diff --git a/higan/emulator/emulator.hpp b/higan/emulator/emulator.hpp
index f82705a5..74c38fff 100644
--- a/higan/emulator/emulator.hpp
+++ b/higan/emulator/emulator.hpp
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ using namespace nall;
 
 namespace Emulator {
   static const string Name    = "higan";
-  static const string Version = "103.04";
+  static const string Version = "103.05";
   static const string Author  = "byuu";
   static const string License = "GPLv3";
   static const string Website = "http://byuu.org/";
diff --git a/higan/fc/controller/controller.cpp b/higan/fc/controller/controller.cpp
index 836861e6..05b561f9 100644
--- a/higan/fc/controller/controller.cpp
+++ b/higan/fc/controller/controller.cpp
@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@
 
 namespace Famicom {
 
+ControllerPort controllerPort1;
+ControllerPort controllerPort2;
 #include "gamepad/gamepad.cpp"
 
-Controller::Controller(bool port) : port(port) {
+Controller::Controller(uint port) : port(port) {
   if(!handle()) create(Controller::Enter, 1);
 }
 
@@ -15,8 +17,8 @@ Controller::~Controller() {
 auto Controller::Enter() -> void {
   while(true) {
     scheduler.synchronize();
-    if(peripherals.controllerPort1->active()) peripherals.controllerPort1->main();
-    if(peripherals.controllerPort2->active()) peripherals.controllerPort2->main();
+    if(controllerPort1.device->active()) controllerPort1.device->main();
+    if(controllerPort2.device->active()) controllerPort2.device->main();
   }
 }
 
@@ -25,4 +27,32 @@ auto Controller::main() -> void {
   synchronize(cpu);
 }
 
+//
+
+auto ControllerPort::connect(uint deviceID) -> void {
+  if(!system.loaded()) return;
+  delete device;
+
+  switch(deviceID) { default:
+  case ID::Device::None: device = new Controller(port); break;
+  case ID::Device::Gamepad: device = new Gamepad(port); break;
+  }
+
+  cpu.peripherals.reset();
+  if(auto device = controllerPort1.device) cpu.peripherals.append(device);
+  if(auto device = controllerPort2.device) cpu.peripherals.append(device);
+}
+
+auto ControllerPort::power(uint port) -> void {
+  this->port = port;
+}
+
+auto ControllerPort::unload() -> void {
+  delete device;
+  device = nullptr;
+}
+
+auto ControllerPort::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
+}
+
 }
diff --git a/higan/fc/controller/controller.hpp b/higan/fc/controller/controller.hpp
index 4515a6a3..7bbd8435 100644
--- a/higan/fc/controller/controller.hpp
+++ b/higan/fc/controller/controller.hpp
@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@
 //  7:  gnd
 
 struct Controller : Thread {
-  enum : bool { Port1 = 0, Port2 = 1 };
-
-  Controller(bool port);
+  Controller(uint port);
   virtual ~Controller();
   static auto Enter() -> void;
 
@@ -27,7 +25,21 @@ struct Controller : Thread {
   virtual auto data() -> uint3 { return 0; }
   virtual auto latch(bool data) -> void {}
 
-  const bool port;
+  const uint port;
 };
 
+struct ControllerPort {
+  auto connect(uint deviceID) -> void;
+
+  auto power(uint port) -> void;
+  auto unload() -> void;
+  auto serialize(serializer&) -> void;
+
+  uint port;
+  Controller* device = nullptr;
+};
+
+extern ControllerPort controllerPort1;
+extern ControllerPort controllerPort2;
+
 #include "gamepad/gamepad.hpp"
diff --git a/higan/fc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp b/higan/fc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp
index c7c925b9..911cfae3 100644
--- a/higan/fc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp
+++ b/higan/fc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Gamepad::Gamepad(bool port) : Controller(port) {
+Gamepad::Gamepad(uint port) : Controller(port) {
 }
 
 auto Gamepad::data() -> uint3 {
diff --git a/higan/fc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.hpp b/higan/fc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.hpp
index 23883b5c..7d0ffc4f 100644
--- a/higan/fc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.hpp
+++ b/higan/fc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.hpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ struct Gamepad : Controller {
     Up, Down, Left, Right, B, A, Select, Start,
   };
 
-  Gamepad(bool port);
+  Gamepad(uint port);
   auto data() -> uint3;
   auto latch(bool data) -> void;
 
diff --git a/higan/fc/cpu/memory.cpp b/higan/fc/cpu/memory.cpp
index d1746020..7cc51d54 100644
--- a/higan/fc/cpu/memory.cpp
+++ b/higan/fc/cpu/memory.cpp
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ auto CPU::readIO(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
   switch(addr) {
 
   case 0x4016: {
-    auto data = Famicom::peripherals.controllerPort1->data();
+    auto data = controllerPort1.device->data();
     return (mdr() & 0xc0) | data.bit(2) << 4 | data.bit(1) << 3 | data.bit(0) << 0;
   }
 
   case 0x4017: {
-    auto data = Famicom::peripherals.controllerPort2->data();
+    auto data = controllerPort2.device->data();
     return (mdr() & 0xc0) | data.bit(2) << 4 | data.bit(1) << 3 | data.bit(0) << 0;
   }
 
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ auto CPU::writeIO(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   }
 
   case 0x4016: {
-    Famicom::peripherals.controllerPort1->latch(data.bit(0));
-    Famicom::peripherals.controllerPort2->latch(data.bit(0));
+    controllerPort1.device->latch(data.bit(0));
+    controllerPort2.device->latch(data.bit(0));
     return;
   }
 
diff --git a/higan/fc/interface/interface.cpp b/higan/fc/interface/interface.cpp
index b3a9bbf8..5aca4e9a 100644
--- a/higan/fc/interface/interface.cpp
+++ b/higan/fc/interface/interface.cpp
@@ -132,7 +132,8 @@ auto Interface::unload() -> void {
 }
 
 auto Interface::connect(uint port, uint device) -> void {
-  peripherals.connect(port, device);
+  if(port == ID::Port::Controller1) controllerPort1.connect(settings.controllerPort1 = device);
+  if(port == ID::Port::Controller2) controllerPort2.connect(settings.controllerPort2 = device);
 }
 
 auto Interface::power() -> void {
diff --git a/higan/fc/system/peripherals.cpp b/higan/fc/system/peripherals.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 35aab590..00000000
--- a/higan/fc/system/peripherals.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-Peripherals peripherals;
-
-auto Peripherals::unload() -> void {
-  delete controllerPort1;
-  delete controllerPort2;
-  controllerPort1 = nullptr;
-  controllerPort2 = nullptr;
-}
-
-auto Peripherals::reset() -> void {
-  connect(ID::Port::Controller1, settings.controllerPort1);
-  connect(ID::Port::Controller2, settings.controllerPort2);
-}
-
-auto Peripherals::connect(uint port, uint device) -> void {
-  if(port == ID::Port::Controller1) {
-    settings.controllerPort1 = device;
-    if(!system.loaded()) return;
-
-    delete controllerPort1;
-    switch(device) { default:
-    case ID::Device::None: controllerPort1 = new Controller(0); break;
-    case ID::Device::Gamepad: controllerPort1 = new Gamepad(0); break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(port == ID::Port::Controller2) {
-    settings.controllerPort2 = device;
-    if(!system.loaded()) return;
-
-    delete controllerPort2;
-    switch(device) { default:
-    case ID::Device::None: controllerPort2 = new Controller(1); break;
-    case ID::Device::Gamepad: controllerPort2 = new Gamepad(1); break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(port == ID::Port::Expansion) {
-    settings.expansionPort = device;
-    if(!system.loaded()) return;
-  }
-
-  cpu.peripherals.reset();
-  cpu.peripherals.append(controllerPort1);
-  cpu.peripherals.append(controllerPort2);
-}
diff --git a/higan/fc/system/serialization.cpp b/higan/fc/system/serialization.cpp
index ddfe098d..0c11bc0c 100644
--- a/higan/fc/system/serialization.cpp
+++ b/higan/fc/system/serialization.cpp
@@ -45,6 +45,8 @@ auto System::serializeAll(serializer& s) -> void {
   cpu.serialize(s);
   apu.serialize(s);
   ppu.serialize(s);
+  controllerPort1.serialize(s);
+  controllerPort2.serialize(s);
 }
 
 auto System::serializeInit() -> void {
diff --git a/higan/fc/system/system.cpp b/higan/fc/system/system.cpp
index 18350906..84332a6b 100644
--- a/higan/fc/system/system.cpp
+++ b/higan/fc/system/system.cpp
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 namespace Famicom {
 
-#include "peripherals.cpp"
 #include "video.cpp"
 #include "serialization.cpp"
 System system;
@@ -56,7 +55,9 @@ auto System::save() -> void {
 
 auto System::unload() -> void {
   if(!loaded()) return;
-  peripherals.unload();
+  cpu.peripherals.reset();
+  controllerPort1.unload();
+  controllerPort2.unload();
   cartridge.unload();
   information.loaded = false;
 }
@@ -76,7 +77,12 @@ auto System::power() -> void {
   apu.power();
   ppu.power();
   scheduler.primary(cpu);
-  peripherals.reset();
+
+  controllerPort1.power(ID::Port::Controller1);
+  controllerPort2.power(ID::Port::Controller2);
+
+  controllerPort1.connect(settings.controllerPort1);
+  controllerPort2.connect(settings.controllerPort2);
 }
 
 auto System::init() -> void {
diff --git a/higan/fc/system/system.hpp b/higan/fc/system/system.hpp
index a72375d9..abebe2df 100644
--- a/higan/fc/system/system.hpp
+++ b/higan/fc/system/system.hpp
@@ -41,17 +41,7 @@ private:
   uint _serializeSize = 0;
 };
 
-struct Peripherals {
-  auto unload() -> void;
-  auto reset() -> void;
-  auto connect(uint port, uint device) -> void;
-
-  Controller* controllerPort1 = nullptr;
-  Controller* controllerPort2 = nullptr;
-};
-
 extern System system;
-extern Peripherals peripherals;
 
 auto Region::NTSCJ() -> bool { return system.region() == System::Region::NTSCJ; }
 auto Region::NTSCU() -> bool { return system.region() == System::Region::NTSCU; }
diff --git a/higan/md/controller/gamepad/gamepad.hpp b/higan/md/controller/gamepad/gamepad.hpp
index f0e9311a..59becc9e 100644
--- a/higan/md/controller/gamepad/gamepad.hpp
+++ b/higan/md/controller/gamepad/gamepad.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 struct Gamepad : Controller {
   enum : uint {
-    Up, Down, Left, Right, A, B, C, X, Y, Z, Start,
+    Up, Down, Left, Right, A, B, C, Start,
   };
 
   Gamepad(uint port);
diff --git a/higan/md/interface/interface.cpp b/higan/md/interface/interface.cpp
index d3c7aadf..64cb6d1f 100644
--- a/higan/md/interface/interface.cpp
+++ b/higan/md/interface/interface.cpp
@@ -34,9 +34,6 @@ Interface::Interface() {
     device.inputs.append({0, "A"    });
     device.inputs.append({0, "B"    });
     device.inputs.append({0, "C"    });
-    device.inputs.append({0, "X"    });
-    device.inputs.append({0, "Y"    });
-    device.inputs.append({0, "Z"    });
     device.inputs.append({0, "Start"});
     controllerPort1.devices.append(device);
     controllerPort2.devices.append(device);
diff --git a/higan/ms/bus/bus.cpp b/higan/ms/bus/bus.cpp
index 875c1c19..4e3ad1f0 100644
--- a/higan/ms/bus/bus.cpp
+++ b/higan/ms/bus/bus.cpp
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ auto Bus::in(uint8 addr) -> uint8 {
   case 3: {
     if(Model::MasterSystem()) {
       bool reset = !platform->inputPoll(ID::Port::Hardware, ID::Device::MasterSystemControls, 0);
-      auto port1 = peripherals.controllerPort1->readData();
-      auto port2 = peripherals.controllerPort2->readData();
+      auto port1 = controllerPort1.device->readData();
+      auto port2 = controllerPort2.device->readData();
       if(addr.bit(0) == 0) {
         return port1.bits(0,5) << 0 | port2.bits(0,1) << 6;
       } else {
diff --git a/higan/ms/controller/controller.cpp b/higan/ms/controller/controller.cpp
index 12c279cf..91bcfa38 100644
--- a/higan/ms/controller/controller.cpp
+++ b/higan/ms/controller/controller.cpp
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 
 namespace MasterSystem {
 
+ControllerPort controllerPort1;
+ControllerPort controllerPort2;
 #include "gamepad/gamepad.cpp"
 
 Controller::Controller(uint port) : port(port) {
@@ -15,8 +17,8 @@ Controller::~Controller() {
 auto Controller::Enter() -> void {
   while(true) {
     scheduler.synchronize();
-    if(auto device = peripherals.controllerPort1) if(device->active()) device->main();
-    if(auto device = peripherals.controllerPort2) if(device->active()) device->main();
+    if(controllerPort1.device->active()) controllerPort1.device->main();
+    if(controllerPort2.device->active()) controllerPort2.device->main();
   }
 }
 
@@ -25,4 +27,33 @@ auto Controller::main() -> void {
   synchronize(cpu);
 }
 
+//
+
+auto ControllerPort::connect(uint deviceID) -> void {
+  delete device;
+  if(!system.loaded()) return;
+  if(!Model::MasterSystem()) return;
+
+  switch(deviceID) { default:
+  case ID::Device::None: device = new Controller(port); break;
+  case ID::Device::Gamepad: device = new Gamepad(port); break;
+  }
+
+  cpu.peripherals.reset();
+  if(auto device = controllerPort1.device) cpu.peripherals.append(device);
+  if(auto device = controllerPort2.device) cpu.peripherals.append(device);
+}
+
+auto ControllerPort::power(uint port) -> void {
+  this->port = port;
+}
+
+auto ControllerPort::unload() -> void {
+  delete device;
+  device = nullptr;
+}
+
+auto ControllerPort::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
+}
+
 }
diff --git a/higan/ms/controller/controller.hpp b/higan/ms/controller/controller.hpp
index ce9fbb5b..9007b81c 100644
--- a/higan/ms/controller/controller.hpp
+++ b/higan/ms/controller/controller.hpp
@@ -10,4 +10,18 @@ struct Controller : Thread {
   const uint port;
 };
 
+struct ControllerPort {
+  auto connect(uint deviceID) -> void;
+
+  auto power(uint port) -> void;
+  auto unload() -> void;
+  auto serialize(serializer&) -> void;
+
+  uint port;
+  Controller* device = nullptr;
+};
+
+extern ControllerPort controllerPort1;
+extern ControllerPort controllerPort2;
+
 #include "gamepad/gamepad.hpp"
diff --git a/higan/ms/interface/interface.cpp b/higan/ms/interface/interface.cpp
index f9e24184..28adc687 100644
--- a/higan/ms/interface/interface.cpp
+++ b/higan/ms/interface/interface.cpp
@@ -30,10 +30,6 @@ auto Interface::unload() -> void {
   system.unload();
 }
 
-auto Interface::connect(uint port, uint device) -> void {
-  peripherals.connect(port, device);
-}
-
 auto Interface::power() -> void {
   system.power();
 }
diff --git a/higan/ms/interface/interface.hpp b/higan/ms/interface/interface.hpp
index e861942b..1d61f052 100644
--- a/higan/ms/interface/interface.hpp
+++ b/higan/ms/interface/interface.hpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
   auto save() -> void override;
   auto unload() -> void override;
 
-  auto connect(uint port, uint device) -> void override;
+  auto connect(uint port, uint device) -> void override {}
   auto power() -> void override;
   auto run() -> void override;
 
@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ struct MasterSystemInterface : Interface {
   auto videoColor(uint32 color) -> uint64 override;
 
   auto load(uint id) -> bool override;
+
+  auto connect(uint port, uint device) -> void override;
 };
 
 struct GameGearInterface : Interface {
diff --git a/higan/ms/interface/master-system.cpp b/higan/ms/interface/master-system.cpp
index 480a78b9..2ba1ecd8 100644
--- a/higan/ms/interface/master-system.cpp
+++ b/higan/ms/interface/master-system.cpp
@@ -68,3 +68,8 @@ auto MasterSystemInterface::load(uint id) -> bool {
   if(id == ID::MasterSystem) return system.load(this, System::Model::MasterSystem);
   return false;
 }
+
+auto MasterSystemInterface::connect(uint port, uint device) -> void {
+  if(port == ID::Port::Controller1) controllerPort1.connect(settings.controllerPort1 = device);
+  if(port == ID::Port::Controller2) controllerPort2.connect(settings.controllerPort2 = device);
+}
diff --git a/higan/ms/system/peripherals.cpp b/higan/ms/system/peripherals.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index da23e6b0..00000000
--- a/higan/ms/system/peripherals.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-Peripherals peripherals;
-
-auto Peripherals::unload() -> void {
-  delete controllerPort1;
-  delete controllerPort2;
-  controllerPort1 = nullptr;
-  controllerPort2 = nullptr;
-}
-
-auto Peripherals::reset() -> void {
-  connect(ID::Port::Controller1, settings.controllerPort1);
-  connect(ID::Port::Controller2, settings.controllerPort2);
-}
-
-auto Peripherals::connect(uint port, uint device) -> void {
-  cpu.peripherals.reset();
-
-  if(Model::MasterSystem()) {
-    if(port == ID::Port::Controller1) {
-      settings.controllerPort1 = device;
-      if(!system.loaded()) return;
-
-      delete controllerPort1;
-      switch(device) { default:
-      case ID::Device::None:    controllerPort1 = new Controller(ID::Port::Controller1); break;
-      case ID::Device::Gamepad: controllerPort1 = new Gamepad(ID::Port::Controller1); break;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if(port == ID::Port::Controller2) {
-      settings.controllerPort2 = device;
-      if(!system.loaded()) return;
-
-      delete controllerPort2;
-      switch(device) { default:
-      case ID::Device::None:    controllerPort2 = new Controller(ID::Port::Controller2); break;
-      case ID::Device::Gamepad: controllerPort2 = new Gamepad(ID::Port::Controller2); break;
-      }
-    }
-
-    cpu.peripherals.append(controllerPort1);
-    cpu.peripherals.append(controllerPort2);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/higan/ms/system/serialization.cpp b/higan/ms/system/serialization.cpp
index e3638bbb..2b7fd172 100644
--- a/higan/ms/system/serialization.cpp
+++ b/higan/ms/system/serialization.cpp
@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ auto System::serializeAll(serializer& s) -> void {
   cpu.serialize(s);
   vdp.serialize(s);
   psg.serialize(s);
+  controllerPort1.serialize(s);
+  controllerPort2.serialize(s);
 }
 
 auto System::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
diff --git a/higan/ms/system/system.cpp b/higan/ms/system/system.cpp
index 13b320a1..835b5edc 100644
--- a/higan/ms/system/system.cpp
+++ b/higan/ms/system/system.cpp
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ namespace MasterSystem {
 System system;
 Scheduler scheduler;
 Cheat cheat;
-#include "peripherals.cpp"
 #include "serialization.cpp"
 
 auto System::run() -> void {
@@ -51,7 +50,11 @@ auto System::save() -> void {
 }
 
 auto System::unload() -> void {
-  peripherals.unload();
+  if(MasterSystem::Model::MasterSystem()) {
+    cpu.peripherals.reset();
+    controllerPort1.unload();
+    controllerPort2.unload();
+  }
   cartridge.unload();
 }
 
@@ -70,7 +73,13 @@ auto System::power() -> void {
   psg.power();
   scheduler.primary(cpu);
 
-  peripherals.reset();
+  if(MasterSystem::Model::MasterSystem()) {
+    controllerPort1.power(ID::Port::Controller1);
+    controllerPort2.power(ID::Port::Controller2);
+
+    controllerPort1.connect(settings.controllerPort1);
+    controllerPort2.connect(settings.controllerPort2);
+  }
 }
 
 }
diff --git a/higan/ms/system/system.hpp b/higan/ms/system/system.hpp
index e786b07a..222a7141 100644
--- a/higan/ms/system/system.hpp
+++ b/higan/ms/system/system.hpp
@@ -36,17 +36,7 @@ private:
   } information;
 };
 
-struct Peripherals {
-  auto unload() -> void;
-  auto reset() -> void;
-  auto connect(uint port, uint device) -> void;
-
-  Controller* controllerPort1 = nullptr;
-  Controller* controllerPort2 = nullptr;
-};
-
 extern System system;
-extern Peripherals peripherals;
 
 auto Model::MasterSystem() -> bool { return system.model() == System::Model::MasterSystem; }
 auto Model::GameGear() -> bool { return system.model() == System::Model::GameGear; }
diff --git a/higan/pce/controller/controller.cpp b/higan/pce/controller/controller.cpp
index 63e0c0f3..f491b095 100644
--- a/higan/pce/controller/controller.cpp
+++ b/higan/pce/controller/controller.cpp
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@
 
 namespace PCEngine {
 
+ControllerPort controllerPort;
 #include "gamepad/gamepad.cpp"
 
 Controller::Controller() {
-  if(!handle()) create(Controller::Enter, 100);
+  if(!handle()) create(Controller::Enter, 1);
 }
 
 Controller::~Controller() {
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ Controller::~Controller() {
 auto Controller::Enter() -> void {
   while(true) {
     scheduler.synchronize();
-    if(peripherals.controllerPort->active()) peripherals.controllerPort->main();
+    if(controllerPort.device->active()) controllerPort.device->main();
   }
 }
 
@@ -24,4 +25,30 @@ auto Controller::main() -> void {
   synchronize(cpu);
 }
 
+//
+
+auto ControllerPort::connect(uint deviceID) -> void {
+  delete device;
+  if(!system.loaded()) return;
+
+  switch(deviceID) { default:
+  case ID::Device::None: device = new Controller; break;
+  case ID::Device::Gamepad: device = new Gamepad; break;
+  }
+
+  cpu.peripherals.reset();
+  if(auto device = controllerPort.device) cpu.peripherals.append(device);
+}
+
+auto ControllerPort::power() -> void {
+}
+
+auto ControllerPort::unload() -> void {
+  delete device;
+  device = nullptr;
+}
+
+auto ControllerPort::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
+}
+
 }
diff --git a/higan/pce/controller/controller.hpp b/higan/pce/controller/controller.hpp
index 6fc3e5c5..919bc36d 100644
--- a/higan/pce/controller/controller.hpp
+++ b/higan/pce/controller/controller.hpp
@@ -9,4 +9,16 @@ struct Controller : Thread {
   virtual auto writeData(uint2) -> void {}
 };
 
+struct ControllerPort {
+  auto connect(uint deviceID) -> void;
+
+  auto power() -> void;
+  auto unload() -> void;
+  auto serialize(serializer&) -> void;
+
+  Controller* device = nullptr;
+};
+
+extern ControllerPort controllerPort;
+
 #include "gamepad/gamepad.hpp"
diff --git a/higan/pce/cpu/io.cpp b/higan/pce/cpu/io.cpp
index ab68c4f1..a4da34f2 100644
--- a/higan/pce/cpu/io.cpp
+++ b/higan/pce/cpu/io.cpp
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ auto CPU::read_(uint8 bank, uint13 addr) -> uint8 {
       //note 2: we state that the CD-ROM drive is present.
       //this is so games can use its backup RAM for save data.
       return (
-        PCEngine::peripherals.controllerPort->readData() << 0
+        controllerPort.device->readData() << 0
       | 1 << 4
       | 1 << 5
       | 0 << 6  //device (0 = Turbografx-16; 1 = PC Engine)
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ auto CPU::write(uint8 bank, uint13 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
     //$1000-13ff  I/O
     if((addr & 0x1c00) == 0x1000) {
       io.mdr = data;
-      PCEngine::peripherals.controllerPort->writeData(data.bits(0,1));
+      controllerPort.device->writeData(data.bits(0,1));
       return;
     }
 
diff --git a/higan/pce/interface/interface.cpp b/higan/pce/interface/interface.cpp
index ac495041..4b765978 100644
--- a/higan/pce/interface/interface.cpp
+++ b/higan/pce/interface/interface.cpp
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ auto Interface::unload() -> void {
 }
 
 auto Interface::connect(uint port, uint device) -> void {
-  PCEngine::peripherals.connect(port, device);
+  if(port == ID::Port::Controller) controllerPort.connect(settings.controllerPort = device);
 }
 
 auto Interface::power() -> void {
diff --git a/higan/pce/system/peripherals.cpp b/higan/pce/system/peripherals.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index e4595ccf..00000000
--- a/higan/pce/system/peripherals.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-Peripherals peripherals;
-
-auto Peripherals::unload() -> void {
-  delete controllerPort;
-  controllerPort = nullptr;
-}
-
-auto Peripherals::reset() -> void {
-  connect(ID::Port::Controller, settings.controllerPort);
-}
-
-auto Peripherals::connect(uint port, uint device) -> void {
-  if(port == ID::Port::Controller) {
-    settings.controllerPort = device;
-    if(!system.loaded()) return;
-
-    delete controllerPort;
-    switch(device) { default:
-    case ID::Device::None:    controllerPort = new Controller; break;
-    case ID::Device::Gamepad: controllerPort = new Gamepad; break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  cpu.peripherals.reset();
-  cpu.peripherals.append(controllerPort);
-}
diff --git a/higan/pce/system/serialization.cpp b/higan/pce/system/serialization.cpp
index 3670f997..2eb1e9ad 100644
--- a/higan/pce/system/serialization.cpp
+++ b/higan/pce/system/serialization.cpp
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ auto System::serializeAll(serializer& s) -> void {
   vdc0.serialize(s);
   vdc1.serialize(s);
   psg.serialize(s);
+  controllerPort.serialize(s);
 }
 
 auto System::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
diff --git a/higan/pce/system/system.cpp b/higan/pce/system/system.cpp
index f5c44b82..e64a2017 100644
--- a/higan/pce/system/system.cpp
+++ b/higan/pce/system/system.cpp
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ namespace PCEngine {
 System system;
 Scheduler scheduler;
 Cheat cheat;
-#include "peripherals.cpp"
 #include "serialization.cpp"
 
 auto System::run() -> void {
@@ -44,7 +43,8 @@ auto System::save() -> void {
 }
 
 auto System::unload() -> void {
-  peripherals.unload();
+  cpu.peripherals.reset();
+  controllerPort.unload();
   cartridge.unload();
 }
 
@@ -66,7 +66,8 @@ auto System::power() -> void {
   psg.power();
   scheduler.primary(cpu);
 
-  peripherals.reset();
+  controllerPort.power();
+  controllerPort.connect(settings.controllerPort);
 }
 
 }
diff --git a/higan/pce/system/system.hpp b/higan/pce/system/system.hpp
index 16e80138..e1e443eb 100644
--- a/higan/pce/system/system.hpp
+++ b/higan/pce/system/system.hpp
@@ -33,16 +33,7 @@ private:
   } information;
 };
 
-struct Peripherals {
-  auto unload() -> void;
-  auto reset() -> void;
-  auto connect(uint port, uint device) -> void;
-
-  Controller* controllerPort = nullptr;
-};
-
 extern System system;
-extern Peripherals peripherals;
 
 auto Model::PCEngine() -> bool { return system.model() == System::Model::PCEngine; }
 auto Model::SuperGrafx() -> bool { return system.model() == System::Model::SuperGrafx; }
diff --git a/higan/processor/spc700/instructions.cpp b/higan/processor/spc700/instructions.cpp
index 6dcf9a28..daf20101 100644
--- a/higan/processor/spc700/instructions.cpp
+++ b/higan/processor/spc700/instructions.cpp
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ auto SPC700::instructionIndirectXWrite(uint8& data) -> void {
 
 auto SPC700::instructionIndirectXIncrementRead(uint8& data) -> void {
   idle(PC);
-  idle();  //quirk: does not read internal SMP registers
+  idle(page(X), false);  //quirk: does not read internal SMP registers
   data = read(page(X++));
   ZF = data == 0;
   NF = data & 0x80;
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ auto SPC700::instructionIndirectXIncrementRead(uint8& data) -> void {
 
 auto SPC700::instructionIndirectXIncrementWrite(uint8& data) -> void {
   idle(PC);
-  idle();  //quirk: does not read internal SMP registers
+  idle(page(X), false);  //quirk: does not read internal SMP registers
   write(page(X++), data);
 }
 
diff --git a/higan/processor/spc700/spc700.cpp b/higan/processor/spc700/spc700.cpp
index 0e1cfce6..c0cf0bd1 100644
--- a/higan/processor/spc700/spc700.cpp
+++ b/higan/processor/spc700/spc700.cpp
@@ -28,10 +28,6 @@ namespace Processor {
 #include "serialization.cpp"
 #include "disassembler.cpp"
 
-auto SPC700::idle(uint16 address) -> void {
-  read(address);
-}
-
 auto SPC700::page(uint8 address) const -> uint16 {
   return PF << 8 | address;
 }
diff --git a/higan/processor/spc700/spc700.hpp b/higan/processor/spc700/spc700.hpp
index 81493c76..243bd7ea 100644
--- a/higan/processor/spc700/spc700.hpp
+++ b/higan/processor/spc700/spc700.hpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 namespace Processor {
 
 struct SPC700 {
-  virtual auto idle() -> void = 0;
+  virtual auto idle(uint16 address, bool read = true) -> void = 0;
   virtual auto read(uint16 address) -> uint8 = 0;
   virtual auto write(uint16 addessr, uint8 data) -> void = 0;
   virtual auto synchronizing() const -> bool = 0;
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ struct SPC700 {
   virtual auto readDisassembler(uint16 address) -> uint8 { return 0; }
 
   //spc700.cpp
-  inline auto idle(uint16 address) -> void;
   inline auto page(uint8 address) const -> uint16;
   inline auto stack(uint8 address) const -> uint16;
 
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/controller.cpp b/higan/sfc/controller/controller.cpp
index 18ef751f..5e087e1d 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/controller.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/controller.cpp
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ ControllerPort controllerPort2;
 #include "super-scope/super-scope.cpp"
 #include "justifier/justifier.cpp"
 
-Controller::Controller(bool port) : port(port) {
+Controller::Controller(uint port) : port(port) {
   if(!handle()) create(Controller::Enter, 1);
 }
 
@@ -33,15 +33,16 @@ auto Controller::main() -> void {
 
 auto Controller::iobit() -> bool {
   switch(port) {
-  case Controller::Port1: return cpu.pio() & 0x40;
-  case Controller::Port2: return cpu.pio() & 0x80;
+  case ID::Port::Controller1: return cpu.pio() & 0x40;
+  case ID::Port::Controller2: return cpu.pio() & 0x80;
   }
+  unreachable;
 }
 
 auto Controller::iobit(bool data) -> void {
   switch(port) {
-  case Controller::Port1: bus.write(0x4201, (cpu.pio() & ~0x40) | (data << 6)); break;
-  case Controller::Port2: bus.write(0x4201, (cpu.pio() & ~0x80) | (data << 7)); break;
+  case ID::Port::Controller1: bus.write(0x4201, (cpu.pio() & ~0x40) | (data << 6)); break;
+  case ID::Port::Controller2: bus.write(0x4201, (cpu.pio() & ~0x80) | (data << 7)); break;
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/controller.hpp b/higan/sfc/controller/controller.hpp
index 023aaca1..508bdb46 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/controller.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/controller.hpp
@@ -12,9 +12,7 @@
 //  7:    gnd
 
 struct Controller : Thread {
-  enum : bool { Port1 = 0, Port2 = 1 };
-
-  Controller(bool port);
+  Controller(uint port);
   virtual ~Controller();
   static auto Enter() -> void;
 
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@ struct Controller : Thread {
   virtual auto data() -> uint2 { return 0; }
   virtual auto latch(bool data) -> void {}
 
-  const bool port;
+  const uint port;
 };
 
 struct ControllerPort {
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp b/higan/sfc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp
index 90539566..bdef37e7 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Gamepad::Gamepad(bool port) : Controller(port) {
+Gamepad::Gamepad(uint port) : Controller(port) {
   latched = 0;
   counter = 0;
 }
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.hpp b/higan/sfc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.hpp
index f96808a5..b28c7ba2 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/gamepad/gamepad.hpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ struct Gamepad : Controller {
     Up, Down, Left, Right, B, A, Y, X, L, R, Select, Start,
   };
 
-  Gamepad(bool port);
+  Gamepad(uint port);
 
   auto data() -> uint2;
   auto latch(bool data) -> void;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/justifier/justifier.cpp b/higan/sfc/controller/justifier/justifier.cpp
index 106b9239..82ce55ed 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/justifier/justifier.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/justifier/justifier.cpp
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-Justifier::Justifier(bool port, bool chained):
+Justifier::Justifier(uint port, bool chained):
 Controller(port),
 chained(chained),
 device(!chained ? ID::Device::Justifier : ID::Device::Justifiers)
 {
-  create(Controller::Enter, 21'477'272);
+  create(Controller::Enter, system.cpuFrequency());
   latched = 0;
   counter = 0;
   active = 0;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/justifier/justifier.hpp b/higan/sfc/controller/justifier/justifier.hpp
index 6b99b103..a4d8ece6 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/justifier/justifier.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/justifier/justifier.hpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ struct Justifier : Controller {
     X, Y, Trigger, Start,
   };
 
-  Justifier(bool port, bool chained);
+  Justifier(uint port, bool chained);
   ~Justifier();
 
   auto main() -> void;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/mouse/mouse.cpp b/higan/sfc/controller/mouse/mouse.cpp
index 0d31fc10..88e450c5 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/mouse/mouse.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/mouse/mouse.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Mouse::Mouse(bool port) : Controller(port) {
+Mouse::Mouse(uint port) : Controller(port) {
   latched = 0;
   counter = 0;
 
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/mouse/mouse.hpp b/higan/sfc/controller/mouse/mouse.hpp
index 2ab71a56..a094d23e 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/mouse/mouse.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/mouse/mouse.hpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ struct Mouse : Controller {
     X, Y, Left, Right,
   };
 
-  Mouse(bool port);
+  Mouse(uint port);
 
   auto data() -> uint2;
   auto latch(bool data) -> void;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/super-multitap/super-multitap.cpp b/higan/sfc/controller/super-multitap/super-multitap.cpp
index 439189bc..7ef141be 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/super-multitap/super-multitap.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/super-multitap/super-multitap.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-SuperMultitap::SuperMultitap(bool port) : Controller(port) {
+SuperMultitap::SuperMultitap(uint port) : Controller(port) {
   latched = 0;
   counter1 = 0;
   counter2 = 0;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/super-multitap/super-multitap.hpp b/higan/sfc/controller/super-multitap/super-multitap.hpp
index f49dfc29..7ab21273 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/super-multitap/super-multitap.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/super-multitap/super-multitap.hpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ struct SuperMultitap : Controller {
     Up, Down, Left, Right, B, A, Y, X, L, R, Select, Start,
   };
 
-  SuperMultitap(bool port);
+  SuperMultitap(uint port);
 
   auto data() -> uint2;
   auto latch(bool data) -> void;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/super-scope/super-scope.cpp b/higan/sfc/controller/super-scope/super-scope.cpp
index 9b311593..a46578c2 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/super-scope/super-scope.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/super-scope/super-scope.cpp
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 //require manual polling of PIO ($4201.d6) to determine when iobit was written.
 //Note that no commercial game ever utilizes a Super Scope in port 1.
 
-SuperScope::SuperScope(bool port) : Controller(port) {
-  create(Controller::Enter, 21'477'272);
+SuperScope::SuperScope(uint port) : Controller(port) {
+  create(Controller::Enter, system.cpuFrequency());
   sprite = Emulator::video.createSprite(32, 32);
   sprite->setPixels(Resource::Sprite::CrosshairGreen);
 
diff --git a/higan/sfc/controller/super-scope/super-scope.hpp b/higan/sfc/controller/super-scope/super-scope.hpp
index bcf467bf..6bb23bc8 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/controller/super-scope/super-scope.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/controller/super-scope/super-scope.hpp
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ struct SuperScope : Controller {
     X, Y, Trigger, Cursor, Turbo, Pause,
   };
 
-  SuperScope(bool port);
+  SuperScope(uint port);
   ~SuperScope();
 
   auto main() -> void;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/cpu/cpu.cpp b/higan/sfc/cpu/cpu.cpp
index b29a5791..ee43f054 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/cpu/cpu.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/cpu/cpu.cpp
@@ -116,9 +116,6 @@ auto CPU::power() -> void {
     channel.hdmaDoTransfer = false;
   }
 
-  //$2140-217f
-  for(auto& port : io.port) port = 0x00;
-
   //$2181-$2183
   io.wramAddress = 0x000000;
 
diff --git a/higan/sfc/cpu/cpu.hpp b/higan/sfc/cpu/cpu.hpp
index 09febb1e..34db5ff1 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/cpu/cpu.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/cpu/cpu.hpp
@@ -4,11 +4,9 @@ struct CPU : Processor::WDC65816, Thread, PPUcounter {
   auto joylatch() const -> bool;
   auto synchronizing() const -> bool override;
 
+  //cpu.cpp
   CPU();
 
-  auto readPort(uint2 port) const -> uint8;
-  auto writePort(uint2 port, uint8 data) -> void;
-
   static auto Enter() -> void;
   auto main() -> void;
   auto load(Markup::Node) -> bool;
@@ -135,9 +133,6 @@ private:
   } status;
 
   struct IO {
-    //$2140-217f
-    uint8 port[4];
-
     //$2181-$2183
     uint17 wramAddress;
 
diff --git a/higan/sfc/cpu/io.cpp b/higan/sfc/cpu/io.cpp
index a590b1e4..d84ee4f3 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/cpu/io.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/cpu/io.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 auto CPU::readAPU(uint24 addr, uint8 data) -> uint8 {
   synchronize(smp);
-  return smp.readPort(addr.bits(0,1));
+  return smp.portRead(addr.bits(0,1));
 }
 
 auto CPU::readCPU(uint24 addr, uint8 data) -> uint8 {
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ auto CPU::readDMA(uint24 addr, uint8 data) -> uint8 {
 
 auto CPU::writeAPU(uint24 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   synchronize(smp);
-  return writePort(addr.bits(0,1), data);
+  return smp.portWrite(addr.bits(0,1), data);
 }
 
 auto CPU::writeCPU(uint24 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
diff --git a/higan/sfc/cpu/memory.cpp b/higan/sfc/cpu/memory.cpp
index 05d05f96..3e21c70e 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/cpu/memory.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/cpu/memory.cpp
@@ -1,11 +1,3 @@
-auto CPU::readPort(uint2 port) const -> uint8 {
-  return io.port[port];
-}
-
-auto CPU::writePort(uint2 port, uint8 data) -> void {
-  io.port[port] = data;
-}
-
 auto CPU::idle() -> void {
   status.clockCount = 6;
   dmaEdge();
diff --git a/higan/sfc/cpu/serialization.cpp b/higan/sfc/cpu/serialization.cpp
index 70817760..deff2249 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/cpu/serialization.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/cpu/serialization.cpp
@@ -49,8 +49,6 @@ auto CPU::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
   s.integer(status.autoJoypadLatch);
   s.integer(status.autoJoypadCounter);
 
-  s.array(io.port);
-
   s.integer(io.wramAddress);
 
   s.integer(io.joypadStrobeLatch);
diff --git a/higan/sfc/dsp/brr.cpp b/higan/sfc/dsp/brr.cpp
index 255b3304..7fae1908 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/dsp/brr.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/dsp/brr.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 auto DSP::brrDecode(Voice& v) -> void {
   //state.t_brr_byte = ram[v.brr_addr + v.brr_offset] cached from previous clock cycle
-  int nybbles = (state._brrByte << 8) + smp.apuram[(uint16)(v.brrAddress + v.brrOffset + 1)];
+  int nybbles = (state._brrByte << 8) + apuram[(uint16)(v.brrAddress + v.brrOffset + 1)];
 
   const int filter = (state._brrHeader >> 2) & 3;
   const int scale  = (state._brrHeader >> 4);
diff --git a/higan/sfc/dsp/dsp.cpp b/higan/sfc/dsp/dsp.cpp
index f61d6460..b92d65e2 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/dsp/dsp.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/dsp/dsp.cpp
@@ -232,6 +232,8 @@ auto DSP::power() -> void {
   create(Enter, system.apuFrequency());
   stream = Emulator::audio.createStream(2, frequency() / 768.0);
 
+  for(auto& byte : apuram) byte = random(0x00);
+
   memory::fill(&state, sizeof(State));
   state.noise = 0x4000;
   state.echoHistoryOffset = 0;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/dsp/dsp.hpp b/higan/sfc/dsp/dsp.hpp
index 2b561a44..68695bed 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/dsp/dsp.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/dsp/dsp.hpp
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 struct DSP : Thread {
   shared_pointer<Emulator::Stream> stream;
+  uint8 apuram[64 * 1024];
 
   DSP();
 
diff --git a/higan/sfc/dsp/echo.cpp b/higan/sfc/dsp/echo.cpp
index 301e4ae0..7a1805e0 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/dsp/echo.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/dsp/echo.cpp
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ auto DSP::echoOutput(bool channel) -> int {
 
 auto DSP::echoRead(bool channel) -> void {
   uint addr = state._echoPointer + channel * 2;
-  uint8 lo = smp.apuram[(uint16)(addr + 0)];
-  uint8 hi = smp.apuram[(uint16)(addr + 1)];
+  uint8 lo = apuram[(uint16)(addr + 0)];
+  uint8 hi = apuram[(uint16)(addr + 1)];
   int s = (int16)((hi << 8) + lo);
   state.echoHistory[channel][state.echoHistoryOffset] = s >> 1;
 }
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ auto DSP::echoWrite(bool channel) -> void {
   if(!(state._echoDisabled & 0x20)) {
     uint addr = state._echoPointer + channel * 2;
     int s = state._echoOut[channel];
-    smp.apuram[(uint16)(addr + 0)] = s;
-    smp.apuram[(uint16)(addr + 1)] = s >> 8;
+    apuram[(uint16)(addr + 0)] = s;
+    apuram[(uint16)(addr + 1)] = s >> 8;
   }
 
   state._echoOut[channel] = 0;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/dsp/serialization.cpp b/higan/sfc/dsp/serialization.cpp
index 1182f873..8518b667 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/dsp/serialization.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/dsp/serialization.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 void DSP::serialize(serializer& s) {
   Thread::serialize(s);
 
+  s.array(apuram);
+
   s.array(state.regs, 128);
   s.array(state.echoHistory[0]);
   s.array(state.echoHistory[1]);
diff --git a/higan/sfc/dsp/voice.cpp b/higan/sfc/dsp/voice.cpp
index baa9abdd..14f5dca4 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/dsp/voice.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/dsp/voice.cpp
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ auto DSP::voice2(Voice& v) -> void {
   //read sample pointer (ignored if not needed)
   uint16 addr = state._dirAddress;
   if(!v.konDelay) addr += 2;
-  uint8 lo = smp.apuram[(uint16)(addr + 0)];
-  uint8 hi = smp.apuram[(uint16)(addr + 1)];
+  uint8 lo = apuram[(uint16)(addr + 0)];
+  uint8 hi = apuram[(uint16)(addr + 1)];
   state._brrNextAddress = ((hi << 8) + lo);
 
   state._adsr0 = VREG(ADSR0);
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ auto DSP::voice3a(Voice& v) -> void {
 }
 
 auto DSP::voice3b(Voice& v) -> void {
-  state._brrByte   = smp.apuram[(uint16)(v.brrAddress + v.brrOffset)];
-  state._brrHeader = smp.apuram[(uint16)(v.brrAddress)];
+  state._brrByte   = apuram[(uint16)(v.brrAddress + v.brrOffset)];
+  state._brrHeader = apuram[(uint16)(v.brrAddress)];
 }
 
 auto DSP::voice3c(Voice& v) -> void {
diff --git a/higan/sfc/smp/memory.cpp b/higan/sfc/smp/memory.cpp
index af57334d..c325de0b 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/smp/memory.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/smp/memory.cpp
@@ -1,30 +1,37 @@
-alwaysinline auto SMP::readRAM(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
+alwaysinline auto SMP::ramRead(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
   if(addr >= 0xffc0 && io.iplromEnable) return iplrom[addr & 0x3f];
   if(io.ramDisable) return 0x5a;  //0xff on mini-SNES
-  return apuram[addr];
+  return dsp.apuram[addr];
 }
 
-alwaysinline auto SMP::writeRAM(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
+alwaysinline auto SMP::ramWrite(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   //writes to $ffc0-$ffff always go to apuram, even if the iplrom is enabled
-  if(io.ramWritable && !io.ramDisable) apuram[addr] = data;
+  if(io.ramWritable && !io.ramDisable) dsp.apuram[addr] = data;
 }
 
-auto SMP::readPort(uint2 port) const -> uint8 {
-  return io.port[0xf4 + port];
+auto SMP::portRead(uint2 port) const -> uint8 {
+  if(port == 0) return io.cpu0;
+  if(port == 1) return io.cpu1;
+  if(port == 2) return io.cpu2;
+  if(port == 3) return io.cpu3;
+  unreachable;
 }
 
-auto SMP::writePort(uint2 port, uint8 data) -> void {
-  io.port[0xf4 + port] = data;
+auto SMP::portWrite(uint2 port, uint8 data) -> void {
+  if(port == 0) io.apu0 = data;
+  if(port == 1) io.apu1 = data;
+  if(port == 2) io.apu2 = data;
+  if(port == 3) io.apu3 = data;
 }
 
-auto SMP::readBus(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
+auto SMP::busRead(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
   uint result;
 
   switch(addr) {
-  case 0xf0:  //TEST -- write-only register
+  case 0xf0:  //TEST (write-only register)
     return 0x00;
 
-  case 0xf1:  //CONTROL -- write-only register
+  case 0xf1:  //CONTROL (write-only register)
     return 0x00;
 
   case 0xf2:  //DSPADDR
@@ -35,55 +42,64 @@ auto SMP::readBus(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
     return dsp.read(io.dspAddr & 0x7f);
 
   case 0xf4:  //CPUIO0
+    synchronize(cpu);
+    return io.apu0;
+
   case 0xf5:  //CPUIO1
+    synchronize(cpu);
+    return io.apu1;
+
   case 0xf6:  //CPUIO2
+    synchronize(cpu);
+    return io.apu2;
+
   case 0xf7:  //CPUIO3
     synchronize(cpu);
-    return cpu.readPort(addr);
+    return io.apu3;
 
-  case 0xf8:  //RAM0
-    return io.ram00f8;
+  case 0xf8:  //AUXIO4
+    return io.aux4;
 
-  case 0xf9:  //RAM1
-    return io.ram00f9;
+  case 0xf9:  //AUXIO5
+    return io.aux5;
 
   case 0xfa:  //T0TARGET
   case 0xfb:  //T1TARGET
-  case 0xfc:  //T2TARGET -- write-only registers
+  case 0xfc:  //T2TARGET (write-only registers)
     return 0x00;
 
-  case 0xfd:  //T0OUT -- 4-bit counter value
+  case 0xfd:  //T0OUT (4-bit counter value)
     result = timer0.stage3;
     timer0.stage3 = 0;
     return result;
 
-  case 0xfe:  //T1OUT -- 4-bit counter value
+  case 0xfe:  //T1OUT (4-bit counter value)
     result = timer1.stage3;
     timer1.stage3 = 0;
     return result;
 
-  case 0xff:  //T2OUT -- 4-bit counter value
+  case 0xff:  //T2OUT (4-bit counter value)
     result = timer2.stage3;
     timer2.stage3 = 0;
     return result;
   }
 
-  return readRAM(addr);
+  return ramRead(addr);
 }
 
-auto SMP::writeBus(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
+auto SMP::busWrite(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   switch(addr) {
   case 0xf0:  //TEST
     if(r.p.p) break;  //writes only valid when P flag is clear
 
-    io.clockSpeed    = (data >> 6) & 3;
-    io.timerSpeed    = (data >> 4) & 3;
-    io.timersEnable  = data & 0x08;
-    io.ramDisable    = data & 0x04;
-    io.ramWritable   = data & 0x02;
-    io.timersDisable = data & 0x01;
+    io.timersDisable = data.bit (0);
+    io.ramWritable   = data.bit (1);
+    io.ramDisable    = data.bit (2);
+    io.timersEnable  = data.bit (3);
+    io.ramSpeed      = data.bits(4,5);
+    io.romIOSpeed    = data.bits(6,7);
 
-    io.timerStep = (1 << io.clockSpeed) + (2 << io.timerSpeed);
+    io.timerStep = (1 << io.romIOSpeed) + (2 << io.ramSpeed);
 
     timer0.synchronizeStage1();
     timer1.synchronizeStage1();
@@ -91,40 +107,38 @@ auto SMP::writeBus(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
     break;
 
   case 0xf1:  //CONTROL
-    io.iplromEnable = data & 0x80;
-
-    if(data & 0x30) {
-      //one-time clearing of APU port read registers,
-      //emulated by simulating CPU writes of 0x00
-      synchronize(cpu);
-      if(data & 0x20) {
-        cpu.writePort(2, 0x00);
-        cpu.writePort(3, 0x00);
-      }
-      if(data & 0x10) {
-        cpu.writePort(0, 0x00);
-        cpu.writePort(1, 0x00);
-      }
-    }
-
     //0->1 transistion resets timers
-    if(!timer2.enable && (data & 0x04)) {
-      timer2.stage2 = 0;
-      timer2.stage3 = 0;
-    }
-    timer2.enable = data & 0x04;
-
-    if(!timer1.enable && (data & 0x02)) {
-      timer1.stage2 = 0;
-      timer1.stage3 = 0;
-    }
-    timer1.enable = data & 0x02;
-
-    if(!timer0.enable && (data & 0x01)) {
+    if(!timer0.enable && data.bit(0)) {
       timer0.stage2 = 0;
       timer0.stage3 = 0;
     }
-    timer0.enable = data & 0x01;
+    timer0.enable = data.bit(0);
+
+    if(!timer1.enable && data.bit(1)) {
+      timer1.stage2 = 0;
+      timer1.stage3 = 0;
+    }
+    timer1.enable = data.bit(1);
+
+    if(!timer2.enable && data.bit(2)) {
+      timer2.stage2 = 0;
+      timer2.stage3 = 0;
+    }
+    timer2.enable = data.bit(2);
+
+    if(data.bit(4)) {
+      synchronize(cpu);
+      io.apu0 = 0x00;
+      io.apu1 = 0x00;
+    }
+
+    if(data.bit(5)) {
+      synchronize(cpu);
+      io.apu2 = 0x00;
+      io.apu3 = 0x00;
+    }
+
+    io.iplromEnable = data.bit(7);
     break;
 
   case 0xf2:  //DSPADDR
@@ -137,19 +151,31 @@ auto SMP::writeBus(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
     break;
 
   case 0xf4:  //CPUIO0
+    synchronize(cpu);
+    io.cpu0 = data;
+    break;
+
   case 0xf5:  //CPUIO1
+    synchronize(cpu);
+    io.cpu1 = data;
+    break;
+
   case 0xf6:  //CPUIO2
+    synchronize(cpu);
+    io.cpu2 = data;
+    break;
+
   case 0xf7:  //CPUIO3
     synchronize(cpu);
-    writePort(addr, data);
+    io.cpu3 = data;
     break;
 
-  case 0xf8:  //RAM0
-    io.ram00f8 = data;
+  case 0xf8:  //AUXIO4
+    io.aux4 = data;
     break;
 
-  case 0xf9:  //RAM1
-    io.ram00f9 = data;
+  case 0xf9:  //AUXIO5
+    io.aux5 = data;
     break;
 
   case 0xfa:  //T0TARGET
@@ -166,34 +192,41 @@ auto SMP::writeBus(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
 
   case 0xfd:  //T0OUT
   case 0xfe:  //T1OUT
-  case 0xff:  //T2OUT -- read-only registers
+  case 0xff:  //T2OUT (read-only registers)
     break;
   }
 
-  writeRAM(addr, data);  //all writes, even to MMIO registers, appear on bus
+  ramWrite(addr, data);  //all writes, even to I/O registers, appear on bus
 }
 
-auto SMP::idle() -> void {
-  step(24);
+auto SMP::speed(uint16 addr) const -> uint {
+  static const uint waitStates[4] = {1, 2, 5, 10};
+  if((addr & 0xfff0) == 0x00f0) return waitStates[io.romIOSpeed];
+  if(addr >= 0xffc0 && io.iplromEnable) return waitStates[io.romIOSpeed];
+  return waitStates[io.ramSpeed];
+}
+
+auto SMP::idle(uint16 addr, bool read) -> void {
+  step(24 * speed(addr));
+  if(read) busRead(addr);
   cycleEdge();
 }
 
 auto SMP::read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
-  step(12);
-  uint8 data = readBus(addr);
-  step(12);
+  step(24 * speed(addr));
+  uint8 data = busRead(addr);
   cycleEdge();
   return data;
 }
 
 auto SMP::write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void {
-  step(24);
-  writeBus(addr, data);
+  step(24 * speed(addr));
+  busWrite(addr, data);
   cycleEdge();
 }
 
 auto SMP::readDisassembler(uint16 addr) -> uint8 {
   if((addr & 0xfff0) == 0x00f0) return 0x00;
-  if((addr & 0xffc0) == 0xffc0 && io.iplromEnable) return iplrom[addr & 0x3f];
-  return apuram[addr];
+  if(addr >= 0xffc0 && io.iplromEnable) return iplrom[addr & 0x3f];
+  return dsp.apuram[addr];
 }
diff --git a/higan/sfc/smp/serialization.cpp b/higan/sfc/smp/serialization.cpp
index b12811b3..f68c2ec4 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/smp/serialization.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/smp/serialization.cpp
@@ -2,27 +2,33 @@ auto SMP::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
   SPC700::serialize(s);
   Thread::serialize(s);
 
-  s.array(apuram);
-
   s.integer(io.clockCounter);
   s.integer(io.dspCounter);
   s.integer(io.timerStep);
 
-  s.integer(io.clockSpeed);
-  s.integer(io.timerSpeed);
-  s.integer(io.timersEnable);
-  s.integer(io.ramDisable);
-  s.integer(io.ramWritable);
+  s.integer(io.apu0);
+  s.integer(io.apu1);
+  s.integer(io.apu2);
+  s.integer(io.apu3);
+
   s.integer(io.timersDisable);
+  s.integer(io.ramWritable);
+  s.integer(io.ramDisable);
+  s.integer(io.timersEnable);
+  s.integer(io.ramSpeed);
+  s.integer(io.romIOSpeed);
 
   s.integer(io.iplromEnable);
 
   s.integer(io.dspAddr);
 
-  s.array(io.port);
+  s.integer(io.cpu0);
+  s.integer(io.cpu1);
+  s.integer(io.cpu2);
+  s.integer(io.cpu3);
 
-  s.integer(io.ram00f8);
-  s.integer(io.ram00f9);
+  s.integer(io.aux4);
+  s.integer(io.aux5);
 
   s.integer(timer0.stage0);
   s.integer(timer0.stage1);
diff --git a/higan/sfc/smp/smp.cpp b/higan/sfc/smp/smp.cpp
index 3b57f97f..a73de9e9 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/smp/smp.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/smp/smp.cpp
@@ -39,19 +39,24 @@ auto SMP::power() -> void {
   r.pc.byte.l = iplrom[62];
   r.pc.byte.h = iplrom[63];
 
-  for(auto& byte : apuram) byte = random(0x00);
-
+  //timing
   io.clockCounter = 0;
   io.dspCounter = 0;
-  io.timerStep = 3;
+  io.timerStep = (1 << 0) + (2 << 0);
+
+  //external
+  io.apu0 = 0x00;
+  io.apu1 = 0x00;
+  io.apu2 = 0x00;
+  io.apu3 = 0x00;
 
   //$00f0
-  io.clockSpeed = 0;
-  io.timerSpeed = 0;
-  io.timersEnable = true;
-  io.ramDisable = false;
-  io.ramWritable = true;
   io.timersDisable = false;
+  io.ramWritable = true;
+  io.ramDisable = false;
+  io.timersEnable = true;
+  io.ramSpeed = 0;
+  io.romIOSpeed = 0;
 
   //$00f1
   io.iplromEnable = true;
@@ -60,14 +65,14 @@ auto SMP::power() -> void {
   io.dspAddr = 0x00;
 
   //$00f4-00f7
-  io.port[0] = 0x00;
-  io.port[1] = 0x00;
-  io.port[2] = 0x00;
-  io.port[3] = 0x00;
+  io.cpu0 = 0x00;
+  io.cpu1 = 0x00;
+  io.cpu2 = 0x00;
+  io.cpu3 = 0x00;
 
-  //$00f8,$00f9
-  io.ram00f8 = 0x00;
-  io.ram00f9 = 0x00;
+  //$00f8-$00f9
+  io.aux4 = 0x00;
+  io.aux5 = 0x00;
 
   timer0.stage0 = 0;
   timer1.stage0 = 0;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/smp/smp.hpp b/higan/sfc/smp/smp.hpp
index d03f1825..a1a35391 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/smp/smp.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/smp/smp.hpp
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 //Sony CXP1100Q-1
 
 struct SMP : Processor::SPC700, Thread {
+  uint8 iplrom[64];
+
   //smp.cpp
   auto synchronizing() const -> bool override;
 
-  auto readPort(uint2 port) const -> uint8;
-  auto writePort(uint2 port, uint8 data) -> void;
+  auto portRead(uint2 port) const -> uint8;
+  auto portWrite(uint2 port, uint8 data) -> void;
 
   auto main() -> void;
   auto load(Markup::Node) -> bool;
@@ -14,9 +16,6 @@ struct SMP : Processor::SPC700, Thread {
   //serialization.cpp
   auto serialize(serializer&) -> void;
 
-  uint8 iplrom[64];
-  uint8 apuram[64 * 1024];
-
 private:
   struct IO {
     //timing
@@ -24,13 +23,19 @@ private:
     uint dspCounter;
     uint timerStep;
 
+    //external
+    uint8 apu0;
+    uint8 apu1;
+    uint8 apu2;
+    uint8 apu3;
+
     //$00f0
-    uint8 clockSpeed;
-    uint8 timerSpeed;
-    bool timersEnable;
-    bool ramDisable;
-    bool ramWritable;
-    bool timersDisable;
+    uint1 timersDisable;
+    uint1 ramWritable;
+    uint1 ramDisable;
+    uint1 timersEnable;
+    uint2 ramSpeed;
+    uint2 romIOSpeed;
 
     //$00f1
     bool iplromEnable;
@@ -39,23 +44,27 @@ private:
     uint8 dspAddr;
 
     //$00f4-00f7
-    uint8 port[4];
+    uint8 cpu0;
+    uint8 cpu1;
+    uint8 cpu2;
+    uint8 cpu3;
 
-    //$00f8,$00f9
-    uint8 ram00f8;
-    uint8 ram00f9;
+    //$00f8-00f9
+    uint8 aux4;
+    uint8 aux5;
   } io;
 
   static auto Enter() -> void;
 
   //memory.cpp
-  auto readRAM(uint16 addr) -> uint8;
-  auto writeRAM(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void;
+  auto ramRead(uint16 addr) -> uint8;
+  auto ramWrite(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void;
 
-  auto readBus(uint16 addr) -> uint8;
-  auto writeBus(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void;
+  auto busRead(uint16 addr) -> uint8;
+  auto busWrite(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void;
 
-  auto idle() -> void override;
+  auto speed(uint16 addr) const -> uint;
+  auto idle(uint16 addr, bool read = true) -> void override;
   auto read(uint16 addr) -> uint8 override;
   auto write(uint16 addr, uint8 data) -> void override;
 
diff --git a/higan/sfc/smp/timing.cpp b/higan/sfc/smp/timing.cpp
index 42edb8d4..27fa9769 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/smp/timing.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/smp/timing.cpp
@@ -15,15 +15,6 @@ auto SMP::cycleEdge() -> void {
   timer0.tick();
   timer1.tick();
   timer2.tick();
-
-  //TEST register S-SMP speed control
-  //24 clocks have already been added for this cycle at this point
-  switch(io.clockSpeed) {
-  case 0: break;                 //100% speed
-  case 1: step(24); break;       // 50% speed
-  case 2: while(true) step(24);  //  0% speed -- locks S-SMP
-  case 3: step(24 * 9); break;   // 10% speed
-  }
 }
 
 template<uint Frequency> auto SMP::Timer<Frequency>::tick() -> void {