diff --git a/higan/emulator/emulator.hpp b/higan/emulator/emulator.hpp
index f6ee7d0c..ff46d189 100644
--- a/higan/emulator/emulator.hpp
+++ b/higan/emulator/emulator.hpp
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ using namespace nall;
 
 namespace Emulator {
   static const string Name    = "higan";
-  static const string Version = "106.02";
+  static const string Version = "106.03";
   static const string Author  = "byuu";
   static const string License = "GPLv3";
   static const string Website = "https://byuu.org/";
diff --git a/higan/sfc/cartridge/load.cpp b/higan/sfc/cartridge/load.cpp
index 0de72543..a99a92ac 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/cartridge/load.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/cartridge/load.cpp
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ auto Cartridge::loadBoard(Markup::Node node) -> Markup::Node {
   if(auto fp = platform->open(ID::System, "boards.bml", File::Read, File::Required)) {
     auto document = BML::unserialize(fp->reads());
     for(auto leaf : document.find("board")) {
-      auto id = leaf["id"].text();
+      auto id = leaf.text();
       bool matched = id == board;
       if(!matched && id.match("*(*)*")) {
         auto part = id.transform("()", "||").split("|");
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ auto Cartridge::loadBoard(Markup::Node node) -> Markup::Node {
         output.append("region=pal\n");
       }
       uint counter = 0;
-      for(auto& line : leaf.text().split("\n")) {
+      for(auto& line : BML::serialize(leaf).split("\n")) {
+        line.trimLeft("  ", 1L);
         if(line.endsWith("rom") || line.endsWith("ram")) {
           auto memory = node.find("game/memory");
           if(counter < memory.size()) {
diff --git a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/event/event.cpp b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/event/event.cpp
index 5cef991a..5bcb7cb4 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/event/event.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/event/event.cpp
@@ -39,6 +39,12 @@ auto Event::unload() -> void {
 auto Event::power() -> void {
   create(Event::Enter, 1);
 
+  rom[0].writeProtect(true);
+  rom[1].writeProtect(true);
+  rom[2].writeProtect(true);
+  rom[3].writeProtect(true);
+  ram.writeProtect(false);
+
   for(auto n : range(ram.size())) ram.write(n, 0x00);
   status = 0x00;
   select = 0x00;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/hitachidsp/hitachidsp.cpp b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/hitachidsp/hitachidsp.cpp
index 9a5e35da..ed164e1c 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/hitachidsp/hitachidsp.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/hitachidsp/hitachidsp.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ auto HitachiDSP::power() -> void {
   HG51B::power();
   create(HitachiDSP::Enter, Frequency);
 
+  rom.writeProtect(true);
+  ram.writeProtect(false);
+
   mmio.dma = false;
 
   mmio.dmaSource = 0x000000;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/mcc/mcc.cpp b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/mcc/mcc.cpp
index 6d2f1447..26ed783a 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/mcc/mcc.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/mcc/mcc.cpp
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@ auto MCC::unload() -> void {
 }
 
 auto MCC::power() -> void {
+  rom.writeProtect(true);
+  ram.writeProtect(false);
+
   for(auto n : range(16)) r[n] = 0x00;
   r[0x07] = 0x80;
   r[0x08] = 0x80;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/obc1/obc1.cpp b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/obc1/obc1.cpp
index 691822e9..355a3411 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/obc1/obc1.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/obc1/obc1.cpp
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ auto OBC1::unload() -> void {
 }
 
 auto OBC1::power() -> void {
+  ram.writeProtect(false);
+
   status.baseptr = (ramRead(0x1ff5) & 1) ? 0x1800 : 0x1c00;
   status.address = (ramRead(0x1ff6) & 0x7f);
   status.shift   = (ramRead(0x1ff6) & 3) << 1;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/sa1/sa1.cpp b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/sa1/sa1.cpp
index 2b305ff9..1b9260ec 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/sa1/sa1.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/sa1/sa1.cpp
@@ -127,6 +127,10 @@ auto SA1::power() -> void {
   WDC65816::power();
   create(SA1::Enter, system.cpuFrequency());
 
+  rom.writeProtect(true);
+  bwram.writeProtect(false);
+  iram.writeProtect(false);
+
   cpubwram.dma = false;
   for(auto addr : range(iram.size())) {
     iram.write(addr, 0x00);
diff --git a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/sdd1/sdd1.cpp b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/sdd1/sdd1.cpp
index 69f8676c..ea05ab23 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/sdd1/sdd1.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/sdd1/sdd1.cpp
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@ auto SDD1::unload() -> void {
 }
 
 auto SDD1::power() -> void {
+  rom.writeProtect(true);
+  ram.writeProtect(false);
+
   //hook S-CPU DMA MMIO registers to gather information for struct dma[];
   //buffer address and transfer size information for use in SDD1::mcu_read()
   bus.map({&SDD1::dmaRead, &sdd1}, {&SDD1::dmaWrite, &sdd1}, "00-3f,80-bf:4300-437f");
diff --git a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/spc7110/spc7110.cpp b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/spc7110/spc7110.cpp
index 14425d8f..705555a3 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/spc7110/spc7110.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/spc7110/spc7110.cpp
@@ -41,6 +41,10 @@ auto SPC7110::unload() -> void {
 auto SPC7110::power() -> void {
   create(SPC7110::Enter, 21'477'272);
 
+  prom.writeProtect(true);
+  drom.writeProtect(true);
+  ram.writeProtect(true);
+
   r4801 = 0x00;
   r4802 = 0x00;
   r4803 = 0x00;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/superfx/superfx.cpp b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/superfx/superfx.cpp
index 8f132184..5e4d7459 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/coprocessor/superfx/superfx.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/coprocessor/superfx/superfx.cpp
@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@ auto SuperFX::power() -> void {
   GSU::power();
   create(SuperFX::Enter, system.cpuFrequency());
 
+  rom.writeProtect(true);
+  ram.writeProtect(false);
+
   romMask = rom.size() - 1;
   ramMask = ram.size() - 1;
 
diff --git a/higan/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.cpp b/higan/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.cpp
index 15c1131f..e1469b32 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.cpp
@@ -11,4 +11,9 @@ auto SufamiTurboCartridge::unload() -> void {
   ram.reset();
 }
 
+auto SufamiTurboCartridge::power() -> void {
+  rom.writeProtect(true);
+  ram.writeProtect(false);
+}
+
 }
diff --git a/higan/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.hpp b/higan/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.hpp
index 75ad8782..ea73942f 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.hpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 struct SufamiTurboCartridge {
   auto unload() -> void;
+  auto power() -> void;
   auto serialize(serializer&) -> void;
 
   uint pathID = 0;
diff --git a/higan/sfc/system/system.cpp b/higan/sfc/system/system.cpp
index 58ce46f7..29d9068d 100644
--- a/higan/sfc/system/system.cpp
+++ b/higan/sfc/system/system.cpp
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ auto System::power(bool reset) -> void {
   if(cartridge.has.OBC1) obc1.power();
   if(cartridge.has.MSU1) msu1.power();
   if(cartridge.has.BSMemorySlot) bsmemory.power();
+  if(cartridge.has.SufamiTurboSlots) sufamiturboA.power(), sufamiturboB.power();
 
   if(cartridge.has.ICD2) cpu.coprocessors.append(&icd2);
   if(cartridge.has.Event) cpu.coprocessors.append(&event);
diff --git a/higan/systems/Super Famicom.sys/boards.bml b/higan/systems/Super Famicom.sys/boards.bml
index bafb9ecd..a7cb1b35 100644
--- a/higan/systems/Super Famicom.sys/boards.bml	
+++ b/higan/systems/Super Famicom.sys/boards.bml	
@@ -1,407 +1,408 @@
-database type=sfc-boards revision=2017-12-29
+database
+  revision: 2017-12-29
 
-board id:1A0N-(01,02,10,20,30)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+board: 1A0N-(01,02,10,20,30)
+  rom
+    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
 
-board id:1A1B-(04,05,06)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :ram
-  :  map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-ffff
+board: 1A1B-(04,05,06)
+  rom
+    map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  ram
+    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-ffff
 
-board id:1A1M-(01,10,11,20)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :ram
-  :  map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+board: 1A1M-(01,10,11,20)
+  rom
+    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  ram
+    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
 
-board id:1A3B-(11,12,13)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :ram
-  :  map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-ffff
+board: 1A3B-(11,12,13)
+  rom
+    map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  ram
+    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-ffff
 
-board id:1A3B-20
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :ram
-  :  map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+board: 1A3B-20
+  rom
+    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  ram
+    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
 
-board id:1A3M-(10,20,21,30)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :ram
-  :  map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+board: 1A3M-(10,20,21,30)
+  rom
+    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  ram
+    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
 
-board id:1A5B-(02,04)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :ram
-  :  map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-ffff
+board: 1A5B-(02,04)
+  rom
+    map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  ram
+    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-ffff
 
-board id:1A5M-(01,11,20)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :ram
-  :  map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+board: 1A5M-(01,11,20)
+  rom
+    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  ram
+    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
 
-board id:1B0N-(02,03,10)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000
-  :  map address=30-3f,b0-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x3fff
-  :  prom
-  :  drom
-  :  dram
+board: 1B0N-(02,03,10)
+  rom
+    map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000
+    map address=30-3f,b0-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x3fff
+    prom
+    drom
+    dram
 
-board id:1B5B-02
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :ram
-  :  map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-ffff
-  :necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000
-  :  map address=20-3f,a0-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x3fff
-  :  prom
-  :  drom
-  :  dram
+board: 1B5B-02
+  rom
+    map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  ram
+    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-ffff
+  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000
+    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x3fff
+    prom
+    drom
+    dram
 
-board id:1C0N
-  :superfx
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff
-  :  rom
-  :    map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :  ram
-  :    map address=60-7d,e0-ff:0000-ffff
+board: 1C0N
+  superfx
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff
+    rom
+      map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+    ram
+      map address=60-7d,e0-ff:0000-ffff
 
-board id:1C0N5S-01
-  :superfx
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff
-  :  rom
-  :    map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :  ram
-  :    map address=60-7d,e0-ff:0000-ffff
+board: 1C0N5S-01
+  superfx
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff
+    rom
+      map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+    ram
+      map address=60-7d,e0-ff:0000-ffff
 
-board id:1CA0N5S-01
-  :superfx
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff
-  :  rom
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :    map address=40-5f,c0-df:0000-ffff
-  :  ram
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
-  :    map address=70-71,f0-f1:0000-ffff
+board: 1CA0N5S-01
+  superfx
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff
+    rom
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+      map address=40-5f,c0-df:0000-ffff
+    ram
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
+      map address=70-71,f0-f1:0000-ffff
 
-board id:1CA0N6S-01
-  :superfx
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff
-  :  rom
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :    map address=40-5f,c0-df:0000-ffff
-  :  ram
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
-  :    map address=70-71,f0-f1:0000-ffff
+board: 1CA0N6S-01
+  superfx
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff
+    rom
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+      map address=40-5f,c0-df:0000-ffff
+    ram
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
+      map address=70-71,f0-f1:0000-ffff
 
-board id:1CA6B-01
-  :superfx
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff
-  :  rom
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :    map address=40-5f,c0-df:0000-ffff
-  :  ram
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
-  :    map address=70-71,f0-f1:0000-ffff
+board: 1CA6B-01
+  superfx
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff
+    rom
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+      map address=40-5f,c0-df:0000-ffff
+    ram
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
+      map address=70-71,f0-f1:0000-ffff
 
-board id:1CB0N7S-01
-  :superfx
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff
-  :  rom
-  :    map address=00-3f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :    map address=40-5f:0000-ffff
-  :  ram
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
-  :    map address=70-71:0000-ffff
+board: 1CB0N7S-01
+  superfx
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff
+    rom
+      map address=00-3f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+      map address=40-5f:0000-ffff
+    ram
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
+      map address=70-71:0000-ffff
 
-board id:1CB5B-20
-  :superfx
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff
-  :  rom
-  :    map address=00-3f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :    map address=40-5f:0000-ffff
-  :  ram
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
-  :    map address=70-71:0000-ffff
+board: 1CB5B-20
+  superfx
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff
+    rom
+      map address=00-3f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+      map address=40-5f:0000-ffff
+    ram
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
+      map address=70-71:0000-ffff
 
-board id:1CB7B-01
-  :superfx
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff
-  :  rom
-  :    map address=00-3f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :    map address=40-5f:0000-ffff
-  :  ram
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
-  :    map address=70-71:0000-ffff
+board: 1CB7B-01
+  superfx
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff
+    rom
+      map address=00-3f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+      map address=40-5f:0000-ffff
+    ram
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
+      map address=70-71:0000-ffff
 
-board id:1DC0N-01
-  :hitachidsp model=HG51B169 frequency=20000000
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:6c00-6fff,7c00-7fff
-  :  rom
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :  ram
-  :    map address=70-77:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
-  :  drom
-  :  dram
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-6bff,7000-7bff mask=0xf000
+board: 1DC0N-01
+  hitachidsp model=HG51B169 frequency=20000000
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6c00-6fff,7c00-7fff
+    rom
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+    ram
+      map address=70-77:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+    drom
+    dram
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-6bff,7000-7bff mask=0xf000
 
-board id:1DS0B-20
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :necdsp model=uPD96050 frequency=11000000
-  :  map address=60-67,e0-e7:0000-3fff
-  :  prom
-  :  drom
-  :  dram
-  :    map address=68-6f,e8-ef:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+board: 1DS0B-20
+  rom
+    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  necdsp model=uPD96050 frequency=11000000
+    map address=60-67,e0-e7:0000-3fff
+    prom
+    drom
+    dram
+      map address=68-6f,e8-ef:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
 
-board id:1J0N-(01,10,20)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
+board: 1J0N-(01,10,20)
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
 
-board id:1J1M-(11,20)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
-  :ram
-  :  map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
+board: 1J1M-(11,20)
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
+  ram
+    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
 
-board id:1J3B-01
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
-  :ram
-  :  map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
+board: 1J3B-01
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
+  ram
+    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
 
-board id:1J3M-(01,11,20)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
-  :ram
-  :  map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
+board: 1J3M-(01,11,20)
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
+  ram
+    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
 
-board id:1J5M-(11,20)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
-  :ram
-  :  map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
+board: 1J5M-(11,20)
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
+  ram
+    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
 
-board id:1K0N-01
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
-  :necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000
-  :  map address=00-1f,80-9f:6000-7fff mask=0xfff
-  :  prom
-  :  drom
-  :  dram
+board: 1K0N-01
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
+  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000
+    map address=00-1f,80-9f:6000-7fff mask=0xfff
+    prom
+    drom
+    dram
 
-board id:1K1B-01
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
-  :ram
-  :  map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
-  :necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000
-  :  map address=00-1f,80-9f:6000-7fff mask=0xfff
-  :  prom
-  :  drom
-  :  dram
+board: 1K1B-01
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
+  ram
+    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
+  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000
+    map address=00-1f,80-9f:6000-7fff mask=0xfff
+    prom
+    drom
+    dram
 
-board id:1L0N3S-01
-  :sa1
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:2200-23ff
-  :  rom
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x408000
-  :    map address=c0-ff:0000-ffff
-  :  bwram
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
-  :    map address=40-4f:0000-ffff
-  :  iram
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-37ff size=0x800
+board: 1L0N3S-01
+  sa1
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:2200-23ff
+    rom
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x408000
+      map address=c0-ff:0000-ffff
+    bwram
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
+      map address=40-4f:0000-ffff
+    iram
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-37ff size=0x800
 
-board id:1L3B-(02,11)
-  :sa1
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:2200-23ff
-  :  rom
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x408000
-  :    map address=c0-ff:0000-ffff
-  :  bwram
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
-  :    map address=40-4f:0000-ffff
-  :  iram
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-37ff size=0x800
+board: 1L3B-(02,11)
+  sa1
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:2200-23ff
+    rom
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x408000
+      map address=c0-ff:0000-ffff
+    bwram
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
+      map address=40-4f:0000-ffff
+    iram
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-37ff size=0x800
 
-board id:1L5B-(11,20)
-  :sa1
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:2200-23ff
-  :  rom
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x408000
-  :    map address=c0-ff:0000-ffff
-  :  bwram
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
-  :    map address=40-4f:0000-ffff
-  :  iram
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-37ff size=0x800
+board: 1L5B-(11,20)
+  sa1
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:2200-23ff
+    rom
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x408000
+      map address=c0-ff:0000-ffff
+    bwram
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000
+      map address=40-4f:0000-ffff
+    iram
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-37ff size=0x800
 
-board id:1N0N-01
-  :sdd1
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:4800-480f
-  :  rom
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
-  :    map address=c0-ff:0000-ffff
+board: 1N0N-01
+  sdd1
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:4800-480f
+    rom
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
+      map address=c0-ff:0000-ffff
 
-board id:2A0N-(01,10,11,20)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+board: 2A0N-(01,10,11,20)
+  rom
+    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
 
-board id:2A1M-01
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :ram
-  :  map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+board: 2A1M-01
+  rom
+    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  ram
+    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
 
-board id:2A3B-01
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :ram
-  :  map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+board: 2A3B-01
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  ram
+    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
 
-board id:2A3M-01#R
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :ram
-  :  map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+board: 2A3M-01#R
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  ram
+    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
 
-board id:2A3M-(01,11,20)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :ram
-  :  map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+board: 2A3M-(01,11,20)
+  rom
+    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  ram
+    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
 
-board id:2A5M-01
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :ram
-  :  map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+board: 2A5M-01
+  rom
+    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  ram
+    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
 
-board id:2B3B-01
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :ram
-  :  map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
-  :necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000
-  :  map address=60-6f,e0-ef:0000-7fff mask=0x3fff
-  :  prom
-  :  drom
-  :  dram
+board: 2B3B-01
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  ram
+    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000
+    map address=60-6f,e0-ef:0000-7fff mask=0x3fff
+    prom
+    drom
+    dram
 
-board id:2DC0N-01
-  :hitachidsp model=HG51B169 frequency=20000000
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:6c00-6fff,7c00-7fff
-  :  rom
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :  ram
-  :    map address=70-77:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
-  :  drom
-  :  dram
-  :    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-6bff,7000-7bff mask=0xf000
+board: 2DC0N-01
+  hitachidsp model=HG51B169 frequency=20000000
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6c00-6fff,7c00-7fff
+    rom
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+    ram
+      map address=70-77:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+    drom
+    dram
+      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-6bff,7000-7bff mask=0xf000
 
-board id:2E3M-01
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :obc1
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
-  :  map address=70-71,f0-f1:6000-7fff,e000-ffff mask=0xe000
-  :  ram
+board: 2E3M-01
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  obc1
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
+    map address=70-71,f0-f1:6000-7fff,e000-ffff mask=0xe000
+    ram
 
-board id:2J0N-(01,10,11,20)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
+board: 2J0N-(01,10,11,20)
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
 
-board id:2J3M-(01,11,20)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
-  :ram
-  :  map address=10-1f,30-3f,90-9f,b0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
+board: 2J3M-(01,11,20)
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
+  ram
+    map address=10-1f,30-3f,90-9f,b0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
 
-board id:2J5M-01
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
-  :ram
-  :  map address=10-1f,30-3f,90-9f,b0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
+board: 2J5M-01
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
+  ram
+    map address=10-1f,30-3f,90-9f,b0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
 
-board id:3J0N-01
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-2f,80-af:8000-ffff
-  :  map address=40-6f,c0-ef:0000-ffff
+board: 3J0N-01
+  rom
+    map address=00-2f,80-af:8000-ffff
+    map address=40-6f,c0-ef:0000-ffff
 
-board id:BA0N-(01,10)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+board: BA0N-(01,10)
+  rom
+    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
 
-board id:BA1M-01
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :ram
-  :  map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+board: BA1M-01
+  rom
+    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  ram
+    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
 
-board id:BA3M-(01,10)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :ram
-  :  map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+board: BA3M-(01,10)
+  rom
+    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+  ram
+    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
 
-board id:BJ0N-(01,20)
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
+board: BJ0N-(01,20)
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
 
-board id:BJ1M-10
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
-  :ram
-  :  map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
+board: BJ1M-10
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
+  ram
+    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
 
-board id:BJ3M-10
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
-  :ram
-  :  map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
+board: BJ3M-10
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
+  ram
+    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000
 
-board id:SGB-R-10
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
-  :icd2 revision=1
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-67ff,7000-7fff
-  :  rom
+board: SGB-R-10
+  rom
+    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+  icd2 revision=1
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-67ff,7000-7fff
+    rom
 
-board id:YA0N-01
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
+board: YA0N-01
+  rom
+    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000
 
-board id:YJ0N-01
-  :rom
-  :  map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
-  :  map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
+board: YJ0N-01
+  rom
+    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff
+    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff
 
diff --git a/icarus/core/super-famicom.cpp b/icarus/core/super-famicom.cpp
index 0ec64b4d..251c7b37 100644
--- a/icarus/core/super-famicom.cpp
+++ b/icarus/core/super-famicom.cpp
@@ -11,10 +11,9 @@ auto Icarus::superFamicomManifest(string location) -> string {
 }
 
 auto Icarus::superFamicomManifest(vector<uint8_t>& buffer, string location) -> string {
-  string markup;
   string digest = Hash::SHA256(buffer).digest();
 
-  if(settings["icarus/UseDatabase"].boolean() && !markup) {
+  if(settings["icarus/UseDatabase"].boolean()) {
     for(auto game : database.superFamicom.find("game")) {
       if(game["sha256"].text() == digest) {
         return BML::serialize(game);
@@ -22,20 +21,21 @@ auto Icarus::superFamicomManifest(vector<uint8_t>& buffer, string location) -> s
     }
   }
 
-  if(settings["icarus/UseHeuristics"].boolean() && !markup) {
+  if(settings["icarus/UseHeuristics"].boolean()) {
     bool hasMSU1 = exists({location, "msu1.rom"});
-    SuperFamicomCartridge cartridge{buffer.data(), buffer.size(), hasMSU1};
-    if(markup = cartridge.markup) {
-      markup.append("\n");
-      markup.append("game\n");
-      markup.append("  sha256: ", digest, "\n");
-      markup.append("  region: ", cartridge.region == SuperFamicomCartridge::Region::NTSC ? "NTSC" : "PAL", "\n");
-      markup.append("  label:  ", Location::prefix(location), "\n");
-      markup.append("  note:   ", "heuristically generated by icarus\n");
+    Heuristics::SuperFamicom game{buffer.data(), buffer.size(), hasMSU1};
+    if(string manifest = game.manifest()) {
+//      markup.append("\n");
+//      markup.append("game\n");
+//      markup.append("  sha256: ", digest, "\n");
+//      markup.append("  region: ", cartridge.region == SuperFamicomCartridge::Region::NTSC ? "NTSC" : "PAL", "\n");
+//      markup.append("  label:  ", Location::prefix(location), "\n");
+//      markup.append("  note:   ", "heuristically generated by icarus\n");
+      return manifest;
     }
   }
 
-  return markup;
+  return "";
 }
 
 auto Icarus::superFamicomManifestScan(vector<Markup::Node>& roms, Markup::Node node) -> void {
diff --git a/icarus/heuristics/super-famicom.cpp b/icarus/heuristics/super-famicom.cpp
index 2366e8c0..4e5e6093 100644
--- a/icarus/heuristics/super-famicom.cpp
+++ b/icarus/heuristics/super-famicom.cpp
@@ -1,856 +1,373 @@
-struct SuperFamicomCartridge {
-  SuperFamicomCartridge(const uint8_t* data, uint size, bool has_msu1 = false);
+namespace Heuristics {
 
-  string markup;
+struct SuperFamicom {
+  SuperFamicom(const uint8_t* data, uint size, bool hasMSU1 = false);
+  explicit operator bool() const;
 
-//private:
-  auto readHeader(const uint8_t* data, uint size) -> void;
-  auto findHeader(const uint8_t* data, uint size) -> uint;
-  auto scoreHeader(const uint8_t* data, uint size, uint addr) -> uint;
+  auto manifest() const -> string;
+  auto memory(string type, uint size, string name) const -> string;
+  auto sha256() const -> string;
+  auto region() const -> string;
+  auto revision() const -> string;
+  auto board() const -> string;
+  auto label() const -> string;
+  auto serial() const -> string;
+  auto ramSize() const -> uint;
+  auto expansionRamSize() const -> uint;
 
-  enum HeaderField : uint {
-    CartName    = 0x00,
-    Mapper      = 0x15,
-    RomType     = 0x16,
-    RomSize     = 0x17,
-    RamSize     = 0x18,
-    CartRegion  = 0x19,
-    Company     = 0x1a,
-    Version     = 0x1b,
-    Complement  = 0x1c,  //inverse checksum
-    Checksum    = 0x1e,
-    ResetVector = 0x3c,
-  };
+private:
+  auto scoreHeader(uint address) -> uint;
 
-  enum class Type : uint {
-    SatellaviewBIOS,
-    SufamiTurboBIOS,
-    SuperGameBoy1BIOS,
-    SuperGameBoy2BIOS,
-    LoROM,
-    HiROM,
-    ExLoROM,
-    ExHiROM,
-    SuperFX,
-    SA1,
-    LoROMSatellaview,
-    HiROMSatellaview,
-    CampusChallenge92,
-    Powerfest94,
-
-    //invalid types
-    Unknown,
-    GameBoy,
-    Satellaview,
-    SufamiTurbo,
-  };
-
-  enum class Region : uint {
-    NTSC,
-    PAL,
-  };
-
-  enum class DSP1Type : uint {
-    None,
-    LoROM1MB,
-    LoROM2MB,
-    HiROM,
-  };
-
-  bool loaded = false;  //is a base cartridge inserted?
-  uint crc32 = 0;       //crc32 of all cartridges (base+slot(s))
-  uint rom_size = 0;
-  uint ram_size = 0;
-  uint firmware_size = 0;
-  string firmware_missing;
-
-  Type type = Type::Unknown;
-  Region region = Region::NTSC;
-  DSP1Type dsp1_type = DSP1Type::None;
-
-  bool has_bsx_slot = false;
-  bool has_superfx = false;
-  bool has_sa1 = false;
-  bool has_sharprtc = false;
-  bool has_epsonrtc = false;
-  bool has_sdd1 = false;
-  bool has_spc7110 = false;
-  bool has_cx4 = false;
-  bool has_dsp1 = false;
-  bool has_dsp2 = false;
-  bool has_dsp3 = false;
-  bool has_dsp4 = false;
-  bool has_obc1 = false;
-  bool has_st010 = false;
-  bool has_st011 = false;
-  bool has_st018 = false;
+  const uint8_t* data = nullptr;
+  uint size = 0;
+  uint headerAddress = 0;
+  bool hasMSU1 = false;
 };
 
-SuperFamicomCartridge::SuperFamicomCartridge(const uint8_t* data, uint size, bool has_msu1) {
-  //skip copier header
-  if((size & 0x7fff) == 512) data += 512, size -= 512;
+SuperFamicom::SuperFamicom(const uint8_t* data, uint size, bool hasMSU1) : data(data), size(size), hasMSU1(hasMSU1) {
+  if((size & 0x7fff) == 512) data += 512, size -= 512;  //skip copier header (if present)
+  if(size < 0x8000) return;  //ignore images too small to be valid
 
-  //ignore images too small to be valid
-  if(size < 0x8000) return;
+  uint scoreLo = scoreHeader(  0x7fb0);
+  uint scoreHi = scoreHeader(  0xffb0);
+  uint scoreEx = scoreHeader(0x40ffb0);
+  if(scoreEx) scoreEx += 4;
 
-  readHeader(data, size);
-
-  if(type == Type::Unknown) return;
-  if(type == Type::GameBoy) return;
-  if(type == Type::Satellaview) return;
-  if(type == Type::SufamiTurbo) return;
-
-  const char* range = (rom_size > 0x200000) || (ram_size > 32 * 1024) ? "0000-7fff" : "0000-ffff";
-  markup.append("board region=", region == Region::NTSC ? "ntsc" : "pal", "\n");
-
-  //detect firmware
-
-  if(has_dsp1) {
-    if((size & 0x7fff) == 0x2000) {
-      firmware_size = 0x2000;
-    } else {
-      firmware_missing = "DSP1";
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(has_dsp2) {
-    if((size & 0x7fff) == 0x2000) {
-      firmware_size = 0x2000;
-    } else {
-      firmware_missing = "DSP2";
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(has_dsp3) {
-    if((size & 0x7fff) == 0x2000) {
-      firmware_size = 0x2000;
-    } else {
-      firmware_missing = "DSP3";
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(has_dsp4) {
-    if((size & 0x7fff) == 0x2000) {
-      firmware_size = 0x2000;
-    } else {
-      firmware_missing = "DSP4";
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(has_st010) {
-    if((size & 0xffff) == 0xd000) {
-      firmware_size = 0xd000;
-    } else {
-      firmware_missing = "ST010";
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(has_st011) {
-    if((size & 0xffff) == 0xd000) {
-      firmware_size = 0xd000;
-    } else {
-      firmware_missing = "ST011";
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(has_st018) {
-    if((size & 0x3ffff) == 0x28000) {
-      firmware_size = 0x28000;
-    } else {
-      firmware_missing = "ST018";
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(has_cx4) {
-    if((rom_size & 0x7fff) == 0xc00) {
-      firmware_size = 0xc00;
-    } else {
-      firmware_missing = "CX4";
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(type == Type::SuperGameBoy1BIOS) {
-    if((rom_size & 0x7fff) == 0x100) {
-      firmware_size = 0x100;
-    } else {
-      firmware_missing = "SGB1";
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(type == Type::SuperGameBoy2BIOS) {
-    if((rom_size & 0x7fff) == 0x100) {
-      firmware_size = 0x100;
-    } else {
-      firmware_missing = "SGB2";
-    }
-  }
-
-  rom_size -= firmware_size;
-
-  //end firmware detection
-
-  if(type == Type::SatellaviewBIOS) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
-      "    map address=10-1f:5000-5fff mask=0xf000\n"
-      "  mcc\n"
-      "    map address=00-0f:5000\n"
-      "    map=mcu address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x408000\n"
-      "    map=mcu address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff\n"
-      "    rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
-      "    ram name=download.ram size=0x80000\n"
-      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000\n"
-      "    bsmemory\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  else if(type == Type::SufamiTurboBIOS) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
-      "    map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
-      "  sufamiturbo\n"
-      "    rom\n"
-      "      map address=20-3f,a0-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
-      "    ram\n"
-      "      map address=60-6f,e0-ef:0000-ffff\n"
-      "  sufamiturbo\n"
-      "    rom\n"
-      "      map address=40-5f,c0-df:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
-      "      map address=40-5f,c0-df:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
-      "    ram\n"
-      "      map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-ffff\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  else if(type == Type::SuperGameBoy1BIOS) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
-      "    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
-      "    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
-      "  icd2 revision=1\n"
-      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-67ff,7000-7fff\n"
-      "    rom name=sgb1.boot.rom size=0x100\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  else if(type == Type::SuperGameBoy2BIOS) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
-      "    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
-      "    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
-      "  icd2 revision=2\n"
-      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-67ff,7000-7fff\n"
-      "    rom name=sgb2.boot.rom size=0x100\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  else if(has_cx4) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  hitachidsp model=HG51B169 frequency=20000000\n"
-      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6c00-6fff,7c00-7fff\n"
-      "    rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
-      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
-      "    ram name=save.ram size=0\n"
-      "      map address=70-77:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
-      "    drom name=cx4.data.rom size=0xc00\n"
-      "    dram name=cx4.data.ram size=0xc00 volatile\n"
-      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-6bff,7000-7bff mask=0xf000\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  else if(has_spc7110) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  spc7110\n"
-      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:4800-483f\n"
-      "    map address=50,58:0000-ffff\n"
-      "    map=mcu address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x800000\n"
-      "    map=mcu address=c0-ff:0000-ffff mask=0xc00000\n"
-      "    prom name=program.rom size=0x100000\n"
-      "    drom name=data.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size - 0x100000), "\n"
-      "    ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
-      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  else if(has_sdd1) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  sdd1\n"
-      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:4800-480f\n"
-      "    rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
-      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff\n"
-      "      map address=c0-ff:0000-ffff\n"
-    );
-    if(ram_size > 0) markup.append(
-      "    ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
-      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000\n"
-      "      map address=70-73:0000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  else if(type == Type::LoROM) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
-      "    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
-      "    map address=40-6f,c0-ef:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
-    );
-    if(ram_size > 0) markup.append(
-      "  ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
-      "    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:", range, "\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  else if(type == Type::HiROM) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
-      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff\n"
-      "    map address=40-7f,c0-ff:0000-ffff\n"
-    );
-    if(ram_size > 0) markup.append(
-      "  ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
-      "    map address=10-3f,90-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  else if(type == Type::ExLoROM) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
-      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
-      "    map address=40-7d:0000-ffff\n"
-    );
-    if(ram_size > 0) markup.append(
-      "  ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
-      "    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000\n"
-      "    map address=70-7d:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  else if(type == Type::ExHiROM) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
-      "    map address=00-3f:8000-ffff base=0x400000\n"
-      "    map address=40-7d:0000-ffff base=0x400000\n"
-      "    map address=80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0xc00000\n"
-      "    map address=c0-ff:0000-ffff mask=0xc00000\n"
-    );
-    if(ram_size > 0) markup.append(
-      "  ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
-      "    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000\n"
-      "    map address=70-7d:", range, "\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  else if(type == Type::SuperFX) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  superfx\n"
-      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff\n"
-      "    rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
-      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
-      "      map address=40-5f,c0-df:0000-ffff\n"
-    );
-    if(ram_size > 0) markup.append(
-      "    ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
-      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000\n"
-      "      map address=70-71,f0-f1:0000-ffff\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  else if(type == Type::SA1) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  sa1\n"
-      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:2200-23ff\n"
-      "    rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
-      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x408000\n"
-      "      map address=c0-ff:0000-ffff\n"
-    );
-    if(ram_size > 0) markup.append(
-      "    bwram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
-      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000\n"
-      "      map address=40-4f:0000-ffff\n"
-    );
-    markup.append(
-      "    iram id=internal size=0x800 volatile\n"
-      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-37ff size=0x800\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  else if(type == Type::LoROMSatellaview) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
-      "    map address=00-1f:8000-ffff base=0x000000 mask=0x8000\n"
-      "    map address=20-3f:8000-ffff base=0x100000 mask=0x8000\n"
-      "    map address=80-9f:8000-ffff base=0x200000 mask=0x8000\n"
-      "    map address=a0-bf:8000-ffff base=0x100000 mask=0x8000\n"
-      "  ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
-      "    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
-      "  bsmemory\n"
-      "    map address=c0-ef:0000-ffff\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  else if(type == Type::HiROMSatellaview) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
-      "    map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff\n"
-      "    map address=40-5f,c0-df:0000-ffff\n"
-      "  ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
-      "    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff\n"
-      "  bsmemory\n"
-      "    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:8000-ffff\n"
-      "    map address=60-7f,e0-ff:0000-ffff\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  else if(type == Type::CampusChallenge92) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  event=CC92 timer=360\n"
-      "    map address=c0,e0:0000\n"
-      "    map=mcu address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff\n"
-      "    rom name=program.rom size=0x40000\n"
-      "    rom name=slot-1.rom size=0x80000\n"
-      "    rom name=slot-2.rom size=0x80000\n"
-      "    rom name=slot-3.rom size=0x80000\n"
-      "    ram name=save.ram size=0x2000 volatile\n"
-      "      map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
-      "  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000\n"
-      "    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x7fff\n"
-      "    prom name=dsp1.program.rom size=0x1800\n"
-      "    drom name=dsp1.data.rom size=0x800\n"
-      "    dram name=dsp1.data.ram size=0x200 volatile\n"
-    );
-    return;
-  }
-
-  else if(type == Type::Powerfest94) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  event=PF94 timer=360\n"
-      "    map address=10,20:6000\n"
-      "    map=mcu address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff\n"
-      "    map=mcu address=c0-ff:0000-ffff\n"
-      "    rom name=program.rom size=0x40000\n"
-      "    rom name=slot-1.rom size=0x80000\n"
-      "    rom name=slot-2.rom size=0x80000\n"
-      "    rom name=slot-3.rom size=0x100000\n"
-      "    ram name=save.ram size=0x2000 volatile\n"
-      "      map address=30-3f,b0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000\n"
-      "  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000\n"
-      "    map address=00-0f,80-8f:6000-7fff mask=0xfff\n"
-      "    prom name=dsp1.program.rom size=0x1800\n"
-      "    drom name=dsp1.data.rom size=0x800\n"
-      "    dram name=dsp1.data.ram size=0x200 volatile\n"
-    );
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if(has_sharprtc) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  sharprtc\n"
-      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:2800-2801\n"
-      "    ram name=rtc.ram size=0x10\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  if(has_epsonrtc) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  epsonrtc\n"
-      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:4840-4842\n"
-      "    ram name=rtc.ram size=0x10\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  if(has_obc1) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  obc1\n"
-      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000\n"
-      "    ram name=save.ram size=0x2000\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  if(has_dsp1) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000\n"
-    );
-    if(dsp1_type == DSP1Type::LoROM1MB) markup.append(
-      "    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x3fff\n"
-    );
-    if(dsp1_type == DSP1Type::LoROM2MB) markup.append(
-      "    map address=60-6f,e0-ef:0000-7fff mask=0x3fff\n"
-    );
-    if(dsp1_type == DSP1Type::HiROM) markup.append(
-      "    map address=00-1f,80-9f:6000-7fff mask=0xfff\n"
-    );
-    markup.append(
-      "    prom name=dsp1b.program.rom size=0x1800\n"
-      "    drom name=dsp1b.data.rom size=0x800\n"
-      "    dram name=dsp1b.data.ram size=0x200 volatile\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  if(has_dsp2) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000\n"
-      "    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x3fff\n"
-      "    prom name=dsp2.program.rom size=0x1800\n"
-      "    drom name=dsp2.data.rom size=0x800\n"
-      "    dram name=dsp2.data.ram size=0x200 volatile\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  if(has_dsp3) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000\n"
-      "    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x3fff\n"
-      "    prom name=dsp3.program.rom size=0x1800\n"
-      "    drom name=dsp3.data.rom size=0x800\n"
-      "    dram name=dsp3.data.ram size=0x200 volatile\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  if(has_dsp4) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000\n"
-      "    map address=30-3f,b0-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x3fff\n"
-      "    prom name=dsp4.program.rom size=0x1800\n"
-      "    drom name=dsp4.data.rom size=0x800\n"
-      "    dram name=dsp4.data.ram size=0x200 volatile\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  if(has_st010) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  necdsp model=uPD96050 frequency=11000000\n"
-      "    map address=60-67,e0-e7:0000-3fff\n"
-      "    prom name=st010.program.rom size=0xc000\n"
-      "    drom name=st010.data.rom size=0x1000\n"
-      "    dram name=save.ram size=0x1000\n"
-      "      map address=68-6f,e8-ef:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  if(has_st011) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  necdsp model=uPD96050 frequency=15000000\n"
-      "    map address=60-67,e0-e7:0000-3fff\n"
-      "    prom name=st011.program.rom size=0xc000\n"
-      "    drom name=st011.data.rom size=0x1000\n"
-      "    dram name=save.ram size=0x1000\n"
-      "      map address=68-6f,e8-ef:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  if(has_st018) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  armdsp frequency=21477272\n"
-      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:3800-38ff\n"
-      "    prom name=st018.program.rom size=0x20000\n"
-      "    drom name=st018.data.rom size=0x8000\n"
-      "    ram name=save.ram size=0x4000\n"
-    );
-  }
-
-  if(has_msu1) {
-    markup.append(
-      "  msu1\n"
-      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:2000-2007\n"
-      "    rom name=msu1.rom\n"
-    );
-  }
+  if(scoreLo >= scoreHi && scoreLo >= scoreEx) headerAddress = 0x7fb0;
+  else if(scoreHi >= scoreEx) headerAddress = 0xffb0;
+  else headerAddress = 0x40ffb0;
 }
 
-auto SuperFamicomCartridge::readHeader(const uint8_t* data, uint size) -> void {
-  //detect Game Boy carts
-  if(size >= 0x0140) {
-    if(data[0x0104] == 0xce && data[0x0105] == 0xed && data[0x0106] == 0x66 && data[0x0107] == 0x66
-    && data[0x0108] == 0xcc && data[0x0109] == 0x0d && data[0x010a] == 0x00 && data[0x010b] == 0x0b) {
-      type = Type::GameBoy;
-      return;
-    }
-  }
+SuperFamicom::operator bool() const {
+  return headerAddress;
+}
 
-  const uint index = findHeader(data, size);
-  const uint8_t mapperid = data[index + Mapper];
-  const uint8_t rom_type = data[index + RomType];
-  const uint8_t rom_size = data[index + RomSize];
-  const uint8_t company  = data[index + Company];
-  const uint8_t regionid = data[index + CartRegion] & 0x7f;
+auto SuperFamicom::manifest() const -> string {
+  if(!operator bool()) return "error\n";
 
-  const uint16_t complement = data[index + Complement] | data[index + Complement + 1] << 8;
-  const uint16_t checksum   = data[index + Checksum] | data[index + Checksum + 1] << 8;
+  string output;
+  output.append("game\n");
+  output.append("  sha256:   ", sha256(), "\n");
+  output.append("  region:   ", region(), "\n");
+  output.append("  revision: ", revision(), "\n");
+  output.append("  board:    ", board(), "\n");
+  output.append("  label:    ", label(), "\n");
 
-  this->rom_size = size;
-  ram_size = 1024 << (data[index + RamSize] & 7);
-  if(ram_size == 1024) ram_size = 0;  //no RAM present
-  if(rom_size == 0 && ram_size) ram_size = 0;  //fix for Bazooka Blitzkrieg's malformed header (swapped ROM and RAM sizes)
+  auto board = this->board();
 
-  //0, 1, 13 = NTSC; 2 - 12 = PAL
-  region = (regionid <= 1 || regionid >= 13) ? Region::NTSC : Region::PAL;
-
-  //detect BS-X flash carts
-  if(data[index + 0x13] == 0x00 || data[index + 0x13] == 0xff) {
-    if(data[index + 0x14] == 0x00) {
-      const uint8_t n15 = data[index + 0x15];
-      if(n15 == 0x00 || n15 == 0x80 || n15 == 0x84 || n15 == 0x9c || n15 == 0xbc || n15 == 0xfc) {
-        if(data[index + 0x1a] == 0x33 || data[index + 0x1a] == 0xff) {
-          type = Type::Satellaview;
-          region = Region::NTSC;  //BS-X only released in Japan
-          return;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  //detect Sufami Turbo carts
-  if(!memcmp(data, "BANDAI SFC-ADX", 14)) {
-    if(!memcmp(data + 16, "SFC-ADX BACKUP", 14)) {
-      type = Type::SufamiTurboBIOS;
-    } else {
-      type = Type::SufamiTurbo;
-    }
-    region = Region::NTSC;  //Sufami Turbo only released in Japan
-    return;                 //RAM size handled outside this routine
-  }
-
-  //detect Super Game Boy BIOS
-  if(!memcmp(data + index, "Super GAMEBOY2", 14)) {
-    type = Type::SuperGameBoy2BIOS;
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if(!memcmp(data + index, "Super GAMEBOY", 13)) {
-    type = Type::SuperGameBoy1BIOS;
-    return;
-  }
-
-  //detect competition carts
-  if(!memcmp(data + index, "\x00\x08\x22\x02\x1c\x00\x10\x00\x08\x65\x80\x84\x20\x00\x22\x25\x00\x83\x0c\x80\x10", 21)
-  && complement == 0x0100 && checksum == 0x2d02 && (size == 0x1c0000 || size == 0x1c2000)) {
-    type = Type::CampusChallenge92;  //dark title screen version
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if(!memcmp(data + index, "\xc9\x80\x80\x44\x15\x00\x62\x09\x29\xa0\x52\x70\x50\x12\x05\x35\x31\x63\xc0\x22\x01", 21)
-  && complement == 0x2011 && checksum == 0xf8c0 && (size == 0x240000 || size == 0x242000)) {
-    type = Type::Powerfest94;  //10,000 points version
-    return;
-  }
-
-  if(!memcmp(data + index, "PREHISTORIK MAN      ", 21)
-  && complement == 0xffff && checksum == 0x0000 && (size == 0x240000 || size == 0x242000)) {
-    type = Type::Powerfest94;  //1,000,000 points version
-    return;
-  }
-
-  //detect presence of BS-X flash cartridge connector (reads extended header information)
-  if(data[index - 14] == 'Z') {
-    if(data[index - 11] == 'J') {
-      uint8_t n13 = data[index - 13];
-      if((n13 >= 'A' && n13 <= 'Z') || (n13 >= '0' && n13 <= '9')) {
-        if(company == 0x33 || (data[index - 10] == 0x00 && data[index - 4] == 0x00)) {
-          has_bsx_slot = true;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(has_bsx_slot) {
-    if(!memcmp(data + index, "Satellaview BS-X     ", 21)) {
-      //BS-X base cart
-      type = Type::SatellaviewBIOS;
-      region = Region::NTSC;  //BS-X only released in Japan
-      return;                 //RAM size handled internally by load_cart_bsx() -> BSXCart class
-    } else {
-      type = (index == 0x7fc0 ? Type::LoROMSatellaview : Type::HiROMSatellaview);
-      region = Region::NTSC;  //BS-X slotted cartridges only released in Japan
-    }
+  if(board.beginsWith("CX4-")) {
+    output.append(memory("ROM", size - 0xc00, "program.rom"));
+    output.append(memory("ROM", 0xc00, "cx4.data.rom"));
+  } else if(board.beginsWith("DSP-")) {
+    output.append(memory("ROM", size - 0x2000, "program.rom"));
+    output.append(memory("ROM", 0x1800, "dsp.program.rom"));
+    output.append(memory("ROM", 0x800, "dsp.data.rom"));
+  } else if(board.beginsWith("SETA-")) {
+    output.append(memory("ROM", size - 0x28000, "program.rom"));
+    output.append(memory("ROM", 0x20000, "seta.program.rom"));
+    output.append(memory("ROM", 0x8000, "seta.data.rom"));
+  } else if(board.beginsWith("SGB-")) {
+    output.append(memory("ROM", size - 0x100, "program.rom"));
+    output.append(memory("ROM", 0x100, "sgb.boot.rom"));
+  } else if(board.beginsWith("SPC7110-")) {
+    output.append(memory("ROM", 0x100000, "program.rom"));
+    output.append(memory("ROM", size - 0x100000, "data.rom"));
+  } else if(board.beginsWith("ST-")) {
+    output.append(memory("ROM", size - 0xd000, "program.rom"));
+    output.append(memory("ROM", 0xc000, "st.program.rom"));
+    output.append(memory("ROM", 0x1000, "st.data.rom"));
   } else {
-    //standard cart
-    if(index == 0x7fc0 && size >= 0x401000) {
-      type = Type::ExLoROM;
-    } else if(index == 0x7fc0 && mapperid == 0x32) {
-      type = Type::ExLoROM;
-    } else if(index == 0x7fc0) {
-      type = Type::LoROM;
-    } else if(index == 0xffc0) {
-      type = Type::HiROM;
-    } else if(index == 0x40ffc0) {
-      type = Type::ExHiROM;
-    } else {
-      type = Type::Unknown;
-      return;
-    }
+    output.append(memory("ROM", size, "program.rom"));
   }
 
-  if(mapperid == 0x20 && (rom_type == 0x13 || rom_type == 0x14 || rom_type == 0x15 || rom_type == 0x1a)) {
-    has_superfx = true;
-    type = Type::SuperFX;
-    ram_size = 1024 << (data[index - 3] & 7);
-    if(ram_size == 1024) ram_size = 0;
+  if(auto size = ramSize()) {
+    auto type = board.endsWith("-NVRAM") ? "NVRAM" : "RAM";
+    output.append(memory(type, size, "save.ram"));
   }
 
-  if(mapperid == 0x23 && (rom_type == 0x32 || rom_type == 0x34 || rom_type == 0x35)) {
-    has_sa1 = true;
-    type = Type::SA1;
+  if(auto size = expansionRamSize()) {
+    auto type = board.endsWith("-NVRAM") ? "NVRAM" : "RAM";
+    output.append(memory(type, size, "expansion.ram"));
   }
 
-  if(mapperid == 0x35 && rom_type == 0x55) {
-    has_sharprtc = true;
+  if(board.beginsWith("BSX-")) {
+    output.append(memory("NVRAM", 0x80000, "download.ram"));
+  } else if(board.beginsWith("CX4-")) {
+    output.append(memory("RAM", 0, "save.ram"));
+    output.append(memory("RAM", 0xc00, "cx4.data.ram"));
+  } else if(board.beginsWith("DSP-")) {
+    output.append(memory("RAM", 0x200, "dsp.data.ram"));
+  } else if(board.beginsWith("RTC-")) {
+    output.append(memory("NVRAM", 0x10, "rtc.ram"));
+  } else if(board.beginsWith("SA1-")) {
+    output.append(memory("RAM", 0x800, "internal.ram"));
+  } else if(board.beginsWith("SETA-")) {
+    output.append(memory("NVRAM", 0x4000, "seta.save.ram"));
+  } else if(board.beginsWith("SPC7110-RTC-")) {
+    output.append(memory("NVRAM", 0x10, "rtc.ram"));
+  } else if(board.beginsWith("ST-")) {
+    output.append(memory("NVRAM", 0x1000, "st.save.ram"));
   }
 
-  if(mapperid == 0x32 && (rom_type == 0x43 || rom_type == 0x45)) {
-    has_sdd1 = true;
+  if(hasMSU1) {
+    output.append("  msu1\n");
   }
 
-  if(mapperid == 0x3a && (rom_type == 0xf5 || rom_type == 0xf9)) {
-    has_spc7110 = true;
-    has_epsonrtc = (rom_type == 0xf9);
-  }
-
-  if(mapperid == 0x20 && rom_type == 0xf3) {
-    has_cx4 = true;
-  }
-
-  if((mapperid == 0x20 || mapperid == 0x21) && rom_type == 0x03) {
-    has_dsp1 = true;
-  }
-
-  if(mapperid == 0x30 && rom_type == 0x05 && company != 0xb2) {
-    has_dsp1 = true;
-  }
-
-  if(mapperid == 0x31 && (rom_type == 0x03 || rom_type == 0x05)) {
-    has_dsp1 = true;
-  }
-
-  if(has_dsp1 == true) {
-    if((mapperid & 0x2f) == 0x20 && size <= 0x100000) {
-      dsp1_type = DSP1Type::LoROM1MB;
-    } else if((mapperid & 0x2f) == 0x20) {
-      dsp1_type = DSP1Type::LoROM2MB;
-    } else if((mapperid & 0x2f) == 0x21) {
-      dsp1_type = DSP1Type::HiROM;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if(mapperid == 0x20 && rom_type == 0x05) {
-    has_dsp2 = true;
-  }
-
-  if(mapperid == 0x30 && rom_type == 0x05 && company == 0xb2) {
-    has_dsp3 = true;
-  }
-
-  if(mapperid == 0x30 && rom_type == 0x03) {
-    has_dsp4 = true;
-  }
-
-  if(mapperid == 0x30 && rom_type == 0x25) {
-    has_obc1 = true;
-  }
-
-  if(mapperid == 0x30 && rom_type == 0xf6 && rom_size >= 10) {
-    has_st010 = true;
-  }
-
-  if(mapperid == 0x30 && rom_type == 0xf6 && rom_size < 10) {
-    has_st011 = true;
-  }
-
-  if(mapperid == 0x30 && rom_type == 0xf5) {
-    has_st018 = true;
-  }
+  return output;
 }
 
-auto SuperFamicomCartridge::findHeader(const uint8_t* data, uint size) -> uint {
-  uint score_lo = scoreHeader(data, size, 0x007fc0);
-  uint score_hi = scoreHeader(data, size, 0x00ffc0);
-  uint score_ex = scoreHeader(data, size, 0x40ffc0);
-  if(score_ex) score_ex += 4;  //favor ExHiROM on images > 32mbits
+auto SuperFamicom::memory(string type, uint size, string name) const -> string {
+  string output;
+  output.append("  memory\n");
+  output.append("    type: ", type, "\n");
+  output.append("    size: 0x", hex(size), "\n");
+  output.append("    name: ", name, "\n");
+  return output;
+}
 
-  if(score_lo >= score_hi && score_lo >= score_ex) {
-    return 0x007fc0;
-  } else if(score_hi >= score_ex) {
-    return 0x00ffc0;
+auto SuperFamicom::sha256() const -> string {
+  return Hash::SHA256(data, size).digest();
+}
+
+auto SuperFamicom::region() const -> string {
+  string region;
+
+  char A = data[headerAddress + 0x02];  //game type
+  char B = data[headerAddress + 0x03];  //game code
+  char C = data[headerAddress + 0x04];  //game code
+  char D = data[headerAddress + 0x05];  //region code (new; sometimes ambiguous)
+  auto E = data[headerAddress + 0x29];  //region code (old)
+
+  auto valid = [](char n) { return (n >= '0' && n <= '9') || (n >= 'A' && n <= 'Z'); };
+  if(data[headerAddress + 0x2a] == 0x33 && valid(A) && valid(B) & valid(C) & valid(D)) {
+    string code{A, B, C, D};
+    if(D == 'B') region = {"SNS-",  code, "-BRA"};
+    if(D == 'C') region = {"SNSN-", code, "-ROC"};
+    if(D == 'D') region = {"SNSP-", code, "-NOE"};
+    if(D == 'E') region = {"SNS-",  code, "-USA"};
+    if(D == 'F') region = {"SNSP-", code, "-FRA"};
+    if(D == 'H') region = {"SNSP-", code, "-HOL"};
+    if(D == 'I') region = {"SNSP-", code, "-ITA"};
+    if(D == 'J') region = {"SHVC-", code, "-JPN"};
+    if(D == 'K') region = {"SNSN-", code, "-KOR"};
+    if(D == 'N') region = {"SNS-",  code, "-CAN"};
+    if(D == 'P') region = {"SNSP-", code, "-EUR"};
+    if(D == 'S') region = {"SNSP-", code, "-ESP"};
+    if(D == 'U') region = {"SNSP-", code, "-AUS"};
+    if(D == 'W') region = {"SNSP-", code, "-SCN"};
+  }
+
+  if(!region) {
+    if(E == 0x00) region = {"SHVC-\?\?-JPN"};  //trigraphs: why is this still a thing?
+    if(E == 0x01) region = { "SNS-\?\?-USA"};
+    if(E == 0x02) region = {"SNSP-\?\?-EUR"};
+    if(E == 0x03) region = {"SNSP-\?\?-SCN"};
+    if(E == 0x06) region = {"SNSP-\?\?-FRA"};
+    if(E == 0x07) region = {"SNSP-\?\?-HOL"};
+    if(E == 0x08) region = {"SNSP-\?\?-ESP"};
+    if(E == 0x09) region = {"SNSP-\?\?-NOE"};
+    if(E == 0x0a) region = {"SNSP-\?\?-ITA"};
+    if(E == 0x0b) region = {"SNSP-\?\?-ROC"};
+    if(E == 0x0d) region = {"SNSP-\?\?-KOR"};
+    if(E == 0x0f) region = { "SNS-\?\?-CAN"};
+    if(E == 0x10) region = { "SNS-\?\?-BRA"};
+    if(E == 0x11) region = {"SNSP-\?\?-AUS"};
+  }
+
+  return region ? region : "NTSC";
+}
+
+auto SuperFamicom::revision() const -> string {
+  string revision;
+
+  char A = data[headerAddress + 0x02];  //game type
+  char B = data[headerAddress + 0x03];  //game code
+  char C = data[headerAddress + 0x04];  //game code
+  char D = data[headerAddress + 0x05];  //region code (new; sometimes ambiguous)
+  auto E = data[headerAddress + 0x29];  //region code (old)
+  uint F = data[headerAddress + 0x2b];  //revision code
+
+  auto valid = [](char n) { return (n >= '0' && n <= '9') || (n >= 'A' && n <= 'Z'); };
+  if(data[headerAddress + 0x2a] == 0x33 && valid(A) && valid(B) & valid(C) & valid(D)) {
+    string code{A, B, C, D};
+    if(D == 'B') revision = {"SNS-",  code, "-", F};
+    if(D == 'C') revision = {"SNSN-", code, "-", F};
+    if(D == 'D') revision = {"SNSP-", code, "-", F};
+    if(D == 'E') revision = {"SNS-",  code, "-", F};
+    if(D == 'F') revision = {"SNSP-", code, "-", F};
+    if(D == 'H') revision = {"SNSP-", code, "-", F};
+    if(D == 'I') revision = {"SNSP-", code, "-", F};
+    if(D == 'J') revision = {"SHVC-", code, "-", F};
+    if(D == 'K') revision = {"SNSN-", code, "-", F};
+    if(D == 'N') revision = {"SNS-",  code, "-", F};
+    if(D == 'P') revision = {"SNSP-", code, "-", F};
+    if(D == 'S') revision = {"SNSP-", code, "-", F};
+    if(D == 'U') revision = {"SNSP-", code, "-", F};
+    if(D == 'W') revision = {"SNSP-", code, "-", F};
+  }
+
+  if(!revision) {
+    if(E == 0x00) revision = {"SHVC-\?\?-", F};
+    if(E == 0x01) revision = { "SNS-\?\?-", F};
+    if(E == 0x02) revision = {"SNSP-\?\?-", F};
+    if(E == 0x03) revision = {"SSWE-\?\?-", F};
+    if(E == 0x06) revision = {"SFRA-\?\?-", F};
+    if(E == 0x07) revision = {"SHOL-\?\?-", F};
+    if(E == 0x08) revision = {"SESP-\?\?-", F};
+    if(E == 0x09) revision = {"SFRG-\?\?-", F};
+    if(E == 0x0a) revision = {"SITA-\?\?-", F};
+    if(E == 0x0b) revision = {"SSCN-\?\?-", F};
+    if(E == 0x0d) revision = {"SKOR-\?\?-", F};
+    if(E == 0x0f) revision = { "SNS-\?\?-", F};
+    if(E == 0x10) revision = {"SBRA-\?\?-", F};
+    if(E == 0x11) revision = {"SNSP-\?\?-", F};
+  }
+
+  return revision ? revision : string{"1.", F};
+}
+
+auto SuperFamicom::board() const -> string {
+  auto mapModeLo = data[headerAddress + 0x25] & 15;
+  auto cartridgeType = data[headerAddress + 0x26];
+  auto cartridgeTypeLo = cartridgeType & 15;
+  auto cartridgeTypeHi = cartridgeType >> 4;
+  auto cartridgeSubType = data[headerAddress + 0x2f];
+
+  string board;
+
+  string mode;
+  if(mapModeLo == 0x0) mode = "LOROM-";
+  if(mapModeLo == 0x1) mode = "HIROM-";
+  if(mapModeLo == 0x2) mode = "SDD1-";
+  if(mapModeLo == 0x3) mode = "SA1-";
+  if(mapModeLo == 0x5) mode = "EXHIROM-";
+  if(mapModeLo == 0xa) mode = "SPC7110-";
+
+  if(serial() == "A9PJ") {
+    board.append("ST-");
+  } else if(serial().match("Z\?\?J")) {
+    board.append("BS-", mode);
+  } else if(cartridgeTypeLo >= 0x3) {
+    if(cartridgeTypeHi == 0x0) board.append("DSP-", mode);
+    if(cartridgeTypeHi == 0x1) board.append("SUPERFX-");
+    if(cartridgeTypeHi == 0x2) board.append("OBC1-", mode);
+    if(cartridgeTypeHi == 0x3) board.append("SA1-");
+    if(cartridgeTypeHi == 0x4) board.append("SDD1-");
+    if(cartridgeTypeHi == 0x5) board.append("RTC-", mode);
+    if(cartridgeTypeHi == 0xe && cartridgeTypeLo == 0x3) board.append("SGB-");
+    if(cartridgeTypeHi == 0xe && cartridgeTypeLo == 0x5) board.append("BSX-");
+    if(cartridgeTypeHi == 0xf && cartridgeSubType == 0x00 && cartridgeTypeLo == 0x5) board.append("SPC7110-");
+    if(cartridgeTypeHi == 0xf && cartridgeSubType == 0x00 && cartridgeTypeLo == 0x9) board.append("SPC7110-RTC-");
+    if(cartridgeTypeHi == 0xf && cartridgeSubType == 0x01) board.append("ST-");
+    if(cartridgeTypeHi == 0xf && cartridgeSubType == 0x02) board.append("SETA-");
+    if(cartridgeTypeHi == 0xf && cartridgeSubType == 0x10) board.append("CX4-");
   } else {
-    return 0x40ffc0;
+    board.append(mode);
   }
+
+  if(cartridgeTypeLo == 0x1 || cartridgeTypeLo == 0x4) board.append("RAM-");
+  if(cartridgeTypeLo == 0x2 || cartridgeTypeLo == 0x5) board.append("NVRAM-");
+  if(cartridgeTypeLo == 0x6) board.append("BATTERY-");
+
+  return board.trimRight("-", 1L);
 }
 
-auto SuperFamicomCartridge::scoreHeader(const uint8_t* data, uint size, uint addr) -> uint {
-  if(size < addr + 64) return 0;  //image too small to contain header at this location?
+auto SuperFamicom::label() const -> string {
+  string label;
+  auto append = [&](char c) -> void {
+    if(c >= 0x20 && c <= 0x7e) label.append(c);  //ASCII
+    //todo: convert Shift-JIS half-width katakana to UTF-8 here
+    else label.append("?");
+  };
+  for(uint n : range(0x15)) append(data[headerAddress + 0x10 + n]);
+  return label.strip();
+}
+
+auto SuperFamicom::serial() const -> string {
+  char A = data[headerAddress + 0x02];  //game type
+  char B = data[headerAddress + 0x03];  //game code
+  char C = data[headerAddress + 0x04];  //game code
+  char D = data[headerAddress + 0x05];  //region code (new; sometimes ambiguous)
+
+  auto valid = [](char n) { return (n >= '0' && n <= '9') || (n >= 'A' && n <= 'Z'); };
+  if(data[headerAddress + 0x2a] == 0x33 && valid(A) && valid(B) & valid(C) & valid(D)) {
+    return {A, B, C, D};
+  }
+
+  return "";
+}
+
+auto SuperFamicom::ramSize() const -> uint {
+  auto ramSize = data[headerAddress + 0x28] & 7;
+  if(ramSize) return 1024 << ramSize;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+auto SuperFamicom::expansionRamSize() const -> uint {
+  if(data[headerAddress + 0x2a] != 0x33) return 0;
+  auto ramSize = data[headerAddress + 0x0d] & 7;
+  if(ramSize) return 1024 << ramSize;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+auto SuperFamicom::scoreHeader(uint address) -> uint {
   int score = 0;
+  if(size < address + 0x50) return score;
 
-  uint16_t resetvector = data[addr + ResetVector] | (data[addr + ResetVector + 1] << 8);
-  uint16_t checksum    = data[addr + Checksum   ] | (data[addr + Checksum    + 1] << 8);
-  uint16_t complement  = data[addr + Complement ] | (data[addr + Complement  + 1] << 8);
+  uint8_t  mapMode     = data[address + 0x25] & ~0x10;  //ignore FastROM bit
+  uint16_t complement  = data[address + 0x2c] << 0 | data[address + 0x2d] << 8;
+  uint16_t checksum    = data[address + 0x2e] << 0 | data[address + 0x2f] << 8;
+  uint16_t resetVector = data[address + 0x4c] << 0 | data[address + 0x4d] << 8;
+  if(resetVector < 0x8000) return score;  //$00:0000-7fff is never ROM data
 
-  uint8_t resetop = data[(addr & ~0x7fff) | (resetvector & 0x7fff)];  //first opcode executed upon reset
-  uint8_t mapper  = data[addr + Mapper] & ~0x10;                      //mask off irrelevent FastROM-capable bit
-
-  //$00:[000-7fff] contains uninitialized RAM and MMIO.
-  //reset vector must point to ROM at $00:[8000-ffff] to be considered valid.
-  if(resetvector < 0x8000) return 0;
-
-  //some images duplicate the header in multiple locations, and others have completely
-  //invalid header information that cannot be relied upon.
-  //below code will analyze the first opcode executed at the specified reset vector to
-  //determine the probability that this is the correct header.
+  uint8_t opcode = data[(address & ~0x7fff) | (resetVector & 0x7fff)];  //first instruction executed
 
   //most likely opcodes
-  if(resetop == 0x78  //sei
-  || resetop == 0x18  //clc (clc; xce)
-  || resetop == 0x38  //sec (sec; xce)
-  || resetop == 0x9c  //stz $nnnn (stz $4200)
-  || resetop == 0x4c  //jmp $nnnn
-  || resetop == 0x5c  //jml $nnnnnn
+  if(opcode == 0x78  //sei
+  || opcode == 0x18  //clc (clc; xce)
+  || opcode == 0x38  //sec (sec; xce)
+  || opcode == 0x9c  //stz $nnnn (stz $4200)
+  || opcode == 0x4c  //jmp $nnnn
+  || opcode == 0x5c  //jml $nnnnnn
   ) score += 8;
 
   //plausible opcodes
-  if(resetop == 0xc2  //rep #$nn
-  || resetop == 0xe2  //sep #$nn
-  || resetop == 0xad  //lda $nnnn
-  || resetop == 0xae  //ldx $nnnn
-  || resetop == 0xac  //ldy $nnnn
-  || resetop == 0xaf  //lda $nnnnnn
-  || resetop == 0xa9  //lda #$nn
-  || resetop == 0xa2  //ldx #$nn
-  || resetop == 0xa0  //ldy #$nn
-  || resetop == 0x20  //jsr $nnnn
-  || resetop == 0x22  //jsl $nnnnnn
+  if(opcode == 0xc2  //rep #$nn
+  || opcode == 0xe2  //sep #$nn
+  || opcode == 0xad  //lda $nnnn
+  || opcode == 0xae  //ldx $nnnn
+  || opcode == 0xac  //ldy $nnnn
+  || opcode == 0xaf  //lda $nnnnnn
+  || opcode == 0xa9  //lda #$nn
+  || opcode == 0xa2  //ldx #$nn
+  || opcode == 0xa0  //ldy #$nn
+  || opcode == 0x20  //jsr $nnnn
+  || opcode == 0x22  //jsl $nnnnnn
   ) score += 4;
 
   //implausible opcodes
-  if(resetop == 0x40  //rti
-  || resetop == 0x60  //rts
-  || resetop == 0x6b  //rtl
-  || resetop == 0xcd  //cmp $nnnn
-  || resetop == 0xec  //cpx $nnnn
-  || resetop == 0xcc  //cpy $nnnn
+  if(opcode == 0x40  //rti
+  || opcode == 0x60  //rts
+  || opcode == 0x6b  //rtl
+  || opcode == 0xcd  //cmp $nnnn
+  || opcode == 0xec  //cpx $nnnn
+  || opcode == 0xcc  //cpy $nnnn
   ) score -= 4;
 
   //least likely opcodes
-  if(resetop == 0x00  //brk #$nn
-  || resetop == 0x02  //cop #$nn
-  || resetop == 0xdb  //stp
-  || resetop == 0x42  //wdm
-  || resetop == 0xff  //sbc $nnnnnn,x
+  if(opcode == 0x00  //brk #$nn
+  || opcode == 0x02  //cop #$nn
+  || opcode == 0xdb  //stp
+  || opcode == 0x42  //wdm
+  || opcode == 0xff  //sbc $nnnnnn,x
   ) score -= 8;
 
-  //at times, both the header and reset vector's first opcode will match ...
-  //fallback and rely on info validity in these cases to determine more likely header.
+  if(checksum + complement == 0xffff) score += 4;
 
-  //a valid checksum is the biggest indicator of a valid header.
-  if((checksum + complement) == 0xffff && (checksum != 0) && (complement != 0)) score += 4;
+  if(address == 0x7fb0 && mapMode == 0x20) score += 2;
+  if(address == 0xffb0 && mapMode == 0x21) score += 2;
+
+  return max(0, score);
+}
 
-  if(addr == 0x007fc0 && mapper == 0x20) score += 2;  //0x20 is usually LoROM
-  if(addr == 0x00ffc0 && mapper == 0x21) score += 2;  //0x21 is usually HiROM
-  if(addr == 0x007fc0 && mapper == 0x22) score += 2;  //0x22 is usually ExLoROM
-  if(addr == 0x40ffc0 && mapper == 0x25) score += 2;  //0x25 is usually ExHiROM
-
-  if(data[addr + Company] == 0x33) score += 2;        //0x33 indicates extended header
-  if(data[addr + RomType] < 0x08) score++;
-  if(data[addr + RomSize] < 0x10) score++;
-  if(data[addr + RamSize] < 0x08) score++;
-  if(data[addr + CartRegion] < 14) score++;
-
-  if(score < 0) score = 0;
-  return score;
 }
diff --git a/icarus/heuristics/super-famicom.old.cpp b/icarus/heuristics/super-famicom.old.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2366e8c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/icarus/heuristics/super-famicom.old.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,856 @@
+struct SuperFamicomCartridge {
+  SuperFamicomCartridge(const uint8_t* data, uint size, bool has_msu1 = false);
+
+  string markup;
+
+//private:
+  auto readHeader(const uint8_t* data, uint size) -> void;
+  auto findHeader(const uint8_t* data, uint size) -> uint;
+  auto scoreHeader(const uint8_t* data, uint size, uint addr) -> uint;
+
+  enum HeaderField : uint {
+    CartName    = 0x00,
+    Mapper      = 0x15,
+    RomType     = 0x16,
+    RomSize     = 0x17,
+    RamSize     = 0x18,
+    CartRegion  = 0x19,
+    Company     = 0x1a,
+    Version     = 0x1b,
+    Complement  = 0x1c,  //inverse checksum
+    Checksum    = 0x1e,
+    ResetVector = 0x3c,
+  };
+
+  enum class Type : uint {
+    SatellaviewBIOS,
+    SufamiTurboBIOS,
+    SuperGameBoy1BIOS,
+    SuperGameBoy2BIOS,
+    LoROM,
+    HiROM,
+    ExLoROM,
+    ExHiROM,
+    SuperFX,
+    SA1,
+    LoROMSatellaview,
+    HiROMSatellaview,
+    CampusChallenge92,
+    Powerfest94,
+
+    //invalid types
+    Unknown,
+    GameBoy,
+    Satellaview,
+    SufamiTurbo,
+  };
+
+  enum class Region : uint {
+    NTSC,
+    PAL,
+  };
+
+  enum class DSP1Type : uint {
+    None,
+    LoROM1MB,
+    LoROM2MB,
+    HiROM,
+  };
+
+  bool loaded = false;  //is a base cartridge inserted?
+  uint crc32 = 0;       //crc32 of all cartridges (base+slot(s))
+  uint rom_size = 0;
+  uint ram_size = 0;
+  uint firmware_size = 0;
+  string firmware_missing;
+
+  Type type = Type::Unknown;
+  Region region = Region::NTSC;
+  DSP1Type dsp1_type = DSP1Type::None;
+
+  bool has_bsx_slot = false;
+  bool has_superfx = false;
+  bool has_sa1 = false;
+  bool has_sharprtc = false;
+  bool has_epsonrtc = false;
+  bool has_sdd1 = false;
+  bool has_spc7110 = false;
+  bool has_cx4 = false;
+  bool has_dsp1 = false;
+  bool has_dsp2 = false;
+  bool has_dsp3 = false;
+  bool has_dsp4 = false;
+  bool has_obc1 = false;
+  bool has_st010 = false;
+  bool has_st011 = false;
+  bool has_st018 = false;
+};
+
+SuperFamicomCartridge::SuperFamicomCartridge(const uint8_t* data, uint size, bool has_msu1) {
+  //skip copier header
+  if((size & 0x7fff) == 512) data += 512, size -= 512;
+
+  //ignore images too small to be valid
+  if(size < 0x8000) return;
+
+  readHeader(data, size);
+
+  if(type == Type::Unknown) return;
+  if(type == Type::GameBoy) return;
+  if(type == Type::Satellaview) return;
+  if(type == Type::SufamiTurbo) return;
+
+  const char* range = (rom_size > 0x200000) || (ram_size > 32 * 1024) ? "0000-7fff" : "0000-ffff";
+  markup.append("board region=", region == Region::NTSC ? "ntsc" : "pal", "\n");
+
+  //detect firmware
+
+  if(has_dsp1) {
+    if((size & 0x7fff) == 0x2000) {
+      firmware_size = 0x2000;
+    } else {
+      firmware_missing = "DSP1";
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(has_dsp2) {
+    if((size & 0x7fff) == 0x2000) {
+      firmware_size = 0x2000;
+    } else {
+      firmware_missing = "DSP2";
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(has_dsp3) {
+    if((size & 0x7fff) == 0x2000) {
+      firmware_size = 0x2000;
+    } else {
+      firmware_missing = "DSP3";
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(has_dsp4) {
+    if((size & 0x7fff) == 0x2000) {
+      firmware_size = 0x2000;
+    } else {
+      firmware_missing = "DSP4";
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(has_st010) {
+    if((size & 0xffff) == 0xd000) {
+      firmware_size = 0xd000;
+    } else {
+      firmware_missing = "ST010";
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(has_st011) {
+    if((size & 0xffff) == 0xd000) {
+      firmware_size = 0xd000;
+    } else {
+      firmware_missing = "ST011";
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(has_st018) {
+    if((size & 0x3ffff) == 0x28000) {
+      firmware_size = 0x28000;
+    } else {
+      firmware_missing = "ST018";
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(has_cx4) {
+    if((rom_size & 0x7fff) == 0xc00) {
+      firmware_size = 0xc00;
+    } else {
+      firmware_missing = "CX4";
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(type == Type::SuperGameBoy1BIOS) {
+    if((rom_size & 0x7fff) == 0x100) {
+      firmware_size = 0x100;
+    } else {
+      firmware_missing = "SGB1";
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(type == Type::SuperGameBoy2BIOS) {
+    if((rom_size & 0x7fff) == 0x100) {
+      firmware_size = 0x100;
+    } else {
+      firmware_missing = "SGB2";
+    }
+  }
+
+  rom_size -= firmware_size;
+
+  //end firmware detection
+
+  if(type == Type::SatellaviewBIOS) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
+      "    map address=10-1f:5000-5fff mask=0xf000\n"
+      "  mcc\n"
+      "    map address=00-0f:5000\n"
+      "    map=mcu address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x408000\n"
+      "    map=mcu address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-ffff\n"
+      "    rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
+      "    ram name=download.ram size=0x80000\n"
+      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000\n"
+      "    bsmemory\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  else if(type == Type::SufamiTurboBIOS) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
+      "    map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
+      "  sufamiturbo\n"
+      "    rom\n"
+      "      map address=20-3f,a0-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
+      "    ram\n"
+      "      map address=60-6f,e0-ef:0000-ffff\n"
+      "  sufamiturbo\n"
+      "    rom\n"
+      "      map address=40-5f,c0-df:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
+      "      map address=40-5f,c0-df:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
+      "    ram\n"
+      "      map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-ffff\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  else if(type == Type::SuperGameBoy1BIOS) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
+      "    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
+      "    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
+      "  icd2 revision=1\n"
+      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-67ff,7000-7fff\n"
+      "    rom name=sgb1.boot.rom size=0x100\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  else if(type == Type::SuperGameBoy2BIOS) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
+      "    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
+      "    map address=40-7d,c0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
+      "  icd2 revision=2\n"
+      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-67ff,7000-7fff\n"
+      "    rom name=sgb2.boot.rom size=0x100\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  else if(has_cx4) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  hitachidsp model=HG51B169 frequency=20000000\n"
+      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6c00-6fff,7c00-7fff\n"
+      "    rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
+      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
+      "    ram name=save.ram size=0\n"
+      "      map address=70-77:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
+      "    drom name=cx4.data.rom size=0xc00\n"
+      "    dram name=cx4.data.ram size=0xc00 volatile\n"
+      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-6bff,7000-7bff mask=0xf000\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  else if(has_spc7110) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  spc7110\n"
+      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:4800-483f\n"
+      "    map address=50,58:0000-ffff\n"
+      "    map=mcu address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x800000\n"
+      "    map=mcu address=c0-ff:0000-ffff mask=0xc00000\n"
+      "    prom name=program.rom size=0x100000\n"
+      "    drom name=data.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size - 0x100000), "\n"
+      "    ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
+      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  else if(has_sdd1) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  sdd1\n"
+      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:4800-480f\n"
+      "    rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
+      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff\n"
+      "      map address=c0-ff:0000-ffff\n"
+    );
+    if(ram_size > 0) markup.append(
+      "    ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
+      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000\n"
+      "      map address=70-73:0000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  else if(type == Type::LoROM) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
+      "    map address=00-7d,80-ff:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
+      "    map address=40-6f,c0-ef:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
+    );
+    if(ram_size > 0) markup.append(
+      "  ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
+      "    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:", range, "\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  else if(type == Type::HiROM) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
+      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff\n"
+      "    map address=40-7f,c0-ff:0000-ffff\n"
+    );
+    if(ram_size > 0) markup.append(
+      "  ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
+      "    map address=10-3f,90-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  else if(type == Type::ExLoROM) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
+      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
+      "    map address=40-7d:0000-ffff\n"
+    );
+    if(ram_size > 0) markup.append(
+      "  ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
+      "    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000\n"
+      "    map address=70-7d:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  else if(type == Type::ExHiROM) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
+      "    map address=00-3f:8000-ffff base=0x400000\n"
+      "    map address=40-7d:0000-ffff base=0x400000\n"
+      "    map address=80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0xc00000\n"
+      "    map address=c0-ff:0000-ffff mask=0xc00000\n"
+    );
+    if(ram_size > 0) markup.append(
+      "  ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
+      "    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000\n"
+      "    map address=70-7d:", range, "\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  else if(type == Type::SuperFX) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  superfx\n"
+      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-34ff\n"
+      "    rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
+      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x8000\n"
+      "      map address=40-5f,c0-df:0000-ffff\n"
+    );
+    if(ram_size > 0) markup.append(
+      "    ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
+      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000\n"
+      "      map address=70-71,f0-f1:0000-ffff\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  else if(type == Type::SA1) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  sa1\n"
+      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:2200-23ff\n"
+      "    rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
+      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x408000\n"
+      "      map address=c0-ff:0000-ffff\n"
+    );
+    if(ram_size > 0) markup.append(
+      "    bwram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
+      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff size=0x2000\n"
+      "      map address=40-4f:0000-ffff\n"
+    );
+    markup.append(
+      "    iram id=internal size=0x800 volatile\n"
+      "      map address=00-3f,80-bf:3000-37ff size=0x800\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  else if(type == Type::LoROMSatellaview) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
+      "    map address=00-1f:8000-ffff base=0x000000 mask=0x8000\n"
+      "    map address=20-3f:8000-ffff base=0x100000 mask=0x8000\n"
+      "    map address=80-9f:8000-ffff base=0x200000 mask=0x8000\n"
+      "    map address=a0-bf:8000-ffff base=0x100000 mask=0x8000\n"
+      "  ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
+      "    map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
+      "  bsmemory\n"
+      "    map address=c0-ef:0000-ffff\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  else if(type == Type::HiROMSatellaview) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  rom name=program.rom size=0x", hex(rom_size), "\n"
+      "    map address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff\n"
+      "    map address=40-5f,c0-df:0000-ffff\n"
+      "  ram name=save.ram size=0x", hex(ram_size), "\n"
+      "    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:6000-7fff\n"
+      "  bsmemory\n"
+      "    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:8000-ffff\n"
+      "    map address=60-7f,e0-ff:0000-ffff\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  else if(type == Type::CampusChallenge92) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  event=CC92 timer=360\n"
+      "    map address=c0,e0:0000\n"
+      "    map=mcu address=00-1f,80-9f:8000-ffff\n"
+      "    rom name=program.rom size=0x40000\n"
+      "    rom name=slot-1.rom size=0x80000\n"
+      "    rom name=slot-2.rom size=0x80000\n"
+      "    rom name=slot-3.rom size=0x80000\n"
+      "    ram name=save.ram size=0x2000 volatile\n"
+      "      map address=70-7d,f0-ff:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
+      "  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000\n"
+      "    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x7fff\n"
+      "    prom name=dsp1.program.rom size=0x1800\n"
+      "    drom name=dsp1.data.rom size=0x800\n"
+      "    dram name=dsp1.data.ram size=0x200 volatile\n"
+    );
+    return;
+  }
+
+  else if(type == Type::Powerfest94) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  event=PF94 timer=360\n"
+      "    map address=10,20:6000\n"
+      "    map=mcu address=00-3f,80-bf:8000-ffff\n"
+      "    map=mcu address=c0-ff:0000-ffff\n"
+      "    rom name=program.rom size=0x40000\n"
+      "    rom name=slot-1.rom size=0x80000\n"
+      "    rom name=slot-2.rom size=0x80000\n"
+      "    rom name=slot-3.rom size=0x100000\n"
+      "    ram name=save.ram size=0x2000 volatile\n"
+      "      map address=30-3f,b0-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000\n"
+      "  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000\n"
+      "    map address=00-0f,80-8f:6000-7fff mask=0xfff\n"
+      "    prom name=dsp1.program.rom size=0x1800\n"
+      "    drom name=dsp1.data.rom size=0x800\n"
+      "    dram name=dsp1.data.ram size=0x200 volatile\n"
+    );
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if(has_sharprtc) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  sharprtc\n"
+      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:2800-2801\n"
+      "    ram name=rtc.ram size=0x10\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  if(has_epsonrtc) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  epsonrtc\n"
+      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:4840-4842\n"
+      "    ram name=rtc.ram size=0x10\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  if(has_obc1) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  obc1\n"
+      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:6000-7fff mask=0xe000\n"
+      "    ram name=save.ram size=0x2000\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  if(has_dsp1) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000\n"
+    );
+    if(dsp1_type == DSP1Type::LoROM1MB) markup.append(
+      "    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x3fff\n"
+    );
+    if(dsp1_type == DSP1Type::LoROM2MB) markup.append(
+      "    map address=60-6f,e0-ef:0000-7fff mask=0x3fff\n"
+    );
+    if(dsp1_type == DSP1Type::HiROM) markup.append(
+      "    map address=00-1f,80-9f:6000-7fff mask=0xfff\n"
+    );
+    markup.append(
+      "    prom name=dsp1b.program.rom size=0x1800\n"
+      "    drom name=dsp1b.data.rom size=0x800\n"
+      "    dram name=dsp1b.data.ram size=0x200 volatile\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  if(has_dsp2) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000\n"
+      "    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x3fff\n"
+      "    prom name=dsp2.program.rom size=0x1800\n"
+      "    drom name=dsp2.data.rom size=0x800\n"
+      "    dram name=dsp2.data.ram size=0x200 volatile\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  if(has_dsp3) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000\n"
+      "    map address=20-3f,a0-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x3fff\n"
+      "    prom name=dsp3.program.rom size=0x1800\n"
+      "    drom name=dsp3.data.rom size=0x800\n"
+      "    dram name=dsp3.data.ram size=0x200 volatile\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  if(has_dsp4) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  necdsp model=uPD7725 frequency=8000000\n"
+      "    map address=30-3f,b0-bf:8000-ffff mask=0x3fff\n"
+      "    prom name=dsp4.program.rom size=0x1800\n"
+      "    drom name=dsp4.data.rom size=0x800\n"
+      "    dram name=dsp4.data.ram size=0x200 volatile\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  if(has_st010) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  necdsp model=uPD96050 frequency=11000000\n"
+      "    map address=60-67,e0-e7:0000-3fff\n"
+      "    prom name=st010.program.rom size=0xc000\n"
+      "    drom name=st010.data.rom size=0x1000\n"
+      "    dram name=save.ram size=0x1000\n"
+      "      map address=68-6f,e8-ef:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  if(has_st011) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  necdsp model=uPD96050 frequency=15000000\n"
+      "    map address=60-67,e0-e7:0000-3fff\n"
+      "    prom name=st011.program.rom size=0xc000\n"
+      "    drom name=st011.data.rom size=0x1000\n"
+      "    dram name=save.ram size=0x1000\n"
+      "      map address=68-6f,e8-ef:0000-7fff mask=0x8000\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  if(has_st018) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  armdsp frequency=21477272\n"
+      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:3800-38ff\n"
+      "    prom name=st018.program.rom size=0x20000\n"
+      "    drom name=st018.data.rom size=0x8000\n"
+      "    ram name=save.ram size=0x4000\n"
+    );
+  }
+
+  if(has_msu1) {
+    markup.append(
+      "  msu1\n"
+      "    map address=00-3f,80-bf:2000-2007\n"
+      "    rom name=msu1.rom\n"
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+auto SuperFamicomCartridge::readHeader(const uint8_t* data, uint size) -> void {
+  //detect Game Boy carts
+  if(size >= 0x0140) {
+    if(data[0x0104] == 0xce && data[0x0105] == 0xed && data[0x0106] == 0x66 && data[0x0107] == 0x66
+    && data[0x0108] == 0xcc && data[0x0109] == 0x0d && data[0x010a] == 0x00 && data[0x010b] == 0x0b) {
+      type = Type::GameBoy;
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const uint index = findHeader(data, size);
+  const uint8_t mapperid = data[index + Mapper];
+  const uint8_t rom_type = data[index + RomType];
+  const uint8_t rom_size = data[index + RomSize];
+  const uint8_t company  = data[index + Company];
+  const uint8_t regionid = data[index + CartRegion] & 0x7f;
+
+  const uint16_t complement = data[index + Complement] | data[index + Complement + 1] << 8;
+  const uint16_t checksum   = data[index + Checksum] | data[index + Checksum + 1] << 8;
+
+  this->rom_size = size;
+  ram_size = 1024 << (data[index + RamSize] & 7);
+  if(ram_size == 1024) ram_size = 0;  //no RAM present
+  if(rom_size == 0 && ram_size) ram_size = 0;  //fix for Bazooka Blitzkrieg's malformed header (swapped ROM and RAM sizes)
+
+  //0, 1, 13 = NTSC; 2 - 12 = PAL
+  region = (regionid <= 1 || regionid >= 13) ? Region::NTSC : Region::PAL;
+
+  //detect BS-X flash carts
+  if(data[index + 0x13] == 0x00 || data[index + 0x13] == 0xff) {
+    if(data[index + 0x14] == 0x00) {
+      const uint8_t n15 = data[index + 0x15];
+      if(n15 == 0x00 || n15 == 0x80 || n15 == 0x84 || n15 == 0x9c || n15 == 0xbc || n15 == 0xfc) {
+        if(data[index + 0x1a] == 0x33 || data[index + 0x1a] == 0xff) {
+          type = Type::Satellaview;
+          region = Region::NTSC;  //BS-X only released in Japan
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  //detect Sufami Turbo carts
+  if(!memcmp(data, "BANDAI SFC-ADX", 14)) {
+    if(!memcmp(data + 16, "SFC-ADX BACKUP", 14)) {
+      type = Type::SufamiTurboBIOS;
+    } else {
+      type = Type::SufamiTurbo;
+    }
+    region = Region::NTSC;  //Sufami Turbo only released in Japan
+    return;                 //RAM size handled outside this routine
+  }
+
+  //detect Super Game Boy BIOS
+  if(!memcmp(data + index, "Super GAMEBOY2", 14)) {
+    type = Type::SuperGameBoy2BIOS;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if(!memcmp(data + index, "Super GAMEBOY", 13)) {
+    type = Type::SuperGameBoy1BIOS;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  //detect competition carts
+  if(!memcmp(data + index, "\x00\x08\x22\x02\x1c\x00\x10\x00\x08\x65\x80\x84\x20\x00\x22\x25\x00\x83\x0c\x80\x10", 21)
+  && complement == 0x0100 && checksum == 0x2d02 && (size == 0x1c0000 || size == 0x1c2000)) {
+    type = Type::CampusChallenge92;  //dark title screen version
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if(!memcmp(data + index, "\xc9\x80\x80\x44\x15\x00\x62\x09\x29\xa0\x52\x70\x50\x12\x05\x35\x31\x63\xc0\x22\x01", 21)
+  && complement == 0x2011 && checksum == 0xf8c0 && (size == 0x240000 || size == 0x242000)) {
+    type = Type::Powerfest94;  //10,000 points version
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if(!memcmp(data + index, "PREHISTORIK MAN      ", 21)
+  && complement == 0xffff && checksum == 0x0000 && (size == 0x240000 || size == 0x242000)) {
+    type = Type::Powerfest94;  //1,000,000 points version
+    return;
+  }
+
+  //detect presence of BS-X flash cartridge connector (reads extended header information)
+  if(data[index - 14] == 'Z') {
+    if(data[index - 11] == 'J') {
+      uint8_t n13 = data[index - 13];
+      if((n13 >= 'A' && n13 <= 'Z') || (n13 >= '0' && n13 <= '9')) {
+        if(company == 0x33 || (data[index - 10] == 0x00 && data[index - 4] == 0x00)) {
+          has_bsx_slot = true;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(has_bsx_slot) {
+    if(!memcmp(data + index, "Satellaview BS-X     ", 21)) {
+      //BS-X base cart
+      type = Type::SatellaviewBIOS;
+      region = Region::NTSC;  //BS-X only released in Japan
+      return;                 //RAM size handled internally by load_cart_bsx() -> BSXCart class
+    } else {
+      type = (index == 0x7fc0 ? Type::LoROMSatellaview : Type::HiROMSatellaview);
+      region = Region::NTSC;  //BS-X slotted cartridges only released in Japan
+    }
+  } else {
+    //standard cart
+    if(index == 0x7fc0 && size >= 0x401000) {
+      type = Type::ExLoROM;
+    } else if(index == 0x7fc0 && mapperid == 0x32) {
+      type = Type::ExLoROM;
+    } else if(index == 0x7fc0) {
+      type = Type::LoROM;
+    } else if(index == 0xffc0) {
+      type = Type::HiROM;
+    } else if(index == 0x40ffc0) {
+      type = Type::ExHiROM;
+    } else {
+      type = Type::Unknown;
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(mapperid == 0x20 && (rom_type == 0x13 || rom_type == 0x14 || rom_type == 0x15 || rom_type == 0x1a)) {
+    has_superfx = true;
+    type = Type::SuperFX;
+    ram_size = 1024 << (data[index - 3] & 7);
+    if(ram_size == 1024) ram_size = 0;
+  }
+
+  if(mapperid == 0x23 && (rom_type == 0x32 || rom_type == 0x34 || rom_type == 0x35)) {
+    has_sa1 = true;
+    type = Type::SA1;
+  }
+
+  if(mapperid == 0x35 && rom_type == 0x55) {
+    has_sharprtc = true;
+  }
+
+  if(mapperid == 0x32 && (rom_type == 0x43 || rom_type == 0x45)) {
+    has_sdd1 = true;
+  }
+
+  if(mapperid == 0x3a && (rom_type == 0xf5 || rom_type == 0xf9)) {
+    has_spc7110 = true;
+    has_epsonrtc = (rom_type == 0xf9);
+  }
+
+  if(mapperid == 0x20 && rom_type == 0xf3) {
+    has_cx4 = true;
+  }
+
+  if((mapperid == 0x20 || mapperid == 0x21) && rom_type == 0x03) {
+    has_dsp1 = true;
+  }
+
+  if(mapperid == 0x30 && rom_type == 0x05 && company != 0xb2) {
+    has_dsp1 = true;
+  }
+
+  if(mapperid == 0x31 && (rom_type == 0x03 || rom_type == 0x05)) {
+    has_dsp1 = true;
+  }
+
+  if(has_dsp1 == true) {
+    if((mapperid & 0x2f) == 0x20 && size <= 0x100000) {
+      dsp1_type = DSP1Type::LoROM1MB;
+    } else if((mapperid & 0x2f) == 0x20) {
+      dsp1_type = DSP1Type::LoROM2MB;
+    } else if((mapperid & 0x2f) == 0x21) {
+      dsp1_type = DSP1Type::HiROM;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if(mapperid == 0x20 && rom_type == 0x05) {
+    has_dsp2 = true;
+  }
+
+  if(mapperid == 0x30 && rom_type == 0x05 && company == 0xb2) {
+    has_dsp3 = true;
+  }
+
+  if(mapperid == 0x30 && rom_type == 0x03) {
+    has_dsp4 = true;
+  }
+
+  if(mapperid == 0x30 && rom_type == 0x25) {
+    has_obc1 = true;
+  }
+
+  if(mapperid == 0x30 && rom_type == 0xf6 && rom_size >= 10) {
+    has_st010 = true;
+  }
+
+  if(mapperid == 0x30 && rom_type == 0xf6 && rom_size < 10) {
+    has_st011 = true;
+  }
+
+  if(mapperid == 0x30 && rom_type == 0xf5) {
+    has_st018 = true;
+  }
+}
+
+auto SuperFamicomCartridge::findHeader(const uint8_t* data, uint size) -> uint {
+  uint score_lo = scoreHeader(data, size, 0x007fc0);
+  uint score_hi = scoreHeader(data, size, 0x00ffc0);
+  uint score_ex = scoreHeader(data, size, 0x40ffc0);
+  if(score_ex) score_ex += 4;  //favor ExHiROM on images > 32mbits
+
+  if(score_lo >= score_hi && score_lo >= score_ex) {
+    return 0x007fc0;
+  } else if(score_hi >= score_ex) {
+    return 0x00ffc0;
+  } else {
+    return 0x40ffc0;
+  }
+}
+
+auto SuperFamicomCartridge::scoreHeader(const uint8_t* data, uint size, uint addr) -> uint {
+  if(size < addr + 64) return 0;  //image too small to contain header at this location?
+  int score = 0;
+
+  uint16_t resetvector = data[addr + ResetVector] | (data[addr + ResetVector + 1] << 8);
+  uint16_t checksum    = data[addr + Checksum   ] | (data[addr + Checksum    + 1] << 8);
+  uint16_t complement  = data[addr + Complement ] | (data[addr + Complement  + 1] << 8);
+
+  uint8_t resetop = data[(addr & ~0x7fff) | (resetvector & 0x7fff)];  //first opcode executed upon reset
+  uint8_t mapper  = data[addr + Mapper] & ~0x10;                      //mask off irrelevent FastROM-capable bit
+
+  //$00:[000-7fff] contains uninitialized RAM and MMIO.
+  //reset vector must point to ROM at $00:[8000-ffff] to be considered valid.
+  if(resetvector < 0x8000) return 0;
+
+  //some images duplicate the header in multiple locations, and others have completely
+  //invalid header information that cannot be relied upon.
+  //below code will analyze the first opcode executed at the specified reset vector to
+  //determine the probability that this is the correct header.
+
+  //most likely opcodes
+  if(resetop == 0x78  //sei
+  || resetop == 0x18  //clc (clc; xce)
+  || resetop == 0x38  //sec (sec; xce)
+  || resetop == 0x9c  //stz $nnnn (stz $4200)
+  || resetop == 0x4c  //jmp $nnnn
+  || resetop == 0x5c  //jml $nnnnnn
+  ) score += 8;
+
+  //plausible opcodes
+  if(resetop == 0xc2  //rep #$nn
+  || resetop == 0xe2  //sep #$nn
+  || resetop == 0xad  //lda $nnnn
+  || resetop == 0xae  //ldx $nnnn
+  || resetop == 0xac  //ldy $nnnn
+  || resetop == 0xaf  //lda $nnnnnn
+  || resetop == 0xa9  //lda #$nn
+  || resetop == 0xa2  //ldx #$nn
+  || resetop == 0xa0  //ldy #$nn
+  || resetop == 0x20  //jsr $nnnn
+  || resetop == 0x22  //jsl $nnnnnn
+  ) score += 4;
+
+  //implausible opcodes
+  if(resetop == 0x40  //rti
+  || resetop == 0x60  //rts
+  || resetop == 0x6b  //rtl
+  || resetop == 0xcd  //cmp $nnnn
+  || resetop == 0xec  //cpx $nnnn
+  || resetop == 0xcc  //cpy $nnnn
+  ) score -= 4;
+
+  //least likely opcodes
+  if(resetop == 0x00  //brk #$nn
+  || resetop == 0x02  //cop #$nn
+  || resetop == 0xdb  //stp
+  || resetop == 0x42  //wdm
+  || resetop == 0xff  //sbc $nnnnnn,x
+  ) score -= 8;
+
+  //at times, both the header and reset vector's first opcode will match ...
+  //fallback and rely on info validity in these cases to determine more likely header.
+
+  //a valid checksum is the biggest indicator of a valid header.
+  if((checksum + complement) == 0xffff && (checksum != 0) && (complement != 0)) score += 4;
+
+  if(addr == 0x007fc0 && mapper == 0x20) score += 2;  //0x20 is usually LoROM
+  if(addr == 0x00ffc0 && mapper == 0x21) score += 2;  //0x21 is usually HiROM
+  if(addr == 0x007fc0 && mapper == 0x22) score += 2;  //0x22 is usually ExLoROM
+  if(addr == 0x40ffc0 && mapper == 0x25) score += 2;  //0x25 is usually ExHiROM
+
+  if(data[addr + Company] == 0x33) score += 2;        //0x33 indicates extended header
+  if(data[addr + RomType] < 0x08) score++;
+  if(data[addr + RomSize] < 0x10) score++;
+  if(data[addr + RamSize] < 0x08) score++;
+  if(data[addr + CartRegion] < 14) score++;
+
+  if(score < 0) score = 0;
+  return score;
+}