diff --git a/emulator/emulator.hpp b/emulator/emulator.hpp
index 2c0ee370..5c122adc 100644
--- a/emulator/emulator.hpp
+++ b/emulator/emulator.hpp
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ using namespace nall;
 
 namespace Emulator {
   static const string Name = "higan";
-  static const string Version = "094.38";
+  static const string Version = "094.39";
   static const string Author = "byuu";
   static const string License = "GPLv3";
   static const string Website = "http://byuu.org/";
diff --git a/emulator/interface.hpp b/emulator/interface.hpp
index 349b5a8c..b0655290 100644
--- a/emulator/interface.hpp
+++ b/emulator/interface.hpp
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ struct Interface {
   vector<Port> port;
 
   struct Bind {
-    virtual auto loadRequest(unsigned, string, string) -> void {}
-    virtual auto loadRequest(unsigned, string) -> void {}
+    virtual auto loadRequest(unsigned, string, string, bool) -> void {}
+    virtual auto loadRequest(unsigned, string, bool) -> void {}
     virtual auto saveRequest(unsigned, string) -> void {}
     virtual auto videoColor(unsigned, uint16_t, uint16_t, uint16_t, uint16_t) -> uint32_t { return 0u; }
     virtual auto videoRefresh(const uint32_t*, const uint32_t*, unsigned, unsigned, unsigned) -> void {}
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ struct Interface {
   Bind* bind = nullptr;
 
   //callback bindings (provided by user interface)
-  auto loadRequest(unsigned id, string name, string type) -> void { return bind->loadRequest(id, name, type); }
-  auto loadRequest(unsigned id, string path) -> void { return bind->loadRequest(id, path); }
+  auto loadRequest(unsigned id, string name, string type, bool required) -> void { return bind->loadRequest(id, name, type, required); }
+  auto loadRequest(unsigned id, string path, bool required) -> void { return bind->loadRequest(id, path, required); }
   auto saveRequest(unsigned id, string path) -> void { return bind->saveRequest(id, path); }
   auto videoColor(unsigned source, uint16_t alpha, uint16_t red, uint16_t green, uint16_t blue) -> uint32_t { return bind->videoColor(source, alpha, red, green, blue); }
   auto videoRefresh(const uint32_t* palette, const uint32_t* data, unsigned pitch, unsigned width, unsigned height) -> void { return bind->videoRefresh(palette, data, pitch, width, height); }
diff --git a/fc/cartridge/board/board.cpp b/fc/cartridge/board/board.cpp
index b33ba360..508f37d2 100644
--- a/fc/cartridge/board/board.cpp
+++ b/fc/cartridge/board/board.cpp
@@ -104,10 +104,10 @@ Board::Board(Markup::Node& document) {
   if(chrrom.size) chrrom.data = new uint8[chrrom.size]();
   if(chrram.size) chrram.data = new uint8[chrram.size]();
 
-  if(auto name = prom["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::ProgramROM, name);
-  if(auto name = pram["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::ProgramRAM, name);
-  if(auto name = crom["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::CharacterROM, name);
-  if(auto name = cram["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::CharacterRAM, name);
+  if(auto name = prom["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::ProgramROM, name, true);
+  if(auto name = pram["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::ProgramRAM, name, false);
+  if(auto name = crom["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::CharacterROM, name, true);
+  if(auto name = cram["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::CharacterRAM, name, false);
 
   if(auto name = pram["name"].text()) Famicom::cartridge.memory.append({ID::ProgramRAM, name});
   if(auto name = cram["name"].text()) Famicom::cartridge.memory.append({ID::CharacterRAM, name});
diff --git a/fc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp b/fc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
index 844c3b0d..ee4b500c 100644
--- a/fc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
+++ b/fc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ void Cartridge::main() {
 }
 
 void Cartridge::load() {
-  interface->loadRequest(ID::Manifest, "manifest.bml");
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::Manifest, "manifest.bml", true);
 
   Board::load(information.markup);  //this call will set Cartridge::board if successful
   if(board == nullptr) return;
diff --git a/fc/interface/interface.cpp b/fc/interface/interface.cpp
index 1d38d2b0..e495a48d 100644
--- a/fc/interface/interface.cpp
+++ b/fc/interface/interface.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ string Interface::sha256() {
 
 unsigned Interface::group(unsigned id) {
   switch(id) {
+  case ID::SystemManifest:
+    return 0;
   case ID::Manifest:
   case ID::ProgramROM:
   case ID::ProgramRAM:
@@ -48,7 +50,13 @@ void Interface::save() {
 }
 
 void Interface::load(unsigned id, const stream& stream) {
-  if(id == ID::Manifest) cartridge.information.markup = stream.text();
+  if(id == ID::SystemManifest) {
+    system.information.manifest = stream.text();
+  }
+
+  if(id == ID::Manifest) {
+    cartridge.information.markup = stream.text();
+  }
 
   if(id == ID::ProgramROM) {
     stream.read(cartridge.board->prgrom.data, min(cartridge.board->prgrom.size, stream.size()));
diff --git a/fc/interface/interface.hpp b/fc/interface/interface.hpp
index 63e9194a..9e5c1a78 100644
--- a/fc/interface/interface.hpp
+++ b/fc/interface/interface.hpp
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ struct ID {
   };
 
   enum : unsigned {
+    SystemManifest,
+
     Manifest,
     ProgramROM,
     ProgramRAM,
diff --git a/fc/system/system.cpp b/fc/system/system.cpp
index 39955f4d..2de228c9 100644
--- a/fc/system/system.cpp
+++ b/fc/system/system.cpp
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ void System::runthreadtosave() {
 }
 
 void System::load() {
-  string manifest = string::read({interface->path(ID::System), "manifest.bml"});
-  auto document = BML::unserialize(manifest);
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::SystemManifest, "manifest.bml", true);
+  auto document = BML::unserialize(information.manifest);
 
   serialize_init();
 }
diff --git a/fc/system/system.hpp b/fc/system/system.hpp
index 88b73c57..bda553a9 100644
--- a/fc/system/system.hpp
+++ b/fc/system/system.hpp
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@ struct System {
   void serialize_all(serializer&);
   void serialize_init();
   unsigned serialize_size;
+
+  struct Information {
+    string manifest;
+  } information;
 };
 
 extern System system;
diff --git a/gb/cartridge/cartridge.cpp b/gb/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
index 2d5a1a82..c54bb164 100644
--- a/gb/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
+++ b/gb/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ void Cartridge::load(System::Revision revision) {
 
   system.revision = revision;  //needed for ID::Manifest to return correct group ID
   if(revision != System::Revision::SuperGameBoy) {
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::Manifest, "manifest.bml");
+    interface->loadRequest(ID::Manifest, "manifest.bml", true);
   }
 
   information.mapper = Mapper::Unknown;
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ void Cartridge::load(System::Revision revision) {
 
   //Super Game Boy core loads memory from Super Famicom core
   if(revision != System::Revision::SuperGameBoy) {
-    if(auto name = rom["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::ROM, name);
-    if(auto name = ram["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::RAM, name);
+    if(auto name = rom["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::ROM, name, true);
+    if(auto name = ram["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::RAM, name, false);
     if(auto name = ram["name"].text()) memory.append({ID::RAM, name});
   }
 
diff --git a/gb/interface/interface.cpp b/gb/interface/interface.cpp
index fdddfc6e..0f8f3775 100644
--- a/gb/interface/interface.cpp
+++ b/gb/interface/interface.cpp
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ string Interface::sha256() {
 
 unsigned Interface::group(unsigned id) {
   switch(id) {
+  case ID::SystemManifest:
   case ID::GameBoyBootROM:
   case ID::SuperGameBoyBootROM:
   case ID::GameBoyColorBootROM:
@@ -68,6 +69,10 @@ void Interface::save() {
 }
 
 void Interface::load(unsigned id, const stream& stream) {
+  if(id == ID::SystemManifest) {
+    system.information.manifest = stream.text();
+  }
+
   if(id == ID::GameBoyBootROM) {
     stream.read(system.bootROM.dmg, min( 256u, stream.size()));
   }
@@ -80,7 +85,9 @@ void Interface::load(unsigned id, const stream& stream) {
     stream.read(system.bootROM.cgb, min(2048u, stream.size()));
   }
 
-  if(id == ID::Manifest) cartridge.information.markup = stream.text();
+  if(id == ID::Manifest) {
+    cartridge.information.markup = stream.text();
+  }
 
   if(id == ID::ROM) {
     stream.read(cartridge.romdata, min(cartridge.romsize, stream.size()));
diff --git a/gb/interface/interface.hpp b/gb/interface/interface.hpp
index 822eb1f0..54159ec0 100644
--- a/gb/interface/interface.hpp
+++ b/gb/interface/interface.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ struct ID {
   };
 
   enum : unsigned {
+    SystemManifest,
     GameBoyBootROM,
     SuperGameBoyBootROM,
     GameBoyColorBootROM,
diff --git a/gb/system/system.cpp b/gb/system/system.cpp
index f8f72344..9813e141 100644
--- a/gb/system/system.cpp
+++ b/gb/system/system.cpp
@@ -49,16 +49,14 @@ void System::load(Revision revision) {
   serialize_init();
   if(revision == Revision::SuperGameBoy) return;  //Super Famicom core loads boot ROM for SGB
 
-  string manifest = string::read({interface->path(ID::System), "manifest.bml"});
-  auto document = BML::unserialize(manifest);
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::SystemManifest, "manifest.bml", true);
+  auto document = BML::unserialize(information.manifest);
 
-  auto bootROM = document["system/cpu/rom/name"].text();
-  interface->loadRequest(
-    revision == Revision::GameBoy ? ID::GameBoyBootROM : ID::GameBoyColorBootROM,
-    bootROM
-  );
-  if(!file::exists({interface->path(ID::System), bootROM})) {
-    interface->notify("Error: required Game Boy firmware boot.rom not found.\n");
+  if(auto bootROM = document["system/cpu/rom/name"].text()) {
+    interface->loadRequest(
+      revision == Revision::GameBoy ? ID::GameBoyBootROM : ID::GameBoyColorBootROM,
+      bootROM, true
+    );
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/gb/system/system.hpp b/gb/system/system.hpp
index 736880c5..bd3a4a51 100644
--- a/gb/system/system.hpp
+++ b/gb/system/system.hpp
@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ struct System {
   void serialize_init();
 
   System();
+
+  struct Information {
+    string manifest;
+  } information;
 };
 
 #include <gb/interface/interface.hpp>
diff --git a/gba/cartridge/cartridge.cpp b/gba/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
index 815ef8c9..d8c87a9c 100644
--- a/gba/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
+++ b/gba/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ string Cartridge::title() {
 }
 
 void Cartridge::load() {
-  interface->loadRequest(ID::Manifest, "manifest.bml");
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::Manifest, "manifest.bml", true);
 
   auto document = BML::unserialize(information.markup);
   information.title = document["information/title"].text();
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ void Cartridge::load() {
   unsigned rom_size = 0;
   if(document["cartridge/rom"]) {
     auto info = document["cartridge/rom"];
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::ROM, info["name"].text());
+    interface->loadRequest(ID::ROM, info["name"].text(), true);
     rom_size = info["size"].decimal();
     for(unsigned addr = rom_size; addr < rom.size; addr++) {
       rom.data[addr] = rom.data[Bus::mirror(addr, rom_size)];
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ void Cartridge::load() {
       ram.mask = ram.size - 1;
       for(unsigned n = 0; n < ram.size; n++) ram.data[n] = 0xff;
 
-      interface->loadRequest(ID::RAM, info["name"].text());
+      interface->loadRequest(ID::RAM, info["name"].text(), false);
       memory.append({ID::RAM, info["name"].text()});
     }
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ void Cartridge::load() {
       eeprom.test = rom_size > 16 * 1024 * 1024 ? 0x0dffff00 : 0x0d000000;
       for(unsigned n = 0; n < eeprom.size; n++) eeprom.data[n] = 0xff;
 
-      interface->loadRequest(ID::EEPROM, info["name"].text());
+      interface->loadRequest(ID::EEPROM, info["name"].text(), false);
       memory.append({ID::EEPROM, info["name"].text()});
     }
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ void Cartridge::load() {
       if(!flashrom.id && flashrom.size ==  64 * 1024) flashrom.id = 0x1cc2;
       if(!flashrom.id && flashrom.size == 128 * 1024) flashrom.id = 0x09c2;
 
-      interface->loadRequest(ID::FlashROM, info["name"].text());
+      interface->loadRequest(ID::FlashROM, info["name"].text(), false);
       memory.append({ID::FlashROM, info["name"].text()});
     }
   }
diff --git a/gba/interface/interface.cpp b/gba/interface/interface.cpp
index e5618a5c..22a96c5b 100644
--- a/gba/interface/interface.cpp
+++ b/gba/interface/interface.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ bool Interface::loaded() {
 
 unsigned Interface::group(unsigned id) {
   switch(id) {
+  case ID::SystemManifest:
   case ID::BIOS:
     return ID::System;
   case ID::Manifest:
@@ -46,11 +47,17 @@ void Interface::save() {
 }
 
 void Interface::load(unsigned id, const stream& stream) {
+  if(id == ID::SystemManifest) {
+    system.information.manifest = stream.text();
+  }
+
   if(id == ID::BIOS) {
     stream.read(bios.data, min(bios.size, stream.size()));
   }
 
-  if(id == ID::Manifest) cartridge.information.markup = stream.text();
+  if(id == ID::Manifest) {
+    cartridge.information.markup = stream.text();
+  }
 
   if(id == ID::ROM) {
     stream.read(cartridge.rom.data, min(cartridge.rom.size, stream.size()));
diff --git a/gba/interface/interface.hpp b/gba/interface/interface.hpp
index 8553e19a..f4d9bfca 100644
--- a/gba/interface/interface.hpp
+++ b/gba/interface/interface.hpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ struct ID {
   };
 
   enum : unsigned {
+    SystemManifest,
     BIOS,
 
     Manifest,
diff --git a/gba/system/system.cpp b/gba/system/system.cpp
index ee7e2028..ebcb2cba 100644
--- a/gba/system/system.cpp
+++ b/gba/system/system.cpp
@@ -24,13 +24,11 @@ void System::power() {
 }
 
 void System::load() {
-  string manifest = string::read({interface->path(ID::System), "manifest.bml"});
-  auto document = BML::unserialize(manifest);
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::SystemManifest, "manifest.bml", true);
+  auto document = BML::unserialize(information.manifest);
 
-  auto bios = document["system/cpu/rom/name"].text();
-  interface->loadRequest(ID::BIOS, bios);
-  if(!file::exists({interface->path(ID::System), bios})) {
-    interface->notify("Error: required Game Boy Advance firmware bios.rom not found.\n");
+  if(auto bios = document["system/cpu/rom/name"].text()) {
+    interface->loadRequest(ID::BIOS, bios, true);
   }
 
   serialize_init();
diff --git a/gba/system/system.hpp b/gba/system/system.hpp
index 6e82244d..8ff55476 100644
--- a/gba/system/system.hpp
+++ b/gba/system/system.hpp
@@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ struct System {
   void serialize(serializer&);
   void serialize_all(serializer&);
   void serialize_init();
+
+  struct Information {
+    string manifest;
+  } information;
 };
 
 extern BIOS bios;
diff --git a/hiro/core/core.hpp b/hiro/core/core.hpp
index 3e6afa68..5980a531 100644
--- a/hiro/core/core.hpp
+++ b/hiro/core/core.hpp
@@ -1353,12 +1353,14 @@ struct mListViewItem : mObject {
   auto backgroundColor() const -> Color;
   auto cell(unsigned position) const -> ListViewCell;
   auto cells() const -> unsigned;
+  auto checkable() const -> bool;
   auto checked() const -> bool;
   auto foregroundColor() const -> Color;
   auto remove() -> type& override;
   auto remove(sListViewCell cell) -> type&;
   auto selected() const -> bool;
   auto setBackgroundColor(Color color = {}) -> type&;
+  auto setCheckable(bool checkable = true) -> type&;
   auto setChecked(bool checked = true) -> type&;
   auto setFocused() -> type& override;
   auto setForegroundColor(Color color = {}) -> type&;
@@ -1369,6 +1371,7 @@ struct mListViewItem : mObject {
   struct State {
     Color backgroundColor;
     vector<sListViewCell> cells;
+    bool checkable = true;
     bool checked = false;
     Color foregroundColor;
     bool selected = false;
diff --git a/hiro/core/shared.hpp b/hiro/core/shared.hpp
index 86dc79f6..00c3a671 100644
--- a/hiro/core/shared.hpp
+++ b/hiro/core/shared.hpp
@@ -502,11 +502,13 @@ struct ListViewItem : sListViewItem {
   auto backgroundColor() const { return self().backgroundColor(); }
   auto cell(unsigned position) const { return self().cell(position); }
   auto cells() const { return self().cells(); }
+  auto checkable() const { return self().checkable(); }
   auto checked() const { return self().checked(); }
   auto foregroundColor() const { return self().foregroundColor(); }
   auto remove(sListViewCell cell) { return self().remove(cell), *this; }
   auto selected() const { return self().selected(); }
   auto setBackgroundColor(Color color = {}) { return self().setBackgroundColor(color), *this; }
+  auto setCheckable(bool checkable = true) { return self().setCheckable(checkable), *this; }
   auto setChecked(bool checked = true) { return self().setChecked(checked), *this; }
   auto setForegroundColor(Color color = {}) { return self().setForegroundColor(color), *this; }
   auto setSelected(bool selected = true) { return self().setSelected(selected), *this; }
diff --git a/hiro/core/widget/list-view-item.cpp b/hiro/core/widget/list-view-item.cpp
index d3629fe0..87209bb9 100644
--- a/hiro/core/widget/list-view-item.cpp
+++ b/hiro/core/widget/list-view-item.cpp
@@ -26,8 +26,12 @@ auto mListViewItem::cells() const -> unsigned {
   return state.cells.size();
 }
 
+auto mListViewItem::checkable() const -> bool {
+  return state.checkable;
+}
+
 auto mListViewItem::checked() const -> bool {
-  return state.checked;
+  return state.checkable && state.checked;
 }
 
 auto mListViewItem::foregroundColor() const -> Color {
@@ -59,6 +63,12 @@ auto mListViewItem::setBackgroundColor(Color color) -> type& {
   return *this;
 }
 
+auto mListViewItem::setCheckable(bool checkable) -> type& {
+  state.checkable = checkable;
+  signal(setCheckable, checkable);
+  return *this;
+}
+
 auto mListViewItem::setChecked(bool checked) -> type& {
   state.checked = checked;
   signal(setChecked, checked);
diff --git a/hiro/extension/browser-dialog.cpp b/hiro/extension/browser-dialog.cpp
index 903ed8d6..c71baa37 100644
--- a/hiro/extension/browser-dialog.cpp
+++ b/hiro/extension/browser-dialog.cpp
@@ -163,7 +163,6 @@ auto BrowserDialogWindow::setPath(string path) -> void {
 
   view.reset();
   view.append(ListViewColumn().setExpandable());
-  view.append(ListViewColumn().setForegroundColor({192, 128, 128}));
 
   auto contents = directory::icontents(path);
   bool folderMode = state.action == "openFolder";
@@ -175,7 +174,6 @@ auto BrowserDialogWindow::setPath(string path) -> void {
 
     view.append(ListViewItem()
       .append(ListViewCell().setText(content).setIcon(Icon::Emblem::Folder))
-      .append(ListViewCell().setText(octal(file_system_object::mode({path, content}) & 0777, 3L)))
     );
   }
 
@@ -186,7 +184,6 @@ auto BrowserDialogWindow::setPath(string path) -> void {
 
     view.append(ListViewItem()
       .append(ListViewCell().setText(content).setIcon(folderMode ? Icon::Action::Open : Icon::Emblem::File))
-      .append(ListViewCell().setText(octal(file_system_object::mode({path, content}) & 0777, 3L)))
     );
   }
 
diff --git a/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view-column.cpp b/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view-column.cpp
index 0a6834a7..a37b76d4 100644
--- a/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view-column.cpp
+++ b/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view-column.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ auto pListViewColumn::construct() -> void {
     gtkCellToggle = gtk_cell_renderer_toggle_new();
     gtk_tree_view_column_pack_start(gtkColumn, gtkCellToggle, false);
     gtk_tree_view_column_set_attributes(gtkColumn, gtkCellToggle, "active", 0, nullptr);
+    gtk_tree_view_column_set_cell_data_func(gtkColumn, GTK_CELL_RENDERER(gtkCellToggle), (GtkTreeCellDataFunc)ListView_cellRendererToggleDataFunc, (gpointer)_parent(), nullptr);
   }
 
   gtkCellIcon = gtk_cell_renderer_pixbuf_new();
diff --git a/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view-item.cpp b/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view-item.cpp
index ca597256..2efaa9e7 100644
--- a/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view-item.cpp
+++ b/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view-item.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ auto pListViewItem::remove(sListViewCell cell) -> void {
 auto pListViewItem::setBackgroundColor(Color color) -> void {
 }
 
+auto pListViewItem::setCheckable(bool checkable) -> void {
+}
+
 auto pListViewItem::setChecked(bool checked) -> void {
   if(auto parent = _parent()) {
     gtk_list_store_set(parent->gtkListStore, &gtkIter, 0, checked, -1);
diff --git a/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view-item.hpp b/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view-item.hpp
index 0695ba21..51542b18 100644
--- a/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view-item.hpp
+++ b/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view-item.hpp
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ struct pListViewItem : pObject {
   auto append(sListViewCell cell) -> void;
   auto remove(sListViewCell cell) -> void;
   auto setBackgroundColor(Color color) -> void;
+  auto setCheckable(bool checkable) -> void;
   auto setChecked(bool checked) -> void;
   auto setFocused() -> void;
   auto setForegroundColor(Color color) -> void;
diff --git a/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view.cpp b/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view.cpp
index 5308645b..d6e2df9e 100644
--- a/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view.cpp
+++ b/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view.cpp
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ static auto ListView_edit(GtkCellRendererText* renderer, const char* path, const
 static auto ListView_headerActivate(GtkTreeViewColumn* column, pListView* p) -> void { return p->_doHeaderActivate(column); }
 static auto ListView_mouseMoveEvent(GtkWidget*, GdkEvent*, pListView* p) -> signed { return p->_doMouseMove(); }
 static auto ListView_popup(GtkTreeView*, pListView* p) -> void { return p->_doContext(); }
+
+static auto ListView_cellRendererToggleDataFunc(GtkTreeViewColumn* column, GtkCellRenderer* renderer, GtkTreeModel* model, GtkTreeIter* iter, pListView* p) -> void { return p->_doCellRendererToggleDataFunc(renderer, iter); }
 static auto ListView_toggle(GtkCellRendererToggle*, const char* path, pListView* p) -> void { return p->_doToggle(path); }
 
 auto pListView::construct() -> void {
@@ -276,6 +278,15 @@ auto pListView::_doActivate() -> void {
   if(!locked()) self().doActivate();
 }
 
+auto pListView::_doCellRendererToggleDataFunc(GtkCellRenderer* renderer, GtkTreeIter* iter) -> void {
+  auto path = gtk_tree_model_get_string_from_iter(gtkTreeModel, iter);
+  auto row = decimal(path);
+  if(auto item = self().item(row)) {
+    gtk_cell_renderer_set_visible(renderer, state().checkable && item->state.checkable);
+  }
+  g_free(path);
+}
+
 auto pListView::_doChange() -> void {
   if(!locked()) _updateSelected();
 }
diff --git a/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view.hpp b/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view.hpp
index 852e4298..125c2db0 100644
--- a/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view.hpp
+++ b/hiro/gtk/widget/list-view.hpp
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ struct pListView : pWidget {
   auto _columnWidth(unsigned column) -> unsigned;
   auto _createModel() -> void;
   auto _doActivate() -> void;
+  auto _doCellRendererToggleDataFunc(GtkCellRenderer* renderer, GtkTreeIter* iter) -> void;
   auto _doChange() -> void;
   auto _doContext() -> void;
   auto _doEdit(GtkCellRendererText* renderer, const char* path, const char* text) -> void;
diff --git a/hiro/windows/widget/check-label.cpp b/hiro/windows/widget/check-label.cpp
index 60fd9b36..d263c7bb 100644
--- a/hiro/windows/widget/check-label.cpp
+++ b/hiro/windows/widget/check-label.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ auto pCheckLabel::destruct() -> void {
   DestroyWindow(hwnd);
 }
 
-auto pCheckLabel::minimumSize() -> Size {
+auto pCheckLabel::minimumSize() const -> Size {
   auto size = pFont::size(hfont, state().text);
   return {size.width() + 20, size.height() + 4};
 }
diff --git a/hiro/windows/widget/check-label.hpp b/hiro/windows/widget/check-label.hpp
index f9bad68b..9b6f3a96 100644
--- a/hiro/windows/widget/check-label.hpp
+++ b/hiro/windows/widget/check-label.hpp
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ namespace hiro {
 struct pCheckLabel : pWidget {
   Declare(CheckLabel, Widget)
 
-  auto minimumSize() -> Size;
+  auto minimumSize() const -> Size override;
   auto setChecked(bool checked) -> void;
   auto setText(const string& text) -> void;
 
diff --git a/hiro/windows/widget/list-view-item.cpp b/hiro/windows/widget/list-view-item.cpp
index c4d6371b..34e19b32 100644
--- a/hiro/windows/widget/list-view-item.cpp
+++ b/hiro/windows/widget/list-view-item.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ auto pListViewItem::remove(sListViewCell cell) -> void {
 auto pListViewItem::setBackgroundColor(Color color) -> void {
 }
 
+auto pListViewItem::setCheckable(bool checkable) -> void {
+}
+
 auto pListViewItem::setChecked(bool checked) -> void {
   if(auto parent = _parent()) {
     parent->lock();
diff --git a/hiro/windows/widget/list-view-item.hpp b/hiro/windows/widget/list-view-item.hpp
index 0cbde662..159c9d61 100644
--- a/hiro/windows/widget/list-view-item.hpp
+++ b/hiro/windows/widget/list-view-item.hpp
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ struct pListViewItem : pObject {
   auto append(sListViewCell cell) -> void;
   auto remove(sListViewCell cell) -> void;
   auto setBackgroundColor(Color color) -> void;
+  auto setCheckable(bool checkable) -> void;
   auto setChecked(bool checked) -> void;
   auto setFocused() -> void;
   auto setForegroundColor(Color color) -> void;
diff --git a/hiro/windows/widget/list-view.cpp b/hiro/windows/widget/list-view.cpp
index 85bd425e..66c89ab5 100644
--- a/hiro/windows/widget/list-view.cpp
+++ b/hiro/windows/widget/list-view.cpp
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ auto pListView::onCustomDraw(LPARAM lparam) -> LRESULT {
       HBRUSH brush = CreateSolidBrush(selected ? GetSysColor(COLOR_HIGHLIGHT) : CreateRGB(_backgroundColor(row, column)));
       FillRect(hdc, &rc, brush);
       DeleteObject(brush);
-      if(state().checkable && column == 0) {
+      if(state().checkable && self().item(row).checkable() && column == 0) {
         if(auto htheme = OpenThemeData(hwnd, L"BUTTON")) {
           unsigned state = checked ? CBS_CHECKEDNORMAL : CBS_UNCHECKEDNORMAL;
           SIZE size;
diff --git a/nall/GNUmakefile b/nall/GNUmakefile
index f2b6ee05..1d836fcf 100644
--- a/nall/GNUmakefile
+++ b/nall/GNUmakefile
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# disable built-in rules and variables
+MAKEFLAGS := Rr
+.SUFFIXES:
+
 [A-Z] = A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
 [a-z] = a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
 [0-9] = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
diff --git a/nall/intrinsics.hpp b/nall/intrinsics.hpp
index 28622648..d0d6cb36 100644
--- a/nall/intrinsics.hpp
+++ b/nall/intrinsics.hpp
@@ -37,11 +37,15 @@ namespace nall {
 #elif defined(__GNUC__)
   #define COMPILER_GCC
   auto Intrinsics::compiler() -> Compiler { return Compiler::GCC; }
+
+  #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wunknown-pragmas"
+  #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wpragmas"
+  #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wswitch-bool"
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
   #define COMPILER_VISUALCPP
   auto Intrinsics::compiler() -> Compiler { return Compiler::VisualCPP; }
 
-  #pragma warning(disable:4996)  //disable libc "deprecation" warnings
+  #pragma warning(disable:4996)  //libc "deprecation" warnings
 #else
   #warning "unable to detect compiler"
   #define COMPILER_UNKNOWN
diff --git a/nall/string/base.hpp b/nall/string/base.hpp
index 1f4ec0cf..51b5bb66 100644
--- a/nall/string/base.hpp
+++ b/nall/string/base.hpp
@@ -340,6 +340,7 @@ template<typename... P> auto append(lstring& self, const string& value, P&&... p
 inline auto append(lstring& self) -> lstring&;
 inline auto find(const lstring& self, const string& source) -> maybe<unsigned>;
 inline auto ifind(const lstring& self, const string& source) -> maybe<unsigned>;
+inline auto match(const lstring& self, const string& pattern) -> lstring;
 inline auto merge(const lstring& self, const string& separator) -> string;
 inline auto strip(lstring& self) -> lstring&;
 
@@ -368,6 +369,7 @@ struct lstring : vector<string> {
   template<typename... P> auto append(P&&... p) -> type& { return nall::append(*this, forward<P>(p)...); }
   auto find(const string& source) const -> maybe<unsigned> { return nall::find(*this, source); }
   auto ifind(const string& source) const -> maybe<unsigned> { return nall::ifind(*this, source); }
+  auto match(const string& pattern) const -> lstring { return nall::match(*this, pattern); }
   auto merge(const string& separator) const -> string { return nall::merge(*this, separator); }
   auto strip() -> type& { return nall::strip(*this); }
 
diff --git a/nall/string/list.hpp b/nall/string/list.hpp
index 6b9f4f78..1ada1c90 100644
--- a/nall/string/list.hpp
+++ b/nall/string/list.hpp
@@ -46,6 +46,14 @@ auto ifind(const lstring& self, const string& source) -> maybe<unsigned> {
   return nothing;
 }
 
+auto match(const lstring& self, const string& pattern) -> lstring {
+  lstring result;
+  for(unsigned n = 0; n < self.size(); n++) {
+    if(self[n].match(pattern)) result.append(self[n]);
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
 auto merge(const lstring& self, const string& separator) -> string {
   string output;
   for(unsigned n = 0; n < self.size(); n++) {
diff --git a/sfc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp b/sfc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
index 2acbc99a..2647d9de 100644
--- a/sfc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
+++ b/sfc/cartridge/cartridge.cpp
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> void {
   information.title.sufamiTurboA  = "";
   information.title.sufamiTurboB  = "";
 
-  interface->loadRequest(ID::Manifest, "manifest.bml");
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::Manifest, "manifest.bml", true);
   parseMarkup(information.markup.cartridge);
 
   //Super Game Boy
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ auto Cartridge::load() -> void {
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::loadSuperGameBoy() -> void {
-  interface->loadRequest(ID::SuperGameBoyManifest, "manifest.bml");
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::SuperGameBoyManifest, "manifest.bml", true);
   auto document = BML::unserialize(information.markup.gameBoy);
   information.title.gameBoy = document["information/title"].text();
 
@@ -125,13 +125,13 @@ auto Cartridge::loadSuperGameBoy() -> void {
   GameBoy::cartridge.information.markup = information.markup.gameBoy;
   GameBoy::cartridge.load(GameBoy::System::Revision::SuperGameBoy);
 
-  if(auto name = rom["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::SuperGameBoyROM, name);
-  if(auto name = ram["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::SuperGameBoyRAM, name);
+  if(auto name = rom["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::SuperGameBoyROM, name, true);
+  if(auto name = ram["name"].text()) interface->loadRequest(ID::SuperGameBoyRAM, name, false);
   if(auto name = ram["name"].text()) memory.append({ID::SuperGameBoyRAM, name});
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::loadSatellaview() -> void {
-  interface->loadRequest(ID::SatellaviewManifest, "manifest.bml");
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::SatellaviewManifest, "manifest.bml", true);
   auto document = BML::unserialize(information.markup.satellaview);
   information.title.satellaview = document["information/title"].text();
 
@@ -140,14 +140,14 @@ auto Cartridge::loadSatellaview() -> void {
   if(rom["name"]) {
     unsigned size = rom["size"].decimal();
     satellaviewcartridge.memory.map(allocate<uint8>(size, 0xff), size);
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::SatellaviewROM, rom["name"].text());
+    interface->loadRequest(ID::SatellaviewROM, rom["name"].text(), true);
 
     satellaviewcartridge.readonly = (rom["type"].text() == "MaskROM");
   }
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::loadSufamiTurboA() -> void {
-  interface->loadRequest(ID::SufamiTurboSlotAManifest, "manifest.bml");
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::SufamiTurboSlotAManifest, "manifest.bml", true);
   auto document = BML::unserialize(information.markup.sufamiTurboA);
   information.title.sufamiTurboA = document["information/title"].text();
 
@@ -157,23 +157,23 @@ auto Cartridge::loadSufamiTurboA() -> void {
   if(rom["name"]) {
     unsigned size = rom["size"].decimal();
     sufamiturboA.rom.map(allocate<uint8>(size, 0xff), size);
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::SufamiTurboSlotAROM, rom["name"].text());
+    interface->loadRequest(ID::SufamiTurboSlotAROM, rom["name"].text(), true);
   }
 
   if(ram["name"]) {
     unsigned size = ram["size"].decimal();
     sufamiturboA.ram.map(allocate<uint8>(size, 0xff), size);
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::SufamiTurboSlotARAM, ram["name"].text());
+    interface->loadRequest(ID::SufamiTurboSlotARAM, ram["name"].text(), false);
     memory.append({ID::SufamiTurboSlotARAM, ram["name"].text()});
   }
 
   if(document["cartridge/linkable"]) {
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::SufamiTurboSlotB, "Sufami Turbo - Slot B", "st");
+    interface->loadRequest(ID::SufamiTurboSlotB, "Sufami Turbo - Slot B", "st", false);
   }
 }
 
 auto Cartridge::loadSufamiTurboB() -> void {
-  interface->loadRequest(ID::SufamiTurboSlotBManifest, "manifest.bml");
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::SufamiTurboSlotBManifest, "manifest.bml", true);
   auto document = BML::unserialize(information.markup.sufamiTurboB);
   information.title.sufamiTurboB = document["information/title"].text();
 
@@ -183,13 +183,13 @@ auto Cartridge::loadSufamiTurboB() -> void {
   if(rom["name"]) {
     unsigned size = rom["size"].decimal();
     sufamiturboB.rom.map(allocate<uint8>(size, 0xff), size);
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::SufamiTurboSlotBROM, rom["name"].text());
+    interface->loadRequest(ID::SufamiTurboSlotBROM, rom["name"].text(), true);
   }
 
   if(ram["name"]) {
     unsigned size = ram["size"].decimal();
     sufamiturboB.ram.map(allocate<uint8>(size, 0xff), size);
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::SufamiTurboSlotBRAM, ram["name"].text());
+    interface->loadRequest(ID::SufamiTurboSlotBRAM, ram["name"].text(), false);
     memory.append({ID::SufamiTurboSlotBRAM, ram["name"].text()});
   }
 }
diff --git a/sfc/cartridge/markup.cpp b/sfc/cartridge/markup.cpp
index f76da21d..7e8f9ca8 100644
--- a/sfc/cartridge/markup.cpp
+++ b/sfc/cartridge/markup.cpp
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ auto Cartridge::parseMarkupMemory(MappedRAM& ram, Markup::Node node, unsigned id
   unsigned size = node["size"].decimal();
   ram.map(allocate<uint8>(size, 0xff), size);
   if(name) {
-    interface->loadRequest(id, name);
+    interface->loadRequest(id, name, !writable);  //treat ROM as required; RAM as optional
     if(writable) memory.append({id, name});
   }
 }
@@ -83,10 +83,10 @@ auto Cartridge::parseMarkupICD2(Markup::Node root) -> void {
   icd2.revision = max(1, root["revision"].decimal());
 
   GameBoy::cartridge.load_empty(GameBoy::System::Revision::SuperGameBoy);
-  interface->loadRequest(ID::SuperGameBoy, "Game Boy", "gb");
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::SuperGameBoy, "Game Boy", "gb", false);
 
   string bootROMName = root["rom/name"].text();
-  interface->loadRequest(ID::SuperGameBoyBootROM, bootROMName);
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::SuperGameBoyBootROM, bootROMName, true);
 
   for(auto node : root.find("map")) {
     if(node["id"].text() == "io") {
@@ -309,10 +309,10 @@ auto Cartridge::parseMarkupARMDSP(Markup::Node root) -> void {
   string dataROMName = rom(1)["name"].text();
   string dataRAMName = ram(0)["name"].text();
 
-  interface->loadRequest(ID::ArmDSPPROM, programROMName);
-  interface->loadRequest(ID::ArmDSPDROM, dataROMName);
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::ArmDSPPROM, programROMName, true);
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::ArmDSPDROM, dataROMName, true);
   if(dataRAMName.empty() == false) {
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::ArmDSPRAM, dataRAMName);
+    interface->loadRequest(ID::ArmDSPRAM, dataRAMName, false);
     memory.append({ID::ArmDSPRAM, dataRAMName});
   }
 
@@ -344,9 +344,9 @@ auto Cartridge::parseMarkupHitachiDSP(Markup::Node root, unsigned roms) -> void
   string dataROMName = rom(1)["name"].text();
   string dataRAMName = ram(1)["name"].text();
 
-  interface->loadRequest(ID::HitachiDSPDROM, dataROMName);
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::HitachiDSPDROM, dataROMName, true);
   if(dataRAMName.empty() == false) {
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::HitachiDSPDRAM, dataRAMName);
+    interface->loadRequest(ID::HitachiDSPDRAM, dataRAMName, false);
   }
 
   for(auto node : root.find("map")) {
@@ -394,19 +394,19 @@ auto Cartridge::parseMarkupNECDSP(Markup::Node root) -> void {
   string dataRAMName = ram(0)["name"].text();
 
   if(necdsp.revision == NECDSP::Revision::uPD7725) {
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::Nec7725DSPPROM, programROMName);
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::Nec7725DSPDROM, dataROMName);
+    interface->loadRequest(ID::Nec7725DSPPROM, programROMName, true);
+    interface->loadRequest(ID::Nec7725DSPDROM, dataROMName, true);
     if(dataRAMName.empty() == false) {
-      interface->loadRequest(ID::Nec7725DSPRAM, dataRAMName);
+      interface->loadRequest(ID::Nec7725DSPRAM, dataRAMName, false);
       memory.append({ID::Nec7725DSPRAM, dataRAMName});
     }
   }
 
   if(necdsp.revision == NECDSP::Revision::uPD96050) {
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::Nec96050DSPPROM, programROMName);
-    interface->loadRequest(ID::Nec96050DSPDROM, dataROMName);
+    interface->loadRequest(ID::Nec96050DSPPROM, programROMName, true);
+    interface->loadRequest(ID::Nec96050DSPDROM, dataROMName, true);
     if(dataRAMName.empty() == false) {
-      interface->loadRequest(ID::Nec96050DSPRAM, dataRAMName);
+      interface->loadRequest(ID::Nec96050DSPRAM, dataRAMName, false);
       memory.append({ID::Nec96050DSPRAM, dataRAMName});
     }
   }
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ auto Cartridge::parseMarkupEpsonRTC(Markup::Node root) -> void {
   hasEpsonRTC = true;
 
   string name = root["ram/name"].text();
-  interface->loadRequest(ID::EpsonRTC, name);
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::EpsonRTC, name, false);
   memory.append({ID::EpsonRTC, name});
 
   for(auto node : root.find("map")) {
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ auto Cartridge::parseMarkupSharpRTC(Markup::Node root) -> void {
   hasSharpRTC = true;
 
   string name = root["ram/name"].text();
-  interface->loadRequest(ID::SharpRTC, name);
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::SharpRTC, name, false);
   memory.append({ID::SharpRTC, name});
 
   for(auto node : root.find("map")) {
diff --git a/sfc/cheat/cheat.cpp b/sfc/cheat/cheat.cpp
index 8eee902e..14a2ef64 100644
--- a/sfc/cheat/cheat.cpp
+++ b/sfc/cheat/cheat.cpp
@@ -5,19 +5,19 @@ namespace SuperFamicom {
 
 Cheat cheat;
 
-void Cheat::reset() {
+auto Cheat::reset() -> void {
   codes.reset();
 }
 
-void Cheat::append(unsigned addr, unsigned data) {
+auto Cheat::append(unsigned addr, unsigned data) -> void {
   codes.append({addr, Unused, data});
 }
 
-void Cheat::append(unsigned addr, unsigned comp, unsigned data) {
+auto Cheat::append(unsigned addr, unsigned comp, unsigned data) -> void {
   codes.append({addr, comp, data});
 }
 
-maybe<unsigned> Cheat::find(unsigned addr, unsigned comp) {
+auto Cheat::find(unsigned addr, unsigned comp) -> maybe<unsigned> {
   //WRAM mirroring: $00-3f,80-bf:0000-1fff -> $7e:0000-1fff
   if((addr & 0x40e000) == 0x000000) addr = 0x7e0000 | (addr & 0x1fff);
 
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ maybe<unsigned> Cheat::find(unsigned addr, unsigned comp) {
       return code.data;
     }
   }
+
   return nothing;
 }
 
diff --git a/sfc/cheat/cheat.hpp b/sfc/cheat/cheat.hpp
index 43f2d05c..d97fafe8 100644
--- a/sfc/cheat/cheat.hpp
+++ b/sfc/cheat/cheat.hpp
@@ -1,17 +1,19 @@
 struct Cheat {
+  enum : unsigned { Unused = ~0u };
+
+  alwaysinline auto enable() const -> bool { return codes.size() > 0; }
+
+  auto reset() -> void;
+  auto append(unsigned addr, unsigned data) -> void;
+  auto append(unsigned addr, unsigned comp, unsigned data) -> void;
+  auto find(unsigned addr, unsigned comp) -> maybe<unsigned>;
+
   struct Code {
     unsigned addr;
     unsigned comp;
     unsigned data;
   };
   vector<Code> codes;
-  enum : unsigned { Unused = ~0u };
-
-  alwaysinline bool enable() const { return codes.size() > 0; }
-  void reset();
-  void append(unsigned addr, unsigned data);
-  void append(unsigned addr, unsigned comp, unsigned data);
-  maybe<unsigned> find(unsigned addr, unsigned comp);
 };
 
 extern Cheat cheat;
diff --git a/sfc/controller/controller.cpp b/sfc/controller/controller.cpp
index 92f1d77e..69932835 100644
--- a/sfc/controller/controller.cpp
+++ b/sfc/controller/controller.cpp
@@ -10,21 +10,25 @@ namespace SuperFamicom {
 #include "justifier/justifier.cpp"
 #include "usart/usart.cpp"
 
-void Controller::Enter() {
+Controller::Controller(bool port) : port(port) {
+  if(!thread) create(Controller::Enter, 1);
+}
+
+auto Controller::Enter() -> void {
   if(co_active() == input.port1->thread) input.port1->enter();
   if(co_active() == input.port2->thread) input.port2->enter();
 }
 
-void Controller::enter() {
+auto Controller::enter() -> void {
   while(true) step(1);
 }
 
-void Controller::step(unsigned clocks) {
+auto Controller::step(unsigned clocks) -> void {
   clock += clocks * (uint64)cpu.frequency;
   synchronize_cpu();
 }
 
-void Controller::synchronize_cpu() {
+auto Controller::synchronize_cpu() -> void {
   if(CPU::Threaded == true) {
     if(clock >= 0 && scheduler.sync != Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::All) co_switch(cpu.thread);
   } else {
@@ -32,22 +36,18 @@ void Controller::synchronize_cpu() {
   }
 }
 
-bool Controller::iobit() {
+auto Controller::iobit() -> bool {
   switch(port) {
   case Controller::Port1: return cpu.pio() & 0x40;
   case Controller::Port2: return cpu.pio() & 0x80;
   }
 }
 
-void Controller::iobit(bool data) {
+auto Controller::iobit(bool data) -> void {
   switch(port) {
   case Controller::Port1: bus.write(0x4201, (cpu.pio() & ~0x40) | (data << 6)); break;
   case Controller::Port2: bus.write(0x4201, (cpu.pio() & ~0x80) | (data << 7)); break;
   }
 }
 
-Controller::Controller(bool port) : port(port) {
-  if(!thread) create(Controller::Enter, 1);
-}
-
 }
diff --git a/sfc/controller/controller.hpp b/sfc/controller/controller.hpp
index cdca5bad..2f9c4368 100644
--- a/sfc/controller/controller.hpp
+++ b/sfc/controller/controller.hpp
@@ -13,18 +13,21 @@
 
 struct Controller : Thread {
   enum : bool { Port1 = 0, Port2 = 1 };
-  const bool port;
 
-  static void Enter();
-  virtual void enter();
-  void step(unsigned clocks);
-  void synchronize_cpu();
-
-  bool iobit();
-  void iobit(bool data);
-  virtual uint2 data() { return 0; }
-  virtual void latch(bool data) {}
   Controller(bool port);
+
+  static auto Enter() -> void;
+  virtual auto enter() -> void;
+
+  auto step(unsigned clocks) -> void;
+  auto synchronize_cpu() -> void;
+
+  auto iobit() -> bool;
+  auto iobit(bool data) -> void;
+  virtual auto data() -> uint2 { return 0; }
+  virtual auto latch(bool data) -> void {}
+
+  const bool port;
 };
 
 #include "gamepad/gamepad.hpp"
diff --git a/sfc/interface/interface.cpp b/sfc/interface/interface.cpp
index 205a06cc..94f9b985 100644
--- a/sfc/interface/interface.cpp
+++ b/sfc/interface/interface.cpp
@@ -4,31 +4,150 @@ namespace SuperFamicom {
 
 Interface* interface = nullptr;
 
-string Interface::title() {
+Interface::Interface() {
+  interface = this;
+  system.init();
+
+  information.name        = "Super Famicom";
+  information.width       = 256;
+  information.height      = 240;
+  information.overscan    = true;
+  information.aspectRatio = 8.0 / 7.0;
+  information.resettable  = true;
+  information.capability.states = true;
+  information.capability.cheats = true;
+
+  media.append({ID::SuperFamicom, "Super Famicom",    "sfc", true });
+  media.append({ID::SuperFamicom, "Game Boy",         "gb",  false});
+  media.append({ID::SuperFamicom, "BS-X Satellaview", "bs",  false});
+  media.append({ID::SuperFamicom, "Sufami Turbo",     "st",  false});
+
+  { Device device{0, ID::Port1 | ID::Port2, "Controller"};
+    device.input.append({ 0, 0, "B"     });
+    device.input.append({ 1, 0, "Y"     });
+    device.input.append({ 2, 0, "Select"});
+    device.input.append({ 3, 0, "Start" });
+    device.input.append({ 4, 0, "Up"    });
+    device.input.append({ 5, 0, "Down"  });
+    device.input.append({ 6, 0, "Left"  });
+    device.input.append({ 7, 0, "Right" });
+    device.input.append({ 8, 0, "A"     });
+    device.input.append({ 9, 0, "X"     });
+    device.input.append({10, 0, "L"     });
+    device.input.append({11, 0, "R"     });
+    device.order = {4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 8, 1, 9, 10, 11, 2, 3};
+    this->device.append(device);
+  }
+
+  { Device device{1, ID::Port1 | ID::Port2, "Multitap"};
+    for(unsigned p = 1, n = 0; p <= 4; p++, n += 12) {
+      device.input.append({n +  0, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "B"     }});
+      device.input.append({n +  1, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Y"     }});
+      device.input.append({n +  2, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Select"}});
+      device.input.append({n +  3, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Start" }});
+      device.input.append({n +  4, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Up"    }});
+      device.input.append({n +  5, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Down"  }});
+      device.input.append({n +  6, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Left"  }});
+      device.input.append({n +  7, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Right" }});
+      device.input.append({n +  8, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "A"     }});
+      device.input.append({n +  9, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "X"     }});
+      device.input.append({n + 10, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "L"     }});
+      device.input.append({n + 11, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "R"     }});
+      device.order.append(n + 4, n + 5, n +  6, n +  7, n + 0, n + 8);
+      device.order.append(n + 1, n + 9, n + 10, n + 11, n + 2, n + 3);
+    }
+    this->device.append(device);
+  }
+
+  { Device device{2, ID::Port1 | ID::Port2, "Mouse"};
+    device.input.append({0, 1, "X-axis"});
+    device.input.append({1, 1, "Y-axis"});
+    device.input.append({2, 0, "Left"  });
+    device.input.append({3, 0, "Right" });
+    device.order = {0, 1, 2, 3};
+    this->device.append(device);
+  }
+
+  { Device device{3, ID::Port2, "Super Scope"};
+    device.input.append({0, 1, "X-axis" });
+    device.input.append({1, 1, "Y-axis" });
+    device.input.append({2, 0, "Trigger"});
+    device.input.append({3, 0, "Cursor" });
+    device.input.append({4, 0, "Turbo"  });
+    device.input.append({5, 0, "Pause"  });
+    device.order = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
+    this->device.append(device);
+  }
+
+  { Device device{4, ID::Port2, "Justifier"};
+    device.input.append({0, 1, "X-axis" });
+    device.input.append({1, 1, "Y-axis" });
+    device.input.append({2, 0, "Trigger"});
+    device.input.append({3, 0, "Start"  });
+    device.order = {0, 1, 2, 3};
+    this->device.append(device);
+  }
+
+  { Device device{5, ID::Port2, "Justifiers"};
+    device.input.append({0, 1, "Port 1 - X-axis" });
+    device.input.append({1, 1, "Port 1 - Y-axis" });
+    device.input.append({2, 0, "Port 1 - Trigger"});
+    device.input.append({3, 0, "Port 1 - Start"  });
+    device.order.append(0, 1, 2, 3);
+    device.input.append({4, 1, "Port 2 - X-axis" });
+    device.input.append({5, 1, "Port 2 - Y-axis" });
+    device.input.append({6, 0, "Port 2 - Trigger"});
+    device.input.append({7, 0, "Port 2 - Start"  });
+    device.order.append(4, 5, 6, 7);
+    this->device.append(device);
+  }
+
+  { Device device{6, ID::Port1, "Serial USART"};
+    this->device.append(device);
+  }
+
+  { Device device{7, ID::Port1 | ID::Port2, "None"};
+    this->device.append(device);
+  }
+
+  port.append({0, "Port 1"});
+  port.append({1, "Port 2"});
+
+  for(auto& device : this->device) {
+    for(auto& port : this->port) {
+      if(device.portmask & (1 << port.id)) {
+        port.device.append(device);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+auto Interface::title() -> string {
   return cartridge.title();
 }
 
-double Interface::videoFrequency() {
+auto Interface::videoFrequency() -> double {
   switch(system.region()) { default:
   case System::Region::NTSC: return system.cpu_frequency() / (262.0 * 1364.0 - 4.0);
   case System::Region::PAL:  return system.cpu_frequency() / (312.0 * 1364.0);
   }
 }
 
-double Interface::audioFrequency() {
+auto Interface::audioFrequency() -> double {
   return system.apu_frequency() / 768.0;
 }
 
-bool Interface::loaded() {
+auto Interface::loaded() -> bool {
   return cartridge.loaded();
 }
 
-string Interface::sha256() {
+auto Interface::sha256() -> string {
   return cartridge.sha256();
 }
 
-unsigned Interface::group(unsigned id) {
+auto Interface::group(unsigned id) -> unsigned {
   switch(id) {
+  case ID::SystemManifest:
   case ID::IPLROM:
     return 0;
   case ID::Manifest:
@@ -94,7 +213,7 @@ unsigned Interface::group(unsigned id) {
   throw;
 }
 
-void Interface::load(unsigned id) {
+auto Interface::load(unsigned id) -> void {
   if(id == ID::SuperFamicom) cartridge.load();
   if(id == ID::SuperGameBoy) cartridge.loadSuperGameBoy();
   if(id == ID::Satellaview) cartridge.loadSatellaview();
@@ -102,13 +221,17 @@ void Interface::load(unsigned id) {
   if(id == ID::SufamiTurboSlotB) cartridge.loadSufamiTurboB();
 }
 
-void Interface::save() {
+auto Interface::save() -> void {
   for(auto& memory : cartridge.memory) {
     saveRequest(memory.id, memory.name);
   }
 }
 
-void Interface::load(unsigned id, const stream& stream) {
+auto Interface::load(unsigned id, const stream& stream) -> void {
+  if(id == ID::SystemManifest) {
+    system.information.manifest = stream.text();
+  }
+
   if(id == ID::IPLROM) {
     stream.read(smp.iplrom, min(64u, stream.size()));
   }
@@ -219,7 +342,7 @@ void Interface::load(unsigned id, const stream& stream) {
   if(id == ID::SufamiTurboSlotBRAM) sufamiturboB.ram.read(stream);
 }
 
-void Interface::save(unsigned id, const stream& stream) {
+auto Interface::save(unsigned id, const stream& stream) -> void {
   if(id == ID::RAM) stream.write(cartridge.ram.data(), cartridge.ram.size());
   if(id == ID::EventRAM) stream.write(event.ram.data(), event.ram.size());
   if(id == ID::SA1IRAM) stream.write(sa1.iram.data(), sa1.iram.size());
@@ -267,48 +390,48 @@ void Interface::save(unsigned id, const stream& stream) {
   if(id == ID::SufamiTurboSlotBRAM) stream.write(sufamiturboB.ram.data(), sufamiturboB.ram.size());
 }
 
-void Interface::unload() {
+auto Interface::unload() -> void {
   save();
   cartridge.unload();
 }
 
-void Interface::connect(unsigned port, unsigned device) {
+auto Interface::connect(unsigned port, unsigned device) -> void {
   input.connect(port, (Input::Device)device);
 }
 
-void Interface::power() {
+auto Interface::power() -> void {
   system.power();
 }
 
-void Interface::reset() {
+auto Interface::reset() -> void {
   system.reset();
 }
 
-void Interface::run() {
+auto Interface::run() -> void {
   system.run();
 }
 
-bool Interface::rtc() {
+auto Interface::rtc() -> bool {
   if(cartridge.hasEpsonRTC()) return true;
   if(cartridge.hasSharpRTC()) return true;
   return false;
 }
 
-void Interface::rtcsync() {
+auto Interface::rtcsync() -> void {
   if(cartridge.hasEpsonRTC()) epsonrtc.sync();
   if(cartridge.hasSharpRTC()) sharprtc.sync();
 }
 
-serializer Interface::serialize() {
+auto Interface::serialize() -> serializer {
   system.runtosave();
   return system.serialize();
 }
 
-bool Interface::unserialize(serializer& s) {
+auto Interface::unserialize(serializer& s) -> bool {
   return system.unserialize(s);
 }
 
-void Interface::cheatSet(const lstring& list) {
+auto Interface::cheatSet(const lstring& list) -> void {
   cheat.reset();
 
   //Super Game Boy
@@ -336,134 +459,8 @@ void Interface::cheatSet(const lstring& list) {
   }
 }
 
-void Interface::paletteUpdate(PaletteMode mode) {
+auto Interface::paletteUpdate(PaletteMode mode) -> void {
   video.generate_palette(mode);
 }
 
-Interface::Interface() {
-  interface = this;
-  system.init();
-
-  information.name        = "Super Famicom";
-  information.width       = 256;
-  information.height      = 240;
-  information.overscan    = true;
-  information.aspectRatio = 8.0 / 7.0;
-  information.resettable  = true;
-  information.capability.states = true;
-  information.capability.cheats = true;
-
-  media.append({ID::SuperFamicom, "Super Famicom",    "sfc", true });
-  media.append({ID::SuperFamicom, "Game Boy",         "gb",  false});
-  media.append({ID::SuperFamicom, "BS-X Satellaview", "bs",  false});
-  media.append({ID::SuperFamicom, "Sufami Turbo",     "st",  false});
-
-  {
-    Device device{0, ID::Port1 | ID::Port2, "Controller"};
-    device.input.append({ 0, 0, "B"     });
-    device.input.append({ 1, 0, "Y"     });
-    device.input.append({ 2, 0, "Select"});
-    device.input.append({ 3, 0, "Start" });
-    device.input.append({ 4, 0, "Up"    });
-    device.input.append({ 5, 0, "Down"  });
-    device.input.append({ 6, 0, "Left"  });
-    device.input.append({ 7, 0, "Right" });
-    device.input.append({ 8, 0, "A"     });
-    device.input.append({ 9, 0, "X"     });
-    device.input.append({10, 0, "L"     });
-    device.input.append({11, 0, "R"     });
-    device.order = {4, 5, 6, 7, 0, 8, 1, 9, 10, 11, 2, 3};
-    this->device.append(device);
-  }
-
-  {
-    Device device{1, ID::Port1 | ID::Port2, "Multitap"};
-    for(unsigned p = 1, n = 0; p <= 4; p++, n += 12) {
-      device.input.append({n +  0, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "B"     }});
-      device.input.append({n +  1, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Y"     }});
-      device.input.append({n +  2, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Select"}});
-      device.input.append({n +  3, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Start" }});
-      device.input.append({n +  4, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Up"    }});
-      device.input.append({n +  5, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Down"  }});
-      device.input.append({n +  6, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Left"  }});
-      device.input.append({n +  7, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "Right" }});
-      device.input.append({n +  8, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "A"     }});
-      device.input.append({n +  9, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "X"     }});
-      device.input.append({n + 10, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "L"     }});
-      device.input.append({n + 11, 0, {"Port ", p, " - ", "R"     }});
-      device.order.append(n + 4, n + 5, n +  6, n +  7, n + 0, n + 8);
-      device.order.append(n + 1, n + 9, n + 10, n + 11, n + 2, n + 3);
-    }
-    this->device.append(device);
-  }
-
-  {
-    Device device{2, ID::Port1 | ID::Port2, "Mouse"};
-    device.input.append({0, 1, "X-axis"});
-    device.input.append({1, 1, "Y-axis"});
-    device.input.append({2, 0, "Left"  });
-    device.input.append({3, 0, "Right" });
-    device.order = {0, 1, 2, 3};
-    this->device.append(device);
-  }
-
-  {
-    Device device{3, ID::Port2, "Super Scope"};
-    device.input.append({0, 1, "X-axis" });
-    device.input.append({1, 1, "Y-axis" });
-    device.input.append({2, 0, "Trigger"});
-    device.input.append({3, 0, "Cursor" });
-    device.input.append({4, 0, "Turbo"  });
-    device.input.append({5, 0, "Pause"  });
-    device.order = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
-    this->device.append(device);
-  }
-
-  {
-    Device device{4, ID::Port2, "Justifier"};
-    device.input.append({0, 1, "X-axis" });
-    device.input.append({1, 1, "Y-axis" });
-    device.input.append({2, 0, "Trigger"});
-    device.input.append({3, 0, "Start"  });
-    device.order = {0, 1, 2, 3};
-    this->device.append(device);
-  }
-
-  {
-    Device device{5, ID::Port2, "Justifiers"};
-    device.input.append({0, 1, "Port 1 - X-axis" });
-    device.input.append({1, 1, "Port 1 - Y-axis" });
-    device.input.append({2, 0, "Port 1 - Trigger"});
-    device.input.append({3, 0, "Port 1 - Start"  });
-    device.order.append(0, 1, 2, 3);
-    device.input.append({4, 1, "Port 2 - X-axis" });
-    device.input.append({5, 1, "Port 2 - Y-axis" });
-    device.input.append({6, 0, "Port 2 - Trigger"});
-    device.input.append({7, 0, "Port 2 - Start"  });
-    device.order.append(4, 5, 6, 7);
-    this->device.append(device);
-  }
-
-  {
-    Device device{6, ID::Port1, "Serial USART"};
-    this->device.append(device);
-  }
-
-  {
-    Device device{7, ID::Port1 | ID::Port2, "None"};
-    this->device.append(device);
-  }
-
-  port.append({0, "Port 1"});
-  port.append({1, "Port 2"});
-
-  for(auto& device : this->device) {
-    for(auto& port : this->port) {
-      if(device.portmask & (1 << port.id)) {
-        port.device.append(device);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 }
diff --git a/sfc/interface/interface.hpp b/sfc/interface/interface.hpp
index b98d6092..e54c58bf 100644
--- a/sfc/interface/interface.hpp
+++ b/sfc/interface/interface.hpp
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ struct ID {
     SufamiTurboSlotB,
 
     //memory (files)
+    SystemManifest,
     IPLROM,
 
     Manifest,
@@ -89,36 +90,36 @@ struct ID {
 };
 
 struct Interface : Emulator::Interface {
-  string title();
-  double videoFrequency();
-  double audioFrequency();
-
-  bool loaded();
-  string sha256();
-  unsigned group(unsigned id);
-  void load(unsigned id);
-  void save();
-  void load(unsigned id, const stream& stream);
-  void save(unsigned id, const stream& stream);
-  void unload();
-
-  void connect(unsigned port, unsigned device);
-  void power();
-  void reset();
-  void run();
-
-  bool rtc();
-  void rtcsync();
-
-  serializer serialize();
-  bool unserialize(serializer&);
-
-  void cheatSet(const lstring&);
-
-  void paletteUpdate(PaletteMode mode);
-
   Interface();
 
+  auto title() -> string;
+  auto videoFrequency() -> double;
+  auto audioFrequency() -> double;
+
+  auto loaded() -> bool;
+  auto sha256() -> string;
+  auto group(unsigned id) -> unsigned;
+  auto load(unsigned id) -> void;
+  auto save() -> void;
+  auto load(unsigned id, const stream& stream) -> void;
+  auto save(unsigned id, const stream& stream) -> void;
+  auto unload() -> void;
+
+  auto connect(unsigned port, unsigned device) -> void;
+  auto power() -> void;
+  auto reset() -> void;
+  auto run() -> void;
+
+  auto rtc() -> bool;
+  auto rtcsync() -> void;
+
+  auto serialize() -> serializer;
+  auto unserialize(serializer&) -> bool;
+
+  auto cheatSet(const lstring&) -> void;
+
+  auto paletteUpdate(PaletteMode mode) -> void;
+
   vector<Device> device;
 };
 
diff --git a/sfc/memory/memory-inline.hpp b/sfc/memory/memory-inline.hpp
index 067a0758..392904dd 100644
--- a/sfc/memory/memory-inline.hpp
+++ b/sfc/memory/memory-inline.hpp
@@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
 //Memory
 
-unsigned Memory::size() const { return 0; }
+auto Memory::size() const -> unsigned { return 0; }
 
 //StaticRAM
 
-uint8* StaticRAM::data() { return data_; }
-unsigned StaticRAM::size() const { return size_; }
-
-uint8 StaticRAM::read(unsigned addr) { return data_[addr]; }
-void StaticRAM::write(unsigned addr, uint8 n) { data_[addr] = n; }
-uint8& StaticRAM::operator[](unsigned addr) { return data_[addr]; }
-const uint8& StaticRAM::operator[](unsigned addr) const { return data_[addr]; }
-
 StaticRAM::StaticRAM(unsigned n) : size_(n) { data_ = new uint8[size_]; }
 StaticRAM::~StaticRAM() { delete[] data_; }
 
+auto StaticRAM::data() -> uint8* { return data_; }
+auto StaticRAM::size() const -> unsigned { return size_; }
+
+auto StaticRAM::read(unsigned addr) -> uint8 { return data_[addr]; }
+auto StaticRAM::write(unsigned addr, uint8 n) -> void { data_[addr] = n; }
+auto StaticRAM::operator[](unsigned addr) -> uint8& { return data_[addr]; }
+auto StaticRAM::operator[](unsigned addr) const -> const uint8& { return data_[addr]; }
+
 //MappedRAM
 
-void MappedRAM::reset() {
+auto MappedRAM::reset() -> void {
   if(data_) {
     delete[] data_;
     data_ = nullptr;
@@ -26,13 +26,13 @@ void MappedRAM::reset() {
   write_protect_ = false;
 }
 
-void MappedRAM::map(uint8* source, unsigned length) {
+auto MappedRAM::map(uint8* source, unsigned length) -> void {
   reset();
   data_ = source;
   size_ = data_ ? length : 0;
 }
 
-void MappedRAM::copy(const stream& memory) {
+auto MappedRAM::copy(const stream& memory) -> void {
   if(data_) delete[] data_;
   //round size up to multiple of 256-bytes
   size_ = (memory.size() & ~255) + ((bool)(memory.size() & 255) << 8);
@@ -40,22 +40,21 @@ void MappedRAM::copy(const stream& memory) {
   memory.read(data_, memory.size());
 }
 
-void MappedRAM::read(const stream& memory) {
+auto MappedRAM::read(const stream& memory) -> void {
   memory.read(data_, min(memory.size(), size_));
 }
 
-void MappedRAM::write_protect(bool status) { write_protect_ = status; }
-uint8* MappedRAM::data() { return data_; }
-unsigned MappedRAM::size() const { return size_; }
+auto MappedRAM::write_protect(bool status) -> void { write_protect_ = status; }
+auto MappedRAM::data() -> uint8* { return data_; }
+auto MappedRAM::size() const -> unsigned { return size_; }
 
-uint8 MappedRAM::read(unsigned addr) { return data_[addr]; }
-void MappedRAM::write(unsigned addr, uint8 n) { if(!write_protect_) data_[addr] = n; }
-const uint8& MappedRAM::operator[](unsigned addr) const { return data_[addr]; }
-MappedRAM::MappedRAM() : data_(nullptr), size_(0), write_protect_(false) {}
+auto MappedRAM::read(unsigned addr) -> uint8 { return data_[addr]; }
+auto MappedRAM::write(unsigned addr, uint8 n) -> void { if(!write_protect_) data_[addr] = n; }
+auto MappedRAM::operator[](unsigned addr) const -> const uint8& { return data_[addr]; }
 
 //Bus
 
-unsigned Bus::mirror(unsigned addr, unsigned size) {
+auto Bus::mirror(unsigned addr, unsigned size) -> unsigned {
   if(size == 0) return 0;
   unsigned base = 0;
   unsigned mask = 1 << 23;
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ unsigned Bus::mirror(unsigned addr, unsigned size) {
   return base + addr;
 }
 
-unsigned Bus::reduce(unsigned addr, unsigned mask) {
+auto Bus::reduce(unsigned addr, unsigned mask) -> unsigned {
   while(mask) {
     unsigned bits = (mask & -mask) - 1;
     addr = ((addr >> 1) & ~bits) | (addr & bits);
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ unsigned Bus::reduce(unsigned addr, unsigned mask) {
   return addr;
 }
 
-uint8 Bus::read(unsigned addr) {
+auto Bus::read(unsigned addr) -> uint8 {
   uint8 data = reader[lookup[addr]](target[addr]);
 
   if(cheat.enable()) {
@@ -90,6 +89,6 @@ uint8 Bus::read(unsigned addr) {
   return data;
 }
 
-void Bus::write(unsigned addr, uint8 data) {
+auto Bus::write(unsigned addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   return writer[lookup[addr]](target[addr], data);
 }
diff --git a/sfc/memory/memory.cpp b/sfc/memory/memory.cpp
index c59f786c..19692ca4 100644
--- a/sfc/memory/memory.cpp
+++ b/sfc/memory/memory.cpp
@@ -5,32 +5,17 @@ namespace SuperFamicom {
 
 Bus bus;
 
-void Bus::map(
-  const function<uint8 (unsigned)>& reader,
-  const function<void (unsigned, uint8)>& writer,
-  unsigned banklo, unsigned bankhi,
-  unsigned addrlo, unsigned addrhi,
-  unsigned size, unsigned base, unsigned mask
-) {
-  assert(banklo <= bankhi && banklo <= 0xff);
-  assert(addrlo <= addrhi && addrlo <= 0xffff);
-  assert(idcount < 255);
-
-  unsigned id = idcount++;
-  this->reader[id] = reader;
-  this->writer[id] = writer;
-
-  for(unsigned bank = banklo; bank <= bankhi; bank++) {
-    for(unsigned addr = addrlo; addr <= addrhi; addr++) {
-      unsigned offset = reduce(bank << 16 | addr, mask);
-      if(size) offset = base + mirror(offset, size - base);
-      lookup[bank << 16 | addr] = id;
-      target[bank << 16 | addr] = offset;
-    }
-  }
+Bus::Bus() {
+  lookup = new uint8 [16 * 1024 * 1024];
+  target = new uint32[16 * 1024 * 1024];
 }
 
-void Bus::map_reset() {
+Bus::~Bus() {
+  delete[] lookup;
+  delete[] target;
+}
+
+auto Bus::reset() -> void {
   function<uint8 (unsigned)> reader = [](unsigned) { return cpu.regs.mdr; };
   function<void (unsigned, uint8)> writer = [](unsigned, uint8) {};
 
@@ -38,7 +23,7 @@ void Bus::map_reset() {
   map(reader, writer, 0x00, 0xff, 0x0000, 0xffff);
 }
 
-void Bus::map_xml() {
+auto Bus::map() -> void {
   for(auto& m : cartridge.mapping) {
     lstring part = m.addr.split(":", 1L);
     lstring banks = part(0).split(",");
@@ -57,14 +42,29 @@ void Bus::map_xml() {
   }
 }
 
-Bus::Bus() {
-  lookup = new uint8 [16 * 1024 * 1024];
-  target = new uint32[16 * 1024 * 1024];
-}
+auto Bus::map(
+  const function<uint8 (unsigned)>& reader,
+  const function<void (unsigned, uint8)>& writer,
+  unsigned banklo, unsigned bankhi,
+  unsigned addrlo, unsigned addrhi,
+  unsigned size, unsigned base, unsigned mask
+) -> void {
+  assert(banklo <= bankhi && banklo <= 0xff);
+  assert(addrlo <= addrhi && addrlo <= 0xffff);
+  assert(idcount < 255);
 
-Bus::~Bus() {
-  delete[] lookup;
-  delete[] target;
+  unsigned id = idcount++;
+  this->reader[id] = reader;
+  this->writer[id] = writer;
+
+  for(unsigned bank = banklo; bank <= bankhi; bank++) {
+    for(unsigned addr = addrlo; addr <= addrhi; addr++) {
+      unsigned offset = reduce(bank << 16 | addr, mask);
+      if(size) offset = base + mirror(offset, size - base);
+      lookup[bank << 16 | addr] = id;
+      target[bank << 16 | addr] = offset;
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 }
diff --git a/sfc/memory/memory.hpp b/sfc/memory/memory.hpp
index 245156e7..1016d7eb 100644
--- a/sfc/memory/memory.hpp
+++ b/sfc/memory/memory.hpp
@@ -1,74 +1,72 @@
 struct Memory {
-  virtual inline unsigned size() const;
-  virtual uint8 read(unsigned addr) = 0;
-  virtual void write(unsigned addr, uint8 data) = 0;
+  virtual inline auto size() const -> unsigned;
+  virtual auto read(unsigned addr) -> uint8 = 0;
+  virtual auto write(unsigned addr, uint8 data) -> void = 0;
 };
 
 struct StaticRAM : Memory {
-  inline uint8* data();
-  inline unsigned size() const;
-
-  inline uint8 read(unsigned addr);
-  inline void write(unsigned addr, uint8 n);
-  inline uint8& operator[](unsigned addr);
-  inline const uint8& operator[](unsigned addr) const;
-
   inline StaticRAM(unsigned size);
   inline ~StaticRAM();
 
+  inline auto data() -> uint8*;
+  inline auto size() const -> unsigned;
+
+  inline auto read(unsigned addr) -> uint8;
+  inline auto write(unsigned addr, uint8 n) -> void;
+  inline auto operator[](unsigned addr) -> uint8&;
+  inline auto operator[](unsigned addr) const -> const uint8&;
+
 private:
-  uint8* data_;
-  unsigned size_;
+  uint8* data_ = nullptr;
+  unsigned size_ = 0;
 };
 
 struct MappedRAM : Memory {
-  inline void reset();
-  inline void map(uint8*, unsigned);
-  inline void copy(const stream& memory);
-  inline void read(const stream& memory);
+  inline auto reset() -> void;
+  inline auto map(uint8*, unsigned) -> void;
+  inline auto copy(const stream& memory) -> void;
+  inline auto read(const stream& memory) -> void;
 
-  inline void write_protect(bool status);
-  inline uint8* data();
-  inline unsigned size() const;
+  inline auto write_protect(bool status) -> void;
+  inline auto data() -> uint8*;
+  inline auto size() const -> unsigned;
 
-  inline uint8 read(unsigned addr);
-  inline void write(unsigned addr, uint8 n);
-  inline const uint8& operator[](unsigned addr) const;
-  inline MappedRAM();
+  inline auto read(unsigned addr) -> uint8;
+  inline auto write(unsigned addr, uint8 n) -> void;
+  inline auto operator[](unsigned addr) const -> const uint8&;
 
 private:
-  uint8* data_;
-  unsigned size_;
-  bool write_protect_;
+  uint8* data_ = nullptr;
+  unsigned size_ = 0;
+  bool write_protect_ = false;
 };
 
 struct Bus {
-  alwaysinline static unsigned mirror(unsigned addr, unsigned size);
-  alwaysinline static unsigned reduce(unsigned addr, unsigned mask);
+  alwaysinline static auto mirror(unsigned addr, unsigned size) -> unsigned;
+  alwaysinline static auto reduce(unsigned addr, unsigned mask) -> unsigned;
 
-  alwaysinline uint8 read(unsigned addr);
-  alwaysinline void write(unsigned addr, uint8 data);
+  Bus();
+  ~Bus();
 
-  uint8* lookup;
-  uint32* target;
+  alwaysinline auto read(unsigned addr) -> uint8;
+  alwaysinline auto write(unsigned addr, uint8 data) -> void;
 
-  unsigned idcount;
-  function<uint8 (unsigned)> reader[256];
-  function<void (unsigned, uint8)> writer[256];
-
-  void map(
+  auto reset() -> void;
+  auto map() -> void;
+  auto map(
     const function<uint8 (unsigned)>& reader,
     const function<void (unsigned, uint8)>& writer,
     unsigned banklo, unsigned bankhi,
     unsigned addrlo, unsigned addrhi,
     unsigned size = 0, unsigned base = 0, unsigned mask = 0
-  );
+  ) -> void;
 
-  void map_reset();
-  void map_xml();
+  uint8* lookup = nullptr;
+  uint32* target = nullptr;
 
-  Bus();
-  ~Bus();
+  unsigned idcount = 0;
+  function<uint8 (unsigned)> reader[256];
+  function<void (unsigned, uint8)> writer[256];
 };
 
 extern Bus bus;
diff --git a/sfc/ppu/background/background.cpp b/sfc/ppu/background/background.cpp
index dc99bf46..6a706f1e 100644
--- a/sfc/ppu/background/background.cpp
+++ b/sfc/ppu/background/background.cpp
@@ -169,14 +169,13 @@ void PPU::Background::run(bool screen) {
     if(hires == false) return;
   }
 
-  if(regs.mode == Mode::Inactive) return;
-  if(regs.mode == Mode::Mode7) return run_mode7();
-
   if(tile_counter-- == 0) {
     tile_counter = 7;
     get_tile();
   }
 
+  if(regs.mode == Mode::Mode7) return run_mode7();
+
   uint8 palette = get_tile_color();
   if(x == 0) mosaic.hcounter = 1;
   if(x >= 0 && --mosaic.hcounter == 0) {
diff --git a/sfc/scheduler/scheduler.cpp b/sfc/scheduler/scheduler.cpp
index 7e259205..2b332d94 100644
--- a/sfc/scheduler/scheduler.cpp
+++ b/sfc/scheduler/scheduler.cpp
@@ -2,31 +2,25 @@
 
 Scheduler scheduler;
 
-void Scheduler::enter() {
-  host_thread = co_active();
-  co_switch(thread);
-}
-
-void Scheduler::exit(ExitReason reason) {
-  exit_reason = reason;
-  thread = co_active();
-  co_switch(host_thread);
-}
-
-void Scheduler::debug() {
-  exit(ExitReason::DebuggerEvent);
-}
-
-void Scheduler::init() {
+auto Scheduler::init() -> void {
   host_thread = co_active();
   thread = cpu.thread;
   sync = SynchronizeMode::None;
 }
 
-Scheduler::Scheduler() {
-  host_thread = nullptr;
-  thread = nullptr;
-  exit_reason = ExitReason::UnknownEvent;
+auto Scheduler::enter() -> void {
+  host_thread = co_active();
+  co_switch(thread);
+}
+
+auto Scheduler::exit(ExitReason reason) -> void {
+  exit_reason = reason;
+  thread = co_active();
+  co_switch(host_thread);
+}
+
+auto Scheduler::debug() -> void {
+  exit(ExitReason::DebuggerEvent);
 }
 
 #endif
diff --git a/sfc/scheduler/scheduler.hpp b/sfc/scheduler/scheduler.hpp
index 764e179a..acd850d6 100644
--- a/sfc/scheduler/scheduler.hpp
+++ b/sfc/scheduler/scheduler.hpp
@@ -1,17 +1,15 @@
-struct Scheduler : property<Scheduler> {
+struct Scheduler {
   enum class SynchronizeMode : unsigned { None, CPU, All } sync;
   enum class ExitReason : unsigned { UnknownEvent, FrameEvent, SynchronizeEvent, DebuggerEvent };
-  readonly<ExitReason> exit_reason;
 
-  cothread_t host_thread;  //program thread (used to exit emulation)
-  cothread_t thread;       //active emulation thread (used to enter emulation)
+  auto init() -> void;
+  auto enter() -> void;
+  auto exit(ExitReason) -> void;
+  auto debug() -> void;
 
-  void enter();
-  void exit(ExitReason);
-  void debug();
-
-  void init();
-  Scheduler();
+  cothread_t host_thread = nullptr;  //program thread (used to exit emulation)
+  cothread_t thread = nullptr;       //active emulation thread (used to enter emulation)
+  ExitReason exit_reason = ExitReason::UnknownEvent;
 };
 
 extern Scheduler scheduler;
diff --git a/sfc/slot/satellaview/satellaview.cpp b/sfc/slot/satellaview/satellaview.cpp
index 5d2a6136..f74d54b5 100644
--- a/sfc/slot/satellaview/satellaview.cpp
+++ b/sfc/slot/satellaview/satellaview.cpp
@@ -5,23 +5,23 @@ namespace SuperFamicom {
 
 SatellaviewCartridge satellaviewcartridge;
 
-void SatellaviewCartridge::init() {
+auto SatellaviewCartridge::init() -> void {
 }
 
-void SatellaviewCartridge::load() {
+auto SatellaviewCartridge::load() -> void {
   if(memory.size() == 0) {
     memory.map(allocate<uint8>(1024 * 1024, 0xff), 1024 * 1024);
   }
 }
 
-void SatellaviewCartridge::unload() {
+auto SatellaviewCartridge::unload() -> void {
   memory.reset();
 }
 
-void SatellaviewCartridge::power() {
+auto SatellaviewCartridge::power() -> void {
 }
 
-void SatellaviewCartridge::reset() {
+auto SatellaviewCartridge::reset() -> void {
   regs.command   = 0;
   regs.write_old = 0x00;
   regs.write_new = 0x00;
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ void SatellaviewCartridge::reset() {
   memory.write_protect(!regs.write_enable);
 }
 
-unsigned SatellaviewCartridge::size() const {
+auto SatellaviewCartridge::size() const -> unsigned {
   return memory.size();
 }
 
-uint8 SatellaviewCartridge::read(unsigned addr) {
+auto SatellaviewCartridge::read(unsigned addr) -> uint8 {
   if(readonly) return memory.read(bus.mirror(addr, memory.size()));
 
   if(addr == 0x0002) {
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ uint8 SatellaviewCartridge::read(unsigned addr) {
   return memory.read(addr);
 }
 
-void SatellaviewCartridge::write(unsigned addr, uint8 data) {
+auto SatellaviewCartridge::write(unsigned addr, uint8 data) -> void {
   if(readonly) return;
 
   if((addr & 0xff0000) == 0) {
diff --git a/sfc/slot/satellaview/satellaview.hpp b/sfc/slot/satellaview/satellaview.hpp
index e1b8ffa0..3030ac10 100644
--- a/sfc/slot/satellaview/satellaview.hpp
+++ b/sfc/slot/satellaview/satellaview.hpp
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 struct SatellaviewCartridge : Memory {
+  auto init() -> void;
+  auto load() -> void;
+  auto unload() -> void;
+  auto power() -> void;
+  auto reset() -> void;
+
+  auto size() const -> unsigned;
+  auto read(unsigned addr) -> uint8;
+  auto write(unsigned addr, uint8 data) -> void;
+
   MappedRAM memory;
   bool readonly;
 
-  void init();
-  void load();
-  void unload();
-  void power();
-  void reset();
-
-  unsigned size() const;
-  uint8 read(unsigned addr);
-  void write(unsigned addr, uint8 data);
-
 private:
   struct {
     unsigned command;
diff --git a/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/serialization.cpp b/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/serialization.cpp
index 3586c918..3eb08baf 100644
--- a/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/serialization.cpp
+++ b/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/serialization.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #ifdef SUFAMITURBO_CPP
 
-void SufamiTurboCartridge::serialize(serializer& s) {
+auto SufamiTurboCartridge::serialize(serializer& s) -> void {
   s.array(ram.data(), ram.size());
 }
 
diff --git a/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.cpp b/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.cpp
index cfee0940..491769a5 100644
--- a/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.cpp
+++ b/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.cpp
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ namespace SuperFamicom {
 SufamiTurboCartridge sufamiturboA;
 SufamiTurboCartridge sufamiturboB;
 
-void SufamiTurboCartridge::load() {
+auto SufamiTurboCartridge::load() -> void {
 }
 
-void SufamiTurboCartridge::unload() {
+auto SufamiTurboCartridge::unload() -> void {
   rom.reset();
   ram.reset();
 }
diff --git a/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.hpp b/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.hpp
index 061dbe2f..cb9f4450 100644
--- a/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.hpp
+++ b/sfc/slot/sufamiturbo/sufamiturbo.hpp
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 struct SufamiTurboCartridge {
+  auto load() -> void;
+  auto unload() -> void;
+  auto serialize(serializer&) -> void;
+
   MappedRAM rom;
   MappedRAM ram;
-
-  void load();
-  void unload();
-  void serialize(serializer&);
 };
 
 extern SufamiTurboCartridge sufamiturboA;
diff --git a/sfc/system/system.cpp b/sfc/system/system.cpp
index 3502e656..9bff60a8 100644
--- a/sfc/system/system.cpp
+++ b/sfc/system/system.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ void System::run() {
   scheduler.sync = Scheduler::SynchronizeMode::None;
 
   scheduler.enter();
-  if(scheduler.exit_reason() == Scheduler::ExitReason::FrameEvent) {
+  if(scheduler.exit_reason == Scheduler::ExitReason::FrameEvent) {
     video.update();
   }
 }
@@ -54,8 +54,8 @@ void System::runtosave() {
 void System::runthreadtosave() {
   while(true) {
     scheduler.enter();
-    if(scheduler.exit_reason() == Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent) break;
-    if(scheduler.exit_reason() == Scheduler::ExitReason::FrameEvent) {
+    if(scheduler.exit_reason == Scheduler::ExitReason::SynchronizeEvent) break;
+    if(scheduler.exit_reason == Scheduler::ExitReason::FrameEvent) {
       video.update();
     }
   }
@@ -93,13 +93,12 @@ void System::term() {
 }
 
 void System::load() {
-  string manifest = string::read({interface->path(ID::System), "manifest.bml"});
-  auto document = BML::unserialize(manifest);
+//string manifest = string::read({interface->path(ID::System), "manifest.bml"});
+  interface->loadRequest(ID::SystemManifest, "manifest.bml", true);
+  auto document = BML::unserialize(information.manifest);
 
-  auto iplrom = document["system/smp/rom/name"].text();
-  interface->loadRequest(ID::IPLROM, iplrom);
-  if(!file::exists({interface->path(ID::System), iplrom})) {
-    interface->notify("Error: required Super Famicom firmware ipl.rom not found.\n");
+  if(auto iplrom = document["system/smp/rom/name"].text()) {
+    interface->loadRequest(ID::IPLROM, iplrom, true);
   }
 
   region = configuration.region;
@@ -113,8 +112,8 @@ void System::load() {
 
   audio.coprocessor_enable(false);
 
-  bus.map_reset();
-  bus.map_xml();
+  bus.reset();
+  bus.map();
 
   cpu.enable();
   ppu.enable();
diff --git a/sfc/system/system.hpp b/sfc/system/system.hpp
index ae2238b7..d492a73e 100644
--- a/sfc/system/system.hpp
+++ b/sfc/system/system.hpp
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ struct System : property<System> {
 
   System();
 
+  struct Information {
+    string manifest;
+  } information;
+
 private:
   void runthreadtosave();
 
diff --git a/target-tomoko/program/interface.cpp b/target-tomoko/program/interface.cpp
index e151a947..590268fe 100644
--- a/target-tomoko/program/interface.cpp
+++ b/target-tomoko/program/interface.cpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //request from emulation core to load non-volatile media folder
-auto Program::loadRequest(unsigned id, string name, string type) -> void {
+auto Program::loadRequest(unsigned id, string name, string type, bool required) -> void {
   string location = BrowserDialog()
   .setTitle({"Load ", name})
   .setPath({config->library.location, name})
@@ -13,16 +13,38 @@ auto Program::loadRequest(unsigned id, string name, string type) -> void {
 }
 
 //request from emulation core to load non-volatile media file
-auto Program::loadRequest(unsigned id, string path) -> void {
-  string location = {mediaPaths(emulator->group(id)), path};
-  if(!file::exists(location)) return;
-  mmapstream stream{location};
-  return emulator->load(id, stream);
+auto Program::loadRequest(unsigned id, string filename, bool required) -> void {
+  string pathname = mediaPaths(emulator->group(id));
+  string location = {pathname, filename};
+  if(file::exists(location)) {
+    mmapstream stream{location};
+    return emulator->load(id, stream);
+  }
+  if(filename == "manifest.bml") {
+    string manifest;
+    if(auto fp = popen(string{"icarus -m \"", pathname, "\""}, "r")) {
+      while(true) {
+        auto byte = fgetc(fp);
+        if(byte == EOF) break;
+        manifest.append((char)byte);
+      }
+      pclose(fp);
+    }
+    if(manifest) {
+      memorystream stream{manifest.binary(), manifest.size()};
+      return emulator->load(id, stream);
+    }
+  }
+  if(required) MessageDialog().setTitle("higan").setText({
+    "Missing required file: ", location.filename(), "\n\n",
+    "From location:\n", location.pathname()
+  }).error();
 }
 
 //request from emulation core to save non-volatile media file
-auto Program::saveRequest(unsigned id, string path) -> void {
-  string location = {mediaPaths(emulator->group(id)), path};
+auto Program::saveRequest(unsigned id, string filename) -> void {
+  string pathname = mediaPaths(emulator->group(id));
+  string location = {pathname, filename};
   filestream stream{location, file::mode::write};
   return emulator->save(id, stream);
 }
diff --git a/target-tomoko/program/program.hpp b/target-tomoko/program/program.hpp
index 65091dd0..d9c4bec7 100644
--- a/target-tomoko/program/program.hpp
+++ b/target-tomoko/program/program.hpp
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ struct Program : Emulator::Interface::Bind {
   auto quit() -> void;
 
   //interface.cpp
-  auto loadRequest(unsigned id, string name, string type) -> void override;
-  auto loadRequest(unsigned id, string path) -> void override;
+  auto loadRequest(unsigned id, string name, string type, bool required) -> void override;
+  auto loadRequest(unsigned id, string path, bool required) -> void override;
   auto saveRequest(unsigned id, string path) -> void override;
   auto videoColor(unsigned source, uint16 alpha, uint16 red, uint16 green, uint16 blue) -> uint32 override;
   auto videoRefresh(const uint32* palette, const uint32* data, unsigned pitch, unsigned width, unsigned height) -> void override;