();
+  }
+
+  if(vce.vclock == vce.vstart + vce.vlength) {
     irq.raise(IRQ::Line::Vblank);
     dma.satbStart();
-    scheduler.exit(Scheduler::Event::Frame);
   }
 }
 
+auto VDC::frame() -> void {
+  scheduler.exit(Scheduler::Event::Frame);
+
+  vce.vclock = 0;
+  vce.voffset = 0;
+  vce.vstart = vce.verticalDisplayStart - 2;
+  vce.vlength = min(242, vce.verticalDisplayLength + 1);
+}
+
 auto VDC::step(uint clocks) -> void {
-  state.x += clocks;
+  vce.hclock += clocks;
   Thread::step(clocks);
   dma.step(clocks);
   synchronize(cpu);
 }
 
 auto VDC::refresh() -> void {
-  Emulator::video.refresh(buffer, 512 * sizeof(uint32), 256, 240);
+  Emulator::video.refresh(buffer + 1140 * vce.vstart, 1140 * sizeof(uint32), 1140, 242);
 }
 
 auto VDC::power() -> void {
   create(VDC::Enter, system.colorburst() * 6.0);
 
   for(auto& pixel : buffer) pixel = 0;
-  for(auto& word : vram) word = 0x0000;
-  for(auto& word : satb) word = 0x0000;
-  for(auto& word : cram) word = 0x0000;
-  memory::fill(&state, sizeof(State));
+  memory::fill(&vram, sizeof(VRAM));
+  memory::fill(&satb, sizeof(SATB));
+  memory::fill(&cram, sizeof(CRAM));
   memory::fill(&irq, sizeof(IRQ));
   memory::fill(&dma, sizeof(DMA));
+  memory::fill(&vce, sizeof(VCE));
   memory::fill(&io, sizeof(IO));
   memory::fill(&background, sizeof(Background));
   memory::fill(&sprite, sizeof(Sprite));
+
+  vce.clock = 4;
 }
 
 }
diff --git a/higan/pce/vdc/vdc.hpp b/higan/pce/vdc/vdc.hpp
index 703b44c9..979a3715 100644
--- a/higan/pce/vdc/vdc.hpp
+++ b/higan/pce/vdc/vdc.hpp
@@ -5,28 +5,54 @@ struct VDC : Thread {
   static auto Enter() -> void;
   auto main() -> void;
   auto step(uint clocks) -> void;
+  auto scanline() -> void;
+  auto frame() -> void;
   auto refresh() -> void;
 
   auto power() -> void;
 
   //io.cpp
-  auto vramRead(uint16 addr) -> uint16;
-  auto vramWrite(uint16 addr, uint16 data) -> void;
-
   auto read(uint11 addr) -> uint8;
   auto write(uint11 addr, uint8 data) -> void;
 
 private:
-  uint32 buffer[512 * 484];
+  uint32 buffer[1140 * 512];
 
-  uint16 vram[0x8000];
-  uint16 satb[0x100];
-  uint9 cram[0x200];
+  struct VRAM {
+    //memory.cpp
+    auto read(uint16 addr) -> uint16;
+    auto write(uint16 addr, uint16 data) -> void;
 
-  struct State {
-    uint x;
-    uint y;
-  } state;
+    uint16 addressRead;
+    uint16 addressWrite;
+    uint16 addressIncrement;
+
+    uint16 dataRead;
+    uint16 dataWrite;
+
+  private:
+    uint16 data[0x8000];
+  } vram;
+
+  struct SATB {
+    //memory.cpp
+    auto read(uint8 addr) -> uint16;
+    auto write(uint8 addr, uint16 data) -> void;
+
+  private:
+    uint16 data[0x100];
+  } satb;
+
+  struct CRAM {
+    //memory.cpp
+    auto read(uint9 addr) -> uint9;
+    auto write(uint9 addr, bool a0, uint8 data) -> void;
+
+    uint9 address;
+
+  private:
+    uint9 data[0x200];
+  } cram;
 
   struct IRQ {
     enum class Line : uint {
@@ -79,6 +105,32 @@ private:
     uint16 satbOffset;
   } dma;
 
+  struct VCE {
+    uint5 horizontalSyncWidth;
+    uint7 horizontalDisplayStart;
+    uint7 horizontalDisplayLength;
+    uint7 horizontalDisplayEnd;
+
+    uint5 verticalSyncWidth;
+    uint8 verticalDisplayStart;
+    uint9 verticalDisplayLength;
+    uint8 verticalDisplayEnd;
+
+    uint  clock;
+
+    uint  hclock;
+    uint  vclock;
+
+    uint  hoffset;
+    uint  voffset;
+
+    uint  hstart;
+    uint  vstart;
+
+    uint  hlength;
+    uint  vlength;
+  } vce;
+
   struct Background {
     //background.cpp
     auto scanline(uint y) -> void;
@@ -87,6 +139,7 @@ private:
     bool   enable;
     uint10 hscroll;
     uint9  vscroll;
+    uint9  vcounter;
     uint8  width;
     uint8  height;
 
@@ -114,6 +167,7 @@ private:
       bool   hflip;
       uint   height;
       bool   vflip;
+      bool   first;
     };
     array<Object, 64> objects;
 
@@ -124,60 +178,22 @@ private:
   struct IO {
     uint5  address;
 
-    //VDC
-
-    //$00  MAWR (W)
-    uint16 vramAddressWrite;
-
-    //$01  MARR (W)
-    uint16 vramAddressRead;
-
-    //$02  VWR (W)
-    //$02  VRR (R)
-    uint16 vramDataWrite;
-    uint16 vramDataRead;
-
-    //$05  CR (W)
+    //$0005  CR (W)
     uint2  externalSync;
     uint2  displayOutput;
     bool   dramRefresh;
-    uint   vramAddressIncrement;
 
-    //$06  RCR
+    //$0006  RCR
     uint10 lineCoincidence;
 
-    //$09  MWR
+    //$0009  MWR
     uint2  vramAccess;
     uint2  spriteAccess;
     bool   cgMode;
 
-    //$0a  HSR
-    uint5  horizontalSyncWidth;
-    uint7  horizontalDisplayStart;
-
-    //$0b  HDR
-    uint7  horizontalDisplayWidth;
-    uint7  horizontalDisplayEnd;
-
-    //$0c  VPR
-    uint5  verticalSyncWidth;
-    uint8  verticalDisplayStart;
-
-    //$0d  VDR
-    uint9  verticalDisplayWidth;
-
-    //$0e  VCR
-    uint8  verticalDisplayEnd;
-
-    //VCE
-
-    //$00  CR
-    uint2  divisionRatio;
+    //$0400  CR
     bool   colorBlur;
     bool   grayscale;
-
-    //$02  CTA
-    uint9  colorAddress;
   } io;
 };
 
diff --git a/higan/target-tomoko/presentation/presentation.cpp b/higan/target-tomoko/presentation/presentation.cpp
index 9021f447..ce4e5f6b 100644
--- a/higan/target-tomoko/presentation/presentation.cpp
+++ b/higan/target-tomoko/presentation/presentation.cpp
@@ -237,8 +237,8 @@ auto Presentation::resizeViewport() -> void {
   uint windowWidth = 0, windowHeight = 0;
   bool aspectCorrection = true;
   if(!fullScreen()) {
-    windowWidth  = 320 * scale;
-    windowHeight = 240 * scale;
+    windowWidth  = 326 * scale;
+    windowHeight = 242 * scale;
     aspectCorrection = settings["Video/AspectCorrection"].boolean();
   } else {
     windowWidth  = geometry().width();
diff --git a/nall/arithmetic/natural.hpp b/nall/arithmetic/natural.hpp
index 8660a8fe..fb5fff4a 100644
--- a/nall/arithmetic/natural.hpp
+++ b/nall/arithmetic/natural.hpp
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ template<> struct stringify<Pair> {
     do {
       Pair quotient, remainder;
       div(source, 10, quotient, remainder);
-      *p++ = '0' + remainder;
+      *p++ = remainder + '0';
       source = quotient;
     } while(source);
     _size = p - _output;