Merge 20e7b0ad67 into 73f985d27c

* refactor(perf): pass MemoryOwner<byte> around as itself rather than IMemoryOwner<byte>

* fix(perf): get span via MemoryOwner<byte>.Span property instead of through Memory property

* fix: incorrect comment change

src/ARMeilleure/Instructions/NativeInterface.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ using ARMeilleure.Memory;
 using ARMeilleure.State;
 using ARMeilleure.Translation;
 using System;
+using System.Threading;
+using ExecutionContext = ARMeilleure.State.ExecutionContext;
 
 namespace ARMeilleure.Instructions
 {
@@ -175,7 +177,11 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Instructions
 
             ExecutionContext context = GetContext();
 
-            context.CheckInterrupt();
+            // If debugging, we'll handle interrupts outside
+            if (!Optimizations.EnableDebugging)
+            {
+                context.CheckInterrupt();
+            }
 
             Statistics.ResumeTimer();
 

src/ARMeilleure/Optimizations.cs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure
 
         public static bool AllowLcqInFunctionTable { get; set; } = true;
         public static bool UseUnmanagedDispatchLoop { get; set; } = true;
+        public static bool EnableDebugging { get; set; } = false;
 
         public static bool UseAdvSimdIfAvailable { get; set; } = true;
         public static bool UseArm64AesIfAvailable { get; set; } = true;

src/ARMeilleure/State/ExecutionContext.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 using ARMeilleure.Memory;
 using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace ARMeilleure.State
 {
@@ -11,7 +14,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.State
 
         internal IntPtr NativeContextPtr => _nativeContext.BasePtr;
 
-        private bool _interrupted;
+        internal bool Interrupted { get; private set; }
 
         private readonly ICounter _counter;
 
@@ -68,6 +71,8 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.State
 
         public bool IsAarch32 { get; set; }
 
+        public ulong ThreadUid { get; set; }
+
         internal ExecutionMode ExecutionMode
         {
             get
@@ -93,14 +98,19 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.State
 
         private readonly ExceptionCallbackNoArgs _interruptCallback;
         private readonly ExceptionCallback _breakCallback;
+        private readonly ExceptionCallbackNoArgs _stepCallback;
         private readonly ExceptionCallback _supervisorCallback;
         private readonly ExceptionCallback _undefinedCallback;
 
+        internal int ShouldStep;
+        public ulong DebugPc { get; set; }
+
         public ExecutionContext(
             IJitMemoryAllocator allocator,
             ICounter counter,
             ExceptionCallbackNoArgs interruptCallback = null,
             ExceptionCallback breakCallback = null,
+            ExceptionCallbackNoArgs stepCallback = null,
             ExceptionCallback supervisorCallback = null,
             ExceptionCallback undefinedCallback = null)
         {
@@ -108,6 +118,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.State
             _counter = counter;
             _interruptCallback = interruptCallback;
             _breakCallback = breakCallback;
+            _stepCallback = stepCallback;
             _supervisorCallback = supervisorCallback;
             _undefinedCallback = undefinedCallback;
 
@@ -130,9 +141,9 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.State
 
         internal void CheckInterrupt()
         {
-            if (_interrupted)
+            if (Interrupted)
             {
-                _interrupted = false;
+                Interrupted = false;
 
                 _interruptCallback?.Invoke(this);
             }
@@ -142,7 +153,18 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.State
 
         public void RequestInterrupt()
         {
-            _interrupted = true;
+            Interrupted = true;
+        }
+
+        public void StepHandler()
+        {
+            _stepCallback.Invoke(this);
+        }
+
+        public void RequestDebugStep()
+        {
+            Interlocked.Exchange(ref ShouldStep, 1);
+            RequestInterrupt();
         }
 
         internal void OnBreak(ulong address, int imm)

src/ARMeilleure/Translation/Translator.cs

@@ -140,7 +140,25 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
 
             NativeInterface.RegisterThread(context, Memory, this);
 
-            if (Optimizations.UseUnmanagedDispatchLoop)
+            if (Optimizations.EnableDebugging)
+            {
+                context.DebugPc = address;
+                do
+                {
+                    if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref context.ShouldStep, 0, 1) == 1)
+                    {
+                        context.DebugPc = Step(context, context.DebugPc);
+                        context.StepHandler();
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        context.DebugPc = ExecuteSingle(context, context.DebugPc);
+                    }
+                    context.CheckInterrupt();
+                }
+                while (context.Running && context.DebugPc != 0);
+            }
+            else if (Optimizations.UseUnmanagedDispatchLoop)
             {
                 Stubs.DispatchLoop(context.NativeContextPtr, address);
             }
@@ -196,7 +214,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
             return nextAddr;
         }
 
-        public ulong Step(State.ExecutionContext context, ulong address)
+        private ulong Step(State.ExecutionContext context, ulong address)
         {
             TranslatedFunction func = Translate(address, context.ExecutionMode, highCq: false, singleStep: true);
 
@@ -249,7 +267,7 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
                 Stubs,
                 address,
                 highCq,
-                _ptc.State != PtcState.Disabled,
+                _ptc.State != PtcState.Disabled && !Optimizations.EnableDebugging,
                 mode: Aarch32Mode.User);
 
             Logger.StartPass(PassName.Decoding);
@@ -382,9 +400,8 @@ namespace ARMeilleure.Translation
 
                 if (block.Exit)
                 {
-                    // Left option here as it may be useful if we need to return to managed rather than tail call in
+                    // Return to managed rather than tail call.
-                    // future. (eg. for debug)
+                    bool useReturns = Optimizations.EnableDebugging;
-                    bool useReturns = false;
 
                     InstEmitFlowHelper.EmitVirtualJump(context, Const(block.Address), isReturn: useReturns);
                 }

src/Ryujinx.Common/Logging/LogClass.cs

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Common.Logging
         Cpu,
         Emulation,
         FFmpeg,
+        GdbStub,
         Font,
         Gpu,
         Hid,

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/AppleHv/Arm/ExceptionLevel.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv.Arm
+{
+    enum ExceptionLevel : uint
+    {
+        PstateMask = 0xfffffff0,
+        EL1h = 0b0101,
+        El1t = 0b0100,
+        EL0 = 0b0000,
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/AppleHv/HvExecutionContext.cs

@@ -11,7 +11,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
     class HvExecutionContext : IExecutionContext
     {
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public ulong Pc => _impl.ElrEl1;
+        public ulong Pc
+        {
+            get
+            {
+                uint currentEl = Pstate & ~((uint)ExceptionLevel.PstateMask);
+                if (currentEl == (uint)ExceptionLevel.EL1h)
+                {
+                    return _impl.ElrEl1;
+                }
+                return _impl.Pc;
+            }
+        }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public long TpidrEl0
@@ -48,6 +59,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
             set => _impl.Fpsr = value;
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public ulong ThreadUid { get; set; }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public bool IsAarch32
         {
@@ -67,6 +81,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
         private readonly ICounter _counter;
         private readonly IHvExecutionContext _shadowContext;
         private IHvExecutionContext _impl;
+        private int _shouldStep;
 
         private readonly ExceptionCallbacks _exceptionCallbacks;
 
@@ -103,6 +118,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
             _exceptionCallbacks.BreakCallback?.Invoke(this, address, imm);
         }
 
+        private void StepHandler()
+        {
+            _exceptionCallbacks.StepCallback?.Invoke(this);
+        }
+
         private void SupervisorCallHandler(ulong address, int imm)
         {
             _exceptionCallbacks.SupervisorCallback?.Invoke(this, address, imm);
@@ -127,6 +147,30 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
             return Interlocked.Exchange(ref _interruptRequested, 0) != 0;
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void RequestDebugStep()
+        {
+            Interlocked.Exchange(ref _shouldStep, 1);
+        }
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public ulong DebugPc
+        {
+            get => Pc;
+            set
+            {
+                uint currentEl = Pstate & ~((uint)ExceptionLevel.PstateMask);
+                if (currentEl == (uint)ExceptionLevel.EL1h)
+                {
+                    _impl.ElrEl1 = value;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    _impl.Pc = value;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public void StopRunning()
         {
@@ -142,6 +186,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
 
             while (Running)
             {
+                if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _shouldStep, 0, 1) == 1)
+                {
+                    uint currentEl = Pstate & ~((uint)ExceptionLevel.PstateMask);
+                    if (currentEl == (uint)ExceptionLevel.EL1h)
+                    {
+                        HvApi.hv_vcpu_get_sys_reg(vcpu.Handle, HvSysReg.SPSR_EL1, out ulong spsr).ThrowOnError();
+                        spsr |= (1 << 21);
+                        HvApi.hv_vcpu_set_sys_reg(vcpu.Handle, HvSysReg.SPSR_EL1, spsr);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        Pstate |= (1 << 21);
+                    }
+                    HvApi.hv_vcpu_set_sys_reg(vcpu.Handle, HvSysReg.MDSCR_EL1, 1);
+                }
+
                 HvApi.hv_vcpu_run(vcpu.Handle).ThrowOnError();
 
                 HvExitReason reason = vcpu.ExitInfo->Reason;
@@ -155,7 +215,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
                     {
                         throw new Exception($"Unhandled exception from guest kernel with ESR 0x{hvEsr:X} ({hvEc}).");
                     }
-
                     address = SynchronousException(memoryManager, ref vcpu);
                     HvApi.hv_vcpu_set_reg(vcpu.Handle, HvReg.PC, address).ThrowOnError();
                 }
@@ -209,6 +268,20 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
                     SupervisorCallHandler(elr - 4UL, id);
                     vcpu = RentFromPool(memoryManager.AddressSpace, vcpu);
                     break;
+                case ExceptionClass.SoftwareStepLowerEl:
+                    HvApi.hv_vcpu_get_sys_reg(vcpuHandle, HvSysReg.SPSR_EL1, out ulong spsr).ThrowOnError();
+                    spsr &= ~((ulong)(1 << 21));
+                    HvApi.hv_vcpu_set_sys_reg(vcpuHandle, HvSysReg.SPSR_EL1, spsr).ThrowOnError();
+                    HvApi.hv_vcpu_set_sys_reg(vcpuHandle, HvSysReg.MDSCR_EL1, 0);
+                    ReturnToPool(vcpu);
+                    StepHandler();
+                    vcpu = RentFromPool(memoryManager.AddressSpace, vcpu);
+                    break;
+                case ExceptionClass.BrkAarch64:
+                    ReturnToPool(vcpu);
+                    BreakHandler(elr, (ushort)esr);
+                    vcpu = RentFromPool(memoryManager.AddressSpace, vcpu);
+                    break;
                 default:
                     throw new Exception($"Unhandled guest exception {ec}.");
             }
@@ -219,10 +292,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
                 // TODO: Invalidate only the range that was modified?
                 return HvAddressSpace.KernelRegionTlbiEretAddress;
             }
-            else
+            return HvAddressSpace.KernelRegionEretAddress;
-            {
-                return HvAddressSpace.KernelRegionEretAddress;
-            }
         }
 
         private static void DataAbort(MemoryTracking tracking, ulong vcpu, uint esr)

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/AppleHv/HvExecutionContextShadow.cs

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
 
         public bool IsAarch32 { get; set; }
 
+        public ulong ThreadUid { get; set; }
+
         private readonly ulong[] _x;
         private readonly V128[] _v;
 
@@ -46,5 +48,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
         {
             _v[index] = value;
         }
+
+        public void RequestInterrupt()
+        {
+        }
+
+        public bool GetAndClearInterruptRequested()
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/AppleHv/HvExecutionContextVcpu.cs

@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@ using ARMeilleure.State;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
 {
-    [SupportedOSPlatform("macos")]
     class HvExecutionContextVcpu : IHvExecutionContext
     {
         private static readonly MemoryBlock _setSimdFpRegFuncMem;
@@ -14,6 +13,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
         private static readonly SetSimdFpReg _setSimdFpReg;
         private static readonly IntPtr _setSimdFpRegNativePtr;
 
+        public ulong ThreadUid { get; set; }
+
         static HvExecutionContextVcpu()
         {
             // .NET does not support passing vectors by value, so we need to pass a pointer and use a native
@@ -136,6 +137,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
         }
 
         private readonly ulong _vcpu;
+        private int _interruptRequested;
 
         public HvExecutionContextVcpu(ulong vcpu)
         {
@@ -181,8 +183,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
 
         public void RequestInterrupt()
         {
-            ulong vcpu = _vcpu;
+            if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref _interruptRequested, 1) == 0)
-            HvApi.hv_vcpus_exit(ref vcpu, 1);
+            {
+                ulong vcpu = _vcpu;
+                HvApi.hv_vcpus_exit(ref vcpu, 1);
+            }
+        }
+
+        public bool GetAndClearInterruptRequested()
+        {
+            return Interlocked.Exchange(ref _interruptRequested, 0) != 0;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/AppleHv/IHvExecutionContext.cs

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
 
         uint Fpcr { get; set; }
         uint Fpsr { get; set; }
-
+        ulong ThreadUid { get; set; }
         ulong GetX(int index);
         void SetX(int index, ulong value);
 
@@ -39,5 +39,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.AppleHv
                 SetV(i, context.GetV(i));
             }
         }
+
+        void RequestInterrupt();
+        bool GetAndClearInterruptRequested();
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/ExceptionCallbacks.cs

@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu
         /// </summary>
         public readonly ExceptionCallback BreakCallback;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Handler for CPU software interrupts caused by single-stepping.
+        /// </summary>
+        public readonly ExceptionCallbackNoArgs StepCallback;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Handler for CPU software interrupts caused by the Arm SVC instruction.
         /// </summary>
@@ -47,16 +52,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu
         /// </remarks>
         /// <param name="interruptCallback">Handler for CPU interrupts triggered using <see cref="IExecutionContext.RequestInterrupt"/></param>
         /// <param name="breakCallback">Handler for CPU software interrupts caused by the Arm BRK instruction</param>
+        /// <param name="stepCallback">Handler for CPU software interrupts caused by single-stepping</param>
         /// <param name="supervisorCallback">Handler for CPU software interrupts caused by the Arm SVC instruction</param>
         /// <param name="undefinedCallback">Handler for CPU software interrupts caused by any undefined Arm instruction</param>
         public ExceptionCallbacks(
             ExceptionCallbackNoArgs interruptCallback = null,
             ExceptionCallback breakCallback = null,
+            ExceptionCallbackNoArgs stepCallback = null,
             ExceptionCallback supervisorCallback = null,
             ExceptionCallback undefinedCallback = null)
         {
             InterruptCallback = interruptCallback;
             BreakCallback = breakCallback;
+            StepCallback = stepCallback;
             SupervisorCallback = supervisorCallback;
             UndefinedCallback = undefinedCallback;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/IExecutionContext.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using ARMeilleure.State;
 using System;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Cpu
 {
@@ -46,6 +47,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu
         /// </summary>
         bool IsAarch32 { get; set; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Thread UID.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ulong ThreadUid { get; set; }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Indicates whenever the CPU is still running code.
         /// </summary>
@@ -108,5 +114,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu
         /// If you only need to pause the thread temporarily, use <see cref="RequestInterrupt"/> instead.
         /// </remarks>
         void StopRunning();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Requests the thread to stop running temporarily and call <see cref="ExceptionCallbacks.InterruptCallback"/>.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// The thread might not pause immediately.
+        /// One must not assume that guest code is no longer being executed by the thread after calling this function.
+        /// After single stepping, the thread should call call <see cref="ExceptionCallbacks.StepCallback"/>.
+        /// </remarks>
+        void RequestDebugStep();
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Current Program Counter (for debugging).
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// PC register for the debugger. Must not be accessed while the thread isn't stopped for debugging.
+        /// </remarks>
+        ulong DebugPc { get; set; }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Cpu/Jit/JitExecutionContext.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 using ARMeilleure.Memory;
 using ARMeilleure.State;
+using System.Threading;
+using ExecutionContext = ARMeilleure.State.ExecutionContext;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit
 {
@@ -53,6 +55,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit
             set => _impl.IsAarch32 = value;
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public ulong ThreadUid
+        {
+            get => _impl.ThreadUid;
+            set => _impl.ThreadUid = value;
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public bool Running => _impl.Running;
 
@@ -65,6 +74,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit
                 counter,
                 InterruptHandler,
                 BreakHandler,
+                StepHandler,
                 SupervisorCallHandler,
                 UndefinedHandler);
 
@@ -93,6 +103,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit
             _exceptionCallbacks.BreakCallback?.Invoke(this, address, imm);
         }
 
+        private void StepHandler(ExecutionContext context)
+        {
+            _exceptionCallbacks.StepCallback?.Invoke(this);
+        }
+
         private void SupervisorCallHandler(ExecutionContext context, ulong address, int imm)
         {
             _exceptionCallbacks.SupervisorCallback?.Invoke(this, address, imm);
@@ -109,6 +124,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Cpu.Jit
             _impl.RequestInterrupt();
         }
 
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public void RequestDebugStep() => _impl.RequestDebugStep();
+
+        /// <inheritdoc/>
+        public ulong DebugPc
+        {
+            get => _impl.DebugPc;
+            set => _impl.DebugPc = value;
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc/>
         public void StopRunning()
         {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IImageArray.cs

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 {
     public interface IImageArray : IDisposable
     {
-        void SetFormats(int index, Format[] imageFormats);
         void SetImages(int index, ITexture[] images);
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/IPipeline.cs

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 
         void SetIndexBuffer(BufferRange buffer, IndexType type);
 
-        void SetImage(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, Format imageFormat);
+        void SetImage(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture);
         void SetImageArray(ShaderStage stage, int binding, IImageArray array);
         void SetImageArraySeparate(ShaderStage stage, int setIndex, IImageArray array);
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/ITexture.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-using System.Buffers;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
 {
@@ -18,30 +18,30 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         PinnedSpan<byte> GetData(int layer, int level);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="IMemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
+        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="MemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
         /// the operation completes.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="data">Texture data bytes</param>
-        void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data);
+        void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="IMemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
+        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="MemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
         /// the operation completes.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="data">Texture data bytes</param>
         /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
         /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
-        void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level);
+        void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level);
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="IMemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
+        /// Sets the texture data. The data passed as a <see cref="MemoryOwner{Byte}" /> will be disposed when
         /// the operation completes.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="data">Texture data bytes</param>
         /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
         /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
         /// <param name="region">Target sub-region of the texture to update</param>
-        void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region);
+        void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region);
 
         void SetStorage(BufferRange buffer);
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandHelper.cs

@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             Register<CounterEventFlushCommand>(CommandType.CounterEventFlush);
 
             Register<ImageArrayDisposeCommand>(CommandType.ImageArrayDispose);
-            Register<ImageArraySetFormatsCommand>(CommandType.ImageArraySetFormats);
             Register<ImageArraySetImagesCommand>(CommandType.ImageArraySetImages);
 
             Register<ProgramDisposeCommand>(CommandType.ProgramDispose);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/CommandType.cs

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
         CounterEventFlush,
 
         ImageArrayDispose,
-        ImageArraySetFormats,
         ImageArraySetImages,
 
         ProgramDispose,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/ImageArray/ImageArraySetFormatsCommand.cs

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
-using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
-
-namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.ImageArray
-{
-    struct ImageArraySetFormatsCommand : IGALCommand, IGALCommand<ImageArraySetFormatsCommand>
-    {
-        public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.ImageArraySetFormats;
-        private TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> _imageArray;
-        private int _index;
-        private TableRef<Format[]> _imageFormats;
-
-        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedImageArray> imageArray, int index, TableRef<Format[]> imageFormats)
-        {
-            _imageArray = imageArray;
-            _index = index;
-            _imageFormats = imageFormats;
-        }
-
-        public static void Run(ref ImageArraySetFormatsCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
-        {
-            ThreadedImageArray imageArray = command._imageArray.Get(threaded);
-            imageArray.Base.SetFormats(command._index, command._imageFormats.Get(threaded));
-        }
-    }
-}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/SetImageCommand.cs

@@ -10,19 +10,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands
         private ShaderStage _stage;
         private int _binding;
         private TableRef<ITexture> _texture;
-        private Format _imageFormat;
 
-        public void Set(ShaderStage stage, int binding, TableRef<ITexture> texture, Format imageFormat)
+        public void Set(ShaderStage stage, int binding, TableRef<ITexture> texture)
         {
             _stage = stage;
             _binding = binding;
             _texture = texture;
-            _imageFormat = imageFormat;
         }
 
         public static void Run(ref SetImageCommand command, ThreadedRenderer threaded, IRenderer renderer)
         {
-            renderer.Pipeline.SetImage(command._stage, command._binding, command._texture.GetAs<ThreadedTexture>(threaded)?.Base, command._imageFormat);
+            renderer.Pipeline.SetImage(command._stage, command._binding, command._texture.GetAs<ThreadedTexture>(threaded)?.Base);
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Texture/TextureSetDataCommand.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
-using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
 {
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
     {
         public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureSetData;
         private TableRef<ThreadedTexture> _texture;
-        private TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
+        private TableRef<MemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
 
-        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> data)
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<MemoryOwner<byte>> data)
         {
             _texture = texture;
             _data = data;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Texture/TextureSetDataSliceCommand.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
-using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
 {
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
     {
         public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureSetDataSlice;
         private TableRef<ThreadedTexture> _texture;
-        private TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
+        private TableRef<MemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
         private int _layer;
         private int _level;
 
-        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<MemoryOwner<byte>> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             _texture = texture;
             _data = data;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Commands/Texture/TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources;
-using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
 {
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture
     {
         public readonly CommandType CommandType => CommandType.TextureSetDataSliceRegion;
         private TableRef<ThreadedTexture> _texture;
-        private TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
+        private TableRef<MemoryOwner<byte>> _data;
         private int _layer;
         private int _level;
         private Rectangle<int> _region;
 
-        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<IMemoryOwner<byte>> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void Set(TableRef<ThreadedTexture> texture, TableRef<MemoryOwner<byte>> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             _texture = texture;
             _data = data;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedImageArray.cs

@@ -27,12 +27,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
-        public void SetFormats(int index, Format[] imageFormats)
-        {
-            _renderer.New<ImageArraySetFormatsCommand>().Set(Ref(this), index, Ref(imageFormats));
-            _renderer.QueueCommand();
-        }
-
         public void SetImages(int index, ITexture[] images)
         {
             _renderer.New<ImageArraySetImagesCommand>().Set(Ref(this), index, Ref(images));

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/Resources/ThreadedTexture.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Commands.Texture;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Model;
-using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
 {
@@ -111,21 +111,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading.Resources
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
             _renderer.New<TextureSetDataCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data));
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data), layer, level);
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             _renderer.New<TextureSetDataSliceRegionCommand>().Set(Ref(this), Ref(data), layer, level, region);
             _renderer.QueueCommand();

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/Multithreading/ThreadedPipeline.cs

@@ -177,9 +177,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Multithreading
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 
-        public void SetImage(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, Format imageFormat)
+        public void SetImage(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture)
         {
-            _renderer.New<SetImageCommand>().Set(stage, binding, Ref(texture), imageFormat);
+            _renderer.New<SetImageCommand>().Set(stage, binding, Ref(texture));
             _renderer.QueueCommand();
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL/UpscaleType.cs

@@ -5,5 +5,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL
         Bilinear,
         Nearest,
         Fsr,
+        Area,
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/Dma/DmaClass.cs

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Device;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Threed;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
 using System;
-using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine.Dma
 
                     if (target != null)
                     {
-                        IMemoryOwner<byte> data;
+                        MemoryOwner<byte> data;
                         if (srcLinear)
                         {
                             data = LayoutConverter.ConvertLinearStridedToLinear(

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Engine/ShaderTexture.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine
@@ -61,51 +62,51 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Engine
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="format">Shader image format</param>
         /// <returns>Texture format</returns>
-        public static Format GetFormat(TextureFormat format)
+        public static FormatInfo GetFormatInfo(TextureFormat format)
         {
             return format switch
             {
 #pragma warning disable IDE0055 // Disable formatting
-                TextureFormat.R8Unorm           => Format.R8Unorm,
+                TextureFormat.R8Unorm           => new(Format.R8Unorm, 1, 1, 1, 1),
-                TextureFormat.R8Snorm           => Format.R8Snorm,
+                TextureFormat.R8Snorm           => new(Format.R8Snorm, 1, 1, 1, 1),
-                TextureFormat.R8Uint            => Format.R8Uint,
+                TextureFormat.R8Uint            => new(Format.R8Uint, 1, 1, 1, 1),
-                TextureFormat.R8Sint            => Format.R8Sint,
+                TextureFormat.R8Sint            => new(Format.R8Sint, 1, 1, 1, 1),
-                TextureFormat.R16Float          => Format.R16Float,
+                TextureFormat.R16Float          => new(Format.R16Float, 1, 1, 2, 1),
-                TextureFormat.R16Unorm          => Format.R16Unorm,
+                TextureFormat.R16Unorm          => new(Format.R16Unorm, 1, 1, 2, 1),
-                TextureFormat.R16Snorm          => Format.R16Snorm,
+                TextureFormat.R16Snorm          => new(Format.R16Snorm, 1, 1, 2, 1),
-                TextureFormat.R16Uint           => Format.R16Uint,
+                TextureFormat.R16Uint           => new(Format.R16Uint, 1, 1, 2, 1),
-                TextureFormat.R16Sint           => Format.R16Sint,
+                TextureFormat.R16Sint           => new(Format.R16Sint, 1, 1, 2, 1),
-                TextureFormat.R32Float          => Format.R32Float,
+                TextureFormat.R32Float          => new(Format.R32Float, 1, 1, 4, 1),
-                TextureFormat.R32Uint           => Format.R32Uint,
+                TextureFormat.R32Uint           => new(Format.R32Uint, 1, 1, 4, 1),
-                TextureFormat.R32Sint           => Format.R32Sint,
+                TextureFormat.R32Sint           => new(Format.R32Sint, 1, 1, 4, 1),
-                TextureFormat.R8G8Unorm         => Format.R8G8Unorm,
+                TextureFormat.R8G8Unorm         => new(Format.R8G8Unorm, 1, 1, 2, 2),
-                TextureFormat.R8G8Snorm         => Format.R8G8Snorm,
+                TextureFormat.R8G8Snorm         => new(Format.R8G8Snorm, 1, 1, 2, 2),
-                TextureFormat.R8G8Uint          => Format.R8G8Uint,
+                TextureFormat.R8G8Uint          => new(Format.R8G8Uint, 1, 1, 2, 2),
-                TextureFormat.R8G8Sint          => Format.R8G8Sint,
+                TextureFormat.R8G8Sint          => new(Format.R8G8Sint, 1, 1, 2, 2),
-                TextureFormat.R16G16Float       => Format.R16G16Float,
+                TextureFormat.R16G16Float       => new(Format.R16G16Float, 1, 1, 4, 2),
-                TextureFormat.R16G16Unorm       => Format.R16G16Unorm,
+                TextureFormat.R16G16Unorm       => new(Format.R16G16Unorm, 1, 1, 4, 2),
-                TextureFormat.R16G16Snorm       => Format.R16G16Snorm,
+                TextureFormat.R16G16Snorm       => new(Format.R16G16Snorm, 1, 1, 4, 2),
-                TextureFormat.R16G16Uint        => Format.R16G16Uint,
+                TextureFormat.R16G16Uint        => new(Format.R16G16Uint, 1, 1, 4, 2),
-                TextureFormat.R16G16Sint        => Format.R16G16Sint,
+                TextureFormat.R16G16Sint        => new(Format.R16G16Sint, 1, 1, 4, 2),
-                TextureFormat.R32G32Float       => Format.R32G32Float,
+                TextureFormat.R32G32Float       => new(Format.R32G32Float, 1, 1, 8, 2),
-                TextureFormat.R32G32Uint        => Format.R32G32Uint,
+                TextureFormat.R32G32Uint        => new(Format.R32G32Uint, 1, 1, 8, 2),
-                TextureFormat.R32G32Sint        => Format.R32G32Sint,
+                TextureFormat.R32G32Sint        => new(Format.R32G32Sint, 1, 1, 8, 2),
-                TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8Unorm     => Format.R8G8B8A8Unorm,
+                TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8Unorm     => new(Format.R8G8B8A8Unorm, 1, 1, 4, 4),
-                TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8Snorm     => Format.R8G8B8A8Snorm,
+                TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8Snorm     => new(Format.R8G8B8A8Snorm, 1, 1, 4, 4),
-                TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8Uint      => Format.R8G8B8A8Uint,
+                TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8Uint      => new(Format.R8G8B8A8Uint, 1, 1, 4, 4),
-                TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8Sint      => Format.R8G8B8A8Sint,
+                TextureFormat.R8G8B8A8Sint      => new(Format.R8G8B8A8Sint, 1, 1, 4, 4),
-                TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16Float => Format.R16G16B16A16Float,
+                TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16Float => new(Format.R16G16B16A16Float, 1, 1, 8, 4),
-                TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16Unorm => Format.R16G16B16A16Unorm,
+                TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16Unorm => new(Format.R16G16B16A16Unorm, 1, 1, 8, 4),
-                TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16Snorm => Format.R16G16B16A16Snorm,
+                TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16Snorm => new(Format.R16G16B16A16Snorm, 1, 1, 8, 4),
-                TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16Uint  => Format.R16G16B16A16Uint,
+                TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16Uint  => new(Format.R16G16B16A16Uint, 1, 1, 8, 4),
-                TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16Sint  => Format.R16G16B16A16Sint,
+                TextureFormat.R16G16B16A16Sint  => new(Format.R16G16B16A16Sint, 1, 1, 8, 4),
-                TextureFormat.R32G32B32A32Float => Format.R32G32B32A32Float,
+                TextureFormat.R32G32B32A32Float => new(Format.R32G32B32A32Float, 1, 1, 16, 4),
-                TextureFormat.R32G32B32A32Uint  => Format.R32G32B32A32Uint,
+                TextureFormat.R32G32B32A32Uint  => new(Format.R32G32B32A32Uint, 1, 1, 16, 4),
-                TextureFormat.R32G32B32A32Sint  => Format.R32G32B32A32Sint,
+                TextureFormat.R32G32B32A32Sint  => new(Format.R32G32B32A32Sint, 1, 1, 16, 4),
-                TextureFormat.R10G10B10A2Unorm  => Format.R10G10B10A2Unorm,
+                TextureFormat.R10G10B10A2Unorm  => new(Format.R10G10B10A2Unorm, 1, 1, 4, 4),
-                TextureFormat.R10G10B10A2Uint   => Format.R10G10B10A2Uint,
+                TextureFormat.R10G10B10A2Uint   => new(Format.R10G10B10A2Uint, 1, 1, 4, 4),
-                TextureFormat.R11G11B10Float    => Format.R11G11B10Float,
+                TextureFormat.R11G11B10Float    => new(Format.R11G11B10Float, 1, 1, 4, 3),
-                _                               => 0,
+                _                               => FormatInfo.Invalid,
 #pragma warning restore IDE0055
             };
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/FormatInfo.cs

@@ -7,6 +7,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
     /// </summary>
     readonly struct FormatInfo
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// An invalid texture format.
+        /// </summary>
+        public static FormatInfo Invalid { get; } = new(0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+
         /// <summary>
         /// A default, generic RGBA8 texture format.
         /// </summary>
@@ -23,7 +28,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <remarks>
         /// Must be 1 for non-compressed formats.
         /// </remarks>
-        public int BlockWidth { get; }
+        public byte BlockWidth { get; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The block height for compressed formats.
@@ -31,17 +36,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <remarks>
         /// Must be 1 for non-compressed formats.
         /// </remarks>
-        public int BlockHeight { get; }
+        public byte BlockHeight { get; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The number of bytes occupied by a single pixel in memory of the texture data.
         /// </summary>
-        public int BytesPerPixel { get; }
+        public byte BytesPerPixel { get; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// The maximum number of components this format has defined (in RGBA order).
         /// </summary>
-        public int Components { get; }
+        public byte Components { get; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Whenever or not the texture format is a compressed format. Determined from block size.
@@ -57,10 +62,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="bytesPerPixel">The number of bytes occupied by a single pixel in memory of the texture data</param>
         public FormatInfo(
             Format format,
-            int blockWidth,
+            byte blockWidth,
-            int blockHeight,
+            byte blockHeight,
-            int bytesPerPixel,
+            byte bytesPerPixel,
-            int components)
+            byte components)
         {
             Format = format;
             BlockWidth = blockWidth;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/Texture.cs

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture.Astc;
 using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using System;
-using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Linq;
@@ -662,7 +661,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 }
             }
 
-            IMemoryOwner<byte> result = ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data);
+            MemoryOwner<byte> result = ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data);
 
             if (ScaleFactor != 1f && AllowScaledSetData())
             {
@@ -685,7 +684,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// Uploads new texture data to the host GPU.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="data">New data</param>
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
             BlacklistScale();
 
@@ -704,7 +703,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="data">New data</param>
         /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
         /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             BlacklistScale();
 
@@ -722,7 +721,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="layer">Target layer</param>
         /// <param name="level">Target level</param>
         /// <param name="region">Target sub-region of the texture to update</param>
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             BlacklistScale();
 
@@ -740,7 +739,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="level">Mip level to convert</param>
         /// <param name="single">True to convert a single slice</param>
         /// <returns>Converted data</returns>
-        public IMemoryOwner<byte> ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int level = 0, bool single = false)
+        public MemoryOwner<byte> ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data, int level = 0, bool single = false)
         {
             int width = Info.Width;
             int height = Info.Height;
@@ -755,7 +754,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             int sliceDepth = single ? 1 : depth;
 
-            IMemoryOwner<byte> linear;
+            MemoryOwner<byte> linear;
 
             if (Info.IsLinear)
             {
@@ -788,7 +787,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     data);
             }
 
-            IMemoryOwner<byte> result = linear;
+            MemoryOwner<byte> result = linear;
 
             // Handle compressed cases not supported by the host:
             // - ASTC is usually not supported on desktop cards.
@@ -832,19 +831,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     case Format.Etc2RgbaUnorm:
                         using (result)
                         {
-                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgba(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgba(result.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
                         }
                     case Format.Etc2RgbPtaSrgb:
                     case Format.Etc2RgbPtaUnorm:
                         using (result)
                         {
-                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodePta(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodePta(result.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
                         }
                     case Format.Etc2RgbSrgb:
                     case Format.Etc2RgbUnorm:
                         using (result)
                         {
-                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgb(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                            return ETC2Decoder.DecodeRgb(result.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
                         }
                 }
             }
@@ -856,43 +855,43 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     case Format.Bc1RgbaUnorm:
                         using (result)
                         {
-                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC1(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC1(result.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
                         }
                     case Format.Bc2Srgb:
                     case Format.Bc2Unorm:
                         using (result)
                         {
-                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC2(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC2(result.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
                         }
                     case Format.Bc3Srgb:
                     case Format.Bc3Unorm:
                         using (result)
                         {
-                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC3(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC3(result.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
                         }
                     case Format.Bc4Snorm:
                     case Format.Bc4Unorm:
                         using (result)
                         {
-                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC4(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc4Snorm);
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC4(result.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc4Snorm);
                         }
                     case Format.Bc5Snorm:
                     case Format.Bc5Unorm:
                         using (result)
                         {
-                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC5(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc5Snorm);
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC5(result.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc5Snorm);
                         }
                     case Format.Bc6HSfloat:
                     case Format.Bc6HUfloat:
                         using (result)
                         {
-                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC6(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc6HSfloat);
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC6(result.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers, Format == Format.Bc6HSfloat);
                         }
                     case Format.Bc7Srgb:
                     case Format.Bc7Unorm:
                         using (result)
                         {
-                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC7(result.Memory.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
+                            return BCnDecoder.DecodeBC7(result.Span, width, height, sliceDepth, levels, layers);
                         }
                 }
             }
@@ -900,7 +899,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             {
                 using (result)
                 {
-                    var converted = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4ToR4G4B4A4(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                    var converted = PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4ToR4G4B4A4(result.Span, width);
 
                     if (_context.Capabilities.SupportsR4G4B4A4Format)
                     {
@@ -910,7 +909,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     {
                         using (converted)
                         {
-                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(converted.Memory.Span, width);
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(converted.Span, width);
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -921,7 +920,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     using (result)
                     {
-                        return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                        return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result.Span, width);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -933,24 +932,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     case Format.R5G6B5Unorm:
                         using (result)
                         {
-                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR5G6B5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR5G6B5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Span, width);
                         }
                     case Format.B5G5R5A1Unorm:
                     case Format.R5G5B5X1Unorm:
                     case Format.R5G5B5A1Unorm:
                         using (result)
                         {
-                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR5G5B5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width, Format == Format.R5G5B5X1Unorm);
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR5G5B5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Span, width, Format == Format.R5G5B5X1Unorm);
                         }
                     case Format.A1B5G5R5Unorm:
                         using (result)
                         {
-                            return PixelConverter.ConvertA1B5G5R5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertA1B5G5R5ToR8G8B8A8(result.Span, width);
                         }
                     case Format.R4G4B4A4Unorm:
                         using (result)
                         {
-                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result.Memory.Span, width);
+                            return PixelConverter.ConvertR4G4B4A4ToR8G8B8A8(result.Span, width);
                         }
                 }
             }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingInfo.cs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <summary>
         /// For images, indicates the format specified on the shader.
         /// </summary>
-        public Format Format { get; }
+        public FormatInfo FormatInfo { get; }
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Shader texture host set index.
@@ -58,17 +58,17 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// Constructs the texture binding information structure.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="target">The shader sampler target type</param>
-        /// <param name="format">Format of the image as declared on the shader</param>
+        /// <param name="formatInfo">Format of the image as declared on the shader</param>
         /// <param name="set">Shader texture host set index</param>
         /// <param name="binding">The shader texture binding point</param>
         /// <param name="arrayLength">For array of textures, this indicates the length of the array. A value of one indicates it is not an array</param>
         /// <param name="cbufSlot">Constant buffer slot where the texture handle is located</param>
         /// <param name="handle">The shader texture handle (read index into the texture constant buffer)</param>
         /// <param name="flags">The texture's usage flags, indicating how it is used in the shader</param>
-        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, Format format, int set, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
+        public TextureBindingInfo(Target target, FormatInfo formatInfo, int set, int binding, int arrayLength, int cbufSlot, int handle, TextureUsageFlags flags)
         {
             Target = target;
-            Format = format;
+            FormatInfo = formatInfo;
             Set = set;
             Binding = binding;
             ArrayLength = arrayLength;
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             int cbufSlot,
             int handle,
             TextureUsageFlags flags,
-            bool isSamplerOnly) : this(target, 0, set, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
+            bool isSamplerOnly) : this(target, FormatInfo.Invalid, set, binding, arrayLength, cbufSlot, handle, flags)
         {
             IsSamplerOnly = isSamplerOnly;
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsArrayCache.cs

@@ -659,7 +659,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             int length = (isSampler ? samplerPool.MaximumId : texturePool.MaximumId) + 1;
             length = Math.Min(length, bindingInfo.ArrayLength);
 
-            Format[] formats = isImage ? new Format[bindingInfo.ArrayLength] : null;
             ISampler[] samplers = isImage ? null : new ISampler[bindingInfo.ArrayLength];
             ITexture[] textures = new ITexture[bindingInfo.ArrayLength];
 
@@ -674,7 +673,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    ref readonly TextureDescriptor descriptor = ref texturePool.GetForBinding(index, out texture);
+                    ref readonly TextureDescriptor descriptor = ref texturePool.GetForBinding(index, bindingInfo.FormatInfo, out texture);
 
                     if (texture != null)
                     {
@@ -697,8 +696,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 ITexture hostTexture = texture?.GetTargetTexture(bindingInfo.Target);
                 ISampler hostSampler = sampler?.GetHostSampler(texture);
 
-                Format format = bindingInfo.Format;
-
                 if (hostTexture != null && texture.Target == Target.TextureBuffer)
                 {
                     // Ensure that the buffer texture is using the correct buffer as storage.
@@ -706,26 +703,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     // to ensure we're not using a old buffer that was already deleted.
                     if (isImage)
                     {
-                        if (format == 0 && texture != null)
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index);
-                        {
-                            format = texture.Format;
-                        }
-
-                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index);
                     }
                 }
                 else if (isImage)
                 {
-                    if (format == 0 && texture != null)
-                    {
-                        format = texture.Format;
-                    }
-
-                    formats[index] = format;
                     textures[index] = hostTexture;
                 }
                 else
@@ -737,7 +723,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             if (isImage)
             {
-                entry.ImageArray.SetFormats(0, formats);
                 entry.ImageArray.SetImages(0, textures);
 
                 SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);
@@ -863,7 +848,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             entry.UpdateData(cachedTextureBuffer, cachedSamplerBuffer, separateSamplerBuffer);
 
-            Format[] formats = isImage ? new Format[bindingInfo.ArrayLength] : null;
             ISampler[] samplers = isImage ? null : new ISampler[bindingInfo.ArrayLength];
             ITexture[] textures = new ITexture[bindingInfo.ArrayLength];
 
@@ -883,7 +867,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     samplerId = TextureHandle.UnpackSamplerId(packedId);
                 }
 
-                ref readonly TextureDescriptor descriptor = ref texturePool.GetForBinding(textureId, out Texture texture);
+                ref readonly TextureDescriptor descriptor = ref texturePool.GetForBinding(textureId, bindingInfo.FormatInfo, out Texture texture);
 
                 if (texture != null)
                 {
@@ -916,8 +900,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     hostSampler = sampler?.GetHostSampler(texture);
                 }
 
-                Format format = bindingInfo.Format;
-
                 if (hostTexture != null && texture.Target == Target.TextureBuffer)
                 {
                     // Ensure that the buffer texture is using the correct buffer as storage.
@@ -925,26 +907,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     // to ensure we're not using a old buffer that was already deleted.
                     if (isImage)
                     {
-                        if (format == 0 && texture != null)
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index);
-                        {
-                            format = texture.Format;
-                        }
-
-                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.ImageArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
                     }
                     else
                     {
-                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index, format);
+                        _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, entry.TextureArray, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, index);
                     }
                 }
                 else if (isImage)
                 {
-                    if (format == 0 && texture != null)
-                    {
-                        format = texture.Format;
-                    }
-
-                    formats[index] = format;
                     textures[index] = hostTexture;
                 }
                 else
@@ -956,7 +927,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
             if (isImage)
             {
-                entry.ImageArray.SetFormats(0, formats);
                 entry.ImageArray.SetImages(0, textures);
 
                 SetImageArray(stage, bindingInfo, entry.ImageArray);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureBindingsManager.cs

@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     // Ensure that the buffer texture is using the correct buffer as storage.
                     // Buffers are frequently re-created to accommodate larger data, so we need to re-bind
                     // to ensure we're not using a old buffer that was already deleted.
-                    _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, bindingInfo.Format, false);
+                    _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, false);
 
                     // Cache is not used for buffer texture, it must always rebind.
                     state.CachedTexture = null;
@@ -616,6 +616,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (!poolModified &&
                     state.TextureHandle == textureId &&
+                    state.ImageFormat == bindingInfo.FormatInfo.Format &&
                     state.CachedTexture != null &&
                     state.CachedTexture.InvalidatedSequence == state.InvalidatedSequence)
                 {
@@ -629,26 +630,22 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                         cachedTexture.SignalModified();
                     }
 
-                    Format format = bindingInfo.Format == 0 ? cachedTexture.Format : bindingInfo.Format;
+                    if ((usageFlags & TextureUsageFlags.NeedsScaleValue) != 0 && UpdateScale(state.CachedTexture, usageFlags, scaleIndex, stage))
-
-                    if (state.ImageFormat != format ||
-                        ((usageFlags & TextureUsageFlags.NeedsScaleValue) != 0 &&
-                        UpdateScale(state.CachedTexture, usageFlags, scaleIndex, stage)))
                     {
                         ITexture hostTextureRebind = state.CachedTexture.GetTargetTexture(bindingInfo.Target);
 
                         state.Texture = hostTextureRebind;
-                        state.ImageFormat = format;
 
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImage(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, hostTextureRebind, format);
+                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImage(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, hostTextureRebind);
                     }
 
                     continue;
                 }
 
                 state.TextureHandle = textureId;
+                state.ImageFormat = bindingInfo.FormatInfo.Format;
 
-                ref readonly TextureDescriptor descriptor = ref pool.GetForBinding(textureId, out Texture texture);
+                ref readonly TextureDescriptor descriptor = ref pool.GetForBinding(textureId, bindingInfo.FormatInfo, out Texture texture);
 
                 specStateMatches &= specState.MatchesImage(stage, index, descriptor);
 
@@ -660,14 +657,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     // Buffers are frequently re-created to accommodate larger data, so we need to re-bind
                     // to ensure we're not using a old buffer that was already deleted.
 
-                    Format format = bindingInfo.Format;
+                    _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, true);
-
-                    if (format == 0 && texture != null)
-                    {
-                        format = texture.Format;
-                    }
-
-                    _channel.BufferManager.SetBufferTextureStorage(stage, hostTexture, texture.Range, bindingInfo, format, true);
 
                     // Cache is not used for buffer texture, it must always rebind.
                     state.CachedTexture = null;
@@ -689,16 +679,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     {
                         state.Texture = hostTexture;
 
-                        Format format = bindingInfo.Format;
+                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImage(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, hostTexture);
-
-                        if (format == 0 && texture != null)
-                        {
-                            format = texture.Format;
-                        }
-
-                        state.ImageFormat = format;
-
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImage(stage, bindingInfo.Binding, hostTexture, format);
                     }
 
                     state.CachedTexture = texture;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureCompatibility.cs

@@ -739,7 +739,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             }
 
             return (lhsFormat.Format == Format.R8G8B8A8Unorm && rhsFormat.Format == Format.R32G32B32A32Float) ||
-                   (lhsFormat.Format == Format.R8Unorm && rhsFormat.Format == Format.R8G8B8A8Unorm);
+                   (lhsFormat.Format == Format.R8Unorm && rhsFormat.Format == Format.R8G8B8A8Unorm) ||
+                   (lhsFormat.Format == Format.R8Unorm && rhsFormat.Format == Format.R32Uint);
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TextureGroup.cs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.Texture;
@@ -5,7 +6,6 @@ using Ryujinx.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Range;
 using Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking;
 using System;
-using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
 
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                             ReadOnlySpan<byte> data = dataSpan[(offset - spanBase)..];
 
-                            IMemoryOwner<byte> result = Storage.ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data, info.BaseLevel + level, true);
+                            MemoryOwner<byte> result = Storage.ConvertToHostCompatibleFormat(data, info.BaseLevel + level, true);
 
                             Storage.SetData(result, info.BaseLayer + layer, info.BaseLevel + level);
                         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Image/TexturePool.cs

@@ -75,6 +75,76 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         private readonly ConcurrentQueue<DereferenceRequest> _dereferenceQueue = new();
         private TextureDescriptor _defaultDescriptor;
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// List of textures that shares the same memory region, but have different formats.
+        /// </summary>
+        private class TextureAliasList
+        {
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Alias texture.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="Format">Texture format</param>
+            /// <param name="Texture">Texture</param>
+            private readonly record struct Alias(Format Format, Texture Texture);
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// List of texture aliases.
+            /// </summary>
+            private readonly List<Alias> _aliases;
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Creates a new instance of the texture alias list.
+            /// </summary>
+            public TextureAliasList()
+            {
+                _aliases = new List<Alias>();
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Adds a new texture alias.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="format">Alias format</param>
+            /// <param name="texture">Alias texture</param>
+            public void Add(Format format, Texture texture)
+            {
+                _aliases.Add(new Alias(format, texture));
+                texture.IncrementReferenceCount();
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Finds a texture with the requested format, or returns null if not found.
+            /// </summary>
+            /// <param name="format">Format to find</param>
+            /// <returns>Texture with the requested format, or null if not found</returns>
+            public Texture Find(Format format)
+            {
+                foreach (var alias in _aliases)
+                {
+                    if (alias.Format == format)
+                    {
+                        return alias.Texture;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            /// <summary>
+            /// Removes all alias textures.
+            /// </summary>
+            public void Destroy()
+            {
+                foreach (var entry in _aliases)
+                {
+                    entry.Texture.DecrementReferenceCount();
+                }
+
+                _aliases.Clear();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private readonly Dictionary<Texture, TextureAliasList> _aliasLists;
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Linked list node used on the texture pool cache.
         /// </summary>
@@ -95,6 +165,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         public TexturePool(GpuContext context, GpuChannel channel, ulong address, int maximumId) : base(context, channel.MemoryManager.Physical, address, maximumId)
         {
             _channel = channel;
+            _aliasLists = new Dictionary<Texture, TextureAliasList>();
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -115,14 +186,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
 
                 if (texture == null)
                 {
-                    TextureInfo info = GetInfo(descriptor, out int layerSize);
-
                     // The dereference queue can put our texture back on the cache.
                     if ((texture = ProcessDereferenceQueue(id)) != null)
                     {
                         return ref descriptor;
                     }
 
+                    TextureInfo info = GetInfo(descriptor, out int layerSize);
                     texture = PhysicalMemory.TextureCache.FindOrCreateTexture(_channel.MemoryManager, TextureSearchFlags.ForSampler, info, layerSize);
 
                     // If this happens, then the texture address is invalid, we can't add it to the cache.
@@ -197,6 +267,51 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             return ref GetInternal(id, out texture);
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the texture descriptor and texture with the given ID.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// This method assumes that the pool has been manually synchronized before doing binding.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="id">ID of the texture. This is effectively a zero-based index</param>
+        /// <param name="formatInfo">Texture format information</param>
+        /// <param name="texture">The texture with the given ID</param>
+        /// <returns>The texture descriptor with the given ID</returns>
+        public ref readonly TextureDescriptor GetForBinding(int id, FormatInfo formatInfo, out Texture texture)
+        {
+            if ((uint)id >= Items.Length)
+            {
+                texture = null;
+                return ref _defaultDescriptor;
+            }
+
+            ref readonly TextureDescriptor descriptor = ref GetInternal(id, out texture);
+
+            if (texture != null && formatInfo.Format != 0 && texture.Format != formatInfo.Format)
+            {
+                if (!_aliasLists.TryGetValue(texture, out TextureAliasList aliasList))
+                {
+                    _aliasLists.Add(texture, aliasList = new TextureAliasList());
+                }
+
+                texture = aliasList.Find(formatInfo.Format);
+
+                if (texture == null)
+                {
+                    TextureInfo info = GetInfo(descriptor, out int layerSize);
+                    info = ChangeFormat(info, formatInfo);
+                    texture = PhysicalMemory.TextureCache.FindOrCreateTexture(_channel.MemoryManager, TextureSearchFlags.ForSampler, info, layerSize);
+
+                    if (texture != null)
+                    {
+                        aliasList.Add(formatInfo.Format, texture);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return ref descriptor;
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Checks if the pool was modified, and returns the last sequence number where a modification was detected.
         /// </summary>
@@ -234,6 +349,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
             else
             {
                 texture.DecrementReferenceCount();
+                RemoveAliasList(texture);
             }
         }
 
@@ -327,6 +443,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                 {
                     texture.DecrementReferenceCount();
                 }
+
+                RemoveAliasList(texture);
             }
 
             return null;
@@ -369,6 +487,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                     if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref Items[id], null) != null)
                     {
                         texture.DecrementReferenceCount(this, id);
+                        RemoveAliasList(texture);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -622,6 +741,57 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
                    component == SwizzleComponent.Green;
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Changes the format on the texture information structure, and also adjusts the width for the new format if needed.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="info">Texture information</param>
+        /// <param name="dstFormat">New format</param>
+        /// <returns>Texture information with the new format</returns>
+        private static TextureInfo ChangeFormat(in TextureInfo info, FormatInfo dstFormat)
+        {
+            int width = info.Width;
+
+            if (info.FormatInfo.BytesPerPixel != dstFormat.BytesPerPixel)
+            {
+                int stride = width * info.FormatInfo.BytesPerPixel;
+                width = stride / dstFormat.BytesPerPixel;
+            }
+
+            return new TextureInfo(
+                info.GpuAddress,
+                width,
+                info.Height,
+                info.DepthOrLayers,
+                info.Levels,
+                info.SamplesInX,
+                info.SamplesInY,
+                info.Stride,
+                info.IsLinear,
+                info.GobBlocksInY,
+                info.GobBlocksInZ,
+                info.GobBlocksInTileX,
+                info.Target,
+                dstFormat,
+                info.DepthStencilMode,
+                info.SwizzleR,
+                info.SwizzleG,
+                info.SwizzleB,
+                info.SwizzleA);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Removes all aliases for a texture.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="texture">Texture to have the aliases removed</param>
+        private void RemoveAliasList(Texture texture)
+        {
+            if (_aliasLists.TryGetValue(texture, out TextureAliasList aliasList))
+            {
+                _aliasLists.Remove(texture);
+                aliasList.Destroy();
+            }
+        }
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Decrements the reference count of the texture.
         /// This indicates that the texture pool is not using it anymore.
@@ -629,7 +799,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Image
         /// <param name="item">The texture to be deleted</param>
         protected override void Delete(Texture item)
         {
-            item?.DecrementReferenceCount(this);
+            if (item != null)
+            {
+                item.DecrementReferenceCount(this);
+                RemoveAliasList(item);
+            }
         }
 
         public override void Dispose()

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferManager.cs

@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
 
                     if (binding.IsImage)
                     {
-                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImage(binding.Stage, binding.BindingInfo.Binding, binding.Texture, binding.Format);
+                        _context.Renderer.Pipeline.SetImage(binding.Stage, binding.BindingInfo.Binding, binding.Texture);
                     }
                     else
                     {
@@ -873,12 +873,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             ITexture texture,
             MultiRange range,
             TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
-            Format format,
             bool isImage)
         {
             _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range, BufferStageUtils.TextureBuffer(stage, bindingInfo.Flags));
 
-            _bufferTextures.Add(new BufferTextureBinding(stage, texture, range, bindingInfo, format, isImage));
+            _bufferTextures.Add(new BufferTextureBinding(stage, texture, range, bindingInfo, isImage));
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -897,12 +896,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             ITexture texture,
             MultiRange range,
             TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
-            int index,
+            int index)
-            Format format)
         {
             _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range, BufferStageUtils.TextureBuffer(stage, bindingInfo.Flags));
 
-            _bufferTextureArrays.Add(new BufferTextureArrayBinding<ITextureArray>(array, texture, range, bindingInfo, index, format));
+            _bufferTextureArrays.Add(new BufferTextureArrayBinding<ITextureArray>(array, texture, range, bindingInfo, index));
         }
 
         /// <summary>
@@ -921,12 +919,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
             ITexture texture,
             MultiRange range,
             TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
-            int index,
+            int index)
-            Format format)
         {
             _channel.MemoryManager.Physical.BufferCache.CreateBuffer(range, BufferStageUtils.TextureBuffer(stage, bindingInfo.Flags));
 
-            _bufferImageArrays.Add(new BufferTextureArrayBinding<IImageArray>(array, texture, range, bindingInfo, index, format));
+            _bufferImageArrays.Add(new BufferTextureArrayBinding<IImageArray>(array, texture, range, bindingInfo, index));
         }
 
         /// <summary>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferTextureArrayBinding.cs

@@ -34,33 +34,26 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </summary>
         public int Index { get; }
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The image format for the binding.
-        /// </summary>
-        public Format Format { get; }
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Create a new buffer texture binding.
         /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="array">Array</param>
         /// <param name="texture">Buffer texture</param>
         /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located</param>
         /// <param name="bindingInfo">Binding info</param>
         /// <param name="index">Index of the binding on the array</param>
-        /// <param name="format">Binding format</param>
         public BufferTextureArrayBinding(
             T array,
             ITexture texture,
             MultiRange range,
             TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
-            int index,
+            int index)
-            Format format)
         {
             Array = array;
             Texture = texture;
             Range = range;
             BindingInfo = bindingInfo;
             Index = index;
-            Format = format;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Memory/BufferTextureBinding.cs

@@ -30,11 +30,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// </summary>
         public TextureBindingInfo BindingInfo { get; }
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// The image format for the binding.
-        /// </summary>
-        public Format Format { get; }
-
         /// <summary>
         /// Whether the binding is for an image or a sampler.
         /// </summary>
@@ -47,21 +42,18 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Memory
         /// <param name="texture">Buffer texture</param>
         /// <param name="range">Physical ranges of memory where the buffer texture data is located</param>
         /// <param name="bindingInfo">Binding info</param>
-        /// <param name="format">Binding format</param>
         /// <param name="isImage">Whether the binding is for an image or a sampler</param>
         public BufferTextureBinding(
             ShaderStage stage,
             ITexture texture,
             MultiRange range,
             TextureBindingInfo bindingInfo,
-            Format format,
             bool isImage)
         {
             Stage = stage;
             Texture = texture;
             Range = range;
             BindingInfo = bindingInfo;
-            Format = format;
             IsImage = isImage;
         }
     }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/CachedShaderBindings.cs

@@ -86,11 +86,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader
                 ImageBindings[i] = stage.Info.Images.Select(descriptor =>
                 {
                     Target target = ShaderTexture.GetTarget(descriptor.Type);
-                    Format format = ShaderTexture.GetFormat(descriptor.Format);
+                    FormatInfo formatInfo = ShaderTexture.GetFormatInfo(descriptor.Format);
 
                     var result = new TextureBindingInfo(
                         target,
-                        format,
+                        formatInfo,
                         descriptor.Set,
                         descriptor.Binding,
                         descriptor.ArrayLength,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Shader/DiskCache/DiskCacheHostStorage.cs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu.Shader.DiskCache
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMajor = 1;
         private const ushort FileFormatVersionMinor = 2;
         private const uint FileFormatVersionPacked = ((uint)FileFormatVersionMajor << 16) | FileFormatVersionMinor;
-        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 7131;
+        private const uint CodeGenVersion = 7320;
 
         private const string SharedTocFileName = "shared.toc";
         private const string SharedDataFileName = "shared.data";

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu/Window.cs

@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Gpu
             bool isLinear,
             int gobBlocksInY,
             Format format,
-            int bytesPerPixel,
+            byte bytesPerPixel,
             ImageCrop crop,
             Action<GpuContext, object> acquireCallback,
             Action<object> releaseCallback,

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Effects/AreaScalingFilter.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL;
+using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image;
+using System;
+using static Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Effects.ShaderHelper;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Effects
+{
+    internal class AreaScalingFilter : IScalingFilter
+    {
+        private readonly OpenGLRenderer _renderer;
+        private int _inputUniform;
+        private int _outputUniform;
+        private int _srcX0Uniform;
+        private int _srcX1Uniform;
+        private int _srcY0Uniform;
+        private int _scalingShaderProgram;
+        private int _srcY1Uniform;
+        private int _dstX0Uniform;
+        private int _dstX1Uniform;
+        private int _dstY0Uniform;
+        private int _dstY1Uniform;
+
+        public float Level { get; set; }
+
+        public AreaScalingFilter(OpenGLRenderer renderer)
+        {
+            Initialize();
+
+            _renderer = renderer;
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            if (_scalingShaderProgram != 0)
+            {
+                GL.DeleteProgram(_scalingShaderProgram);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Initialize()
+        {
+            var scalingShader = EmbeddedResources.ReadAllText("Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Effects/Shaders/area_scaling.glsl");
+
+            _scalingShaderProgram = CompileProgram(scalingShader, ShaderType.ComputeShader);
+
+            _inputUniform = GL.GetUniformLocation(_scalingShaderProgram, "Source");
+            _outputUniform = GL.GetUniformLocation(_scalingShaderProgram, "imgOutput");
+
+            _srcX0Uniform = GL.GetUniformLocation(_scalingShaderProgram, "srcX0");
+            _srcX1Uniform = GL.GetUniformLocation(_scalingShaderProgram, "srcX1");
+            _srcY0Uniform = GL.GetUniformLocation(_scalingShaderProgram, "srcY0");
+            _srcY1Uniform = GL.GetUniformLocation(_scalingShaderProgram, "srcY1");
+            _dstX0Uniform = GL.GetUniformLocation(_scalingShaderProgram, "dstX0");
+            _dstX1Uniform = GL.GetUniformLocation(_scalingShaderProgram, "dstX1");
+            _dstY0Uniform = GL.GetUniformLocation(_scalingShaderProgram, "dstY0");
+            _dstY1Uniform = GL.GetUniformLocation(_scalingShaderProgram, "dstY1");
+        }
+
+        public void Run(
+            TextureView view,
+            TextureView destinationTexture,
+            int width,
+            int height,
+            Extents2D source,
+            Extents2D destination)
+        {
+            int previousProgram = GL.GetInteger(GetPName.CurrentProgram);
+            int previousUnit = GL.GetInteger(GetPName.ActiveTexture);
+            GL.ActiveTexture(TextureUnit.Texture0);
+            int previousTextureBinding = GL.GetInteger(GetPName.TextureBinding2D);
+
+            GL.BindImageTexture(0, destinationTexture.Handle, 0, false, 0, TextureAccess.ReadWrite, SizedInternalFormat.Rgba8);
+
+            int threadGroupWorkRegionDim = 16;
+            int dispatchX = (width + (threadGroupWorkRegionDim - 1)) / threadGroupWorkRegionDim;
+            int dispatchY = (height + (threadGroupWorkRegionDim - 1)) / threadGroupWorkRegionDim;
+
+            // Scaling pass
+            GL.UseProgram(_scalingShaderProgram);
+            view.Bind(0);
+            GL.Uniform1(_inputUniform, 0);
+            GL.Uniform1(_outputUniform, 0);
+            GL.Uniform1(_srcX0Uniform, (float)source.X1);
+            GL.Uniform1(_srcX1Uniform, (float)source.X2);
+            GL.Uniform1(_srcY0Uniform, (float)source.Y1);
+            GL.Uniform1(_srcY1Uniform, (float)source.Y2);
+            GL.Uniform1(_dstX0Uniform, (float)destination.X1);
+            GL.Uniform1(_dstX1Uniform, (float)destination.X2);
+            GL.Uniform1(_dstY0Uniform, (float)destination.Y1);
+            GL.Uniform1(_dstY1Uniform, (float)destination.Y2);
+            GL.DispatchCompute(dispatchX, dispatchY, 1);
+
+            GL.UseProgram(previousProgram);
+            GL.MemoryBarrier(MemoryBarrierFlags.ShaderImageAccessBarrierBit);
+
+            (_renderer.Pipeline as Pipeline).RestoreImages1And2();
+
+            GL.ActiveTexture(TextureUnit.Texture0);
+            GL.BindTexture(TextureTarget.Texture2D, previousTextureBinding);
+
+            GL.ActiveTexture((TextureUnit)previousUnit);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Effects/FsrScalingFilter.cs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Effects
         private int _srcY0Uniform;
         private int _scalingShaderProgram;
         private int _sharpeningShaderProgram;
-        private float _scale = 1;
+        private float _sharpeningLevel = 1;
         private int _srcY1Uniform;
         private int _dstX0Uniform;
         private int _dstX1Uniform;
@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Effects
 
         public float Level
         {
-            get => _scale;
+            get => _sharpeningLevel;
             set
             {
-                _scale = MathF.Max(0.01f, value);
+                _sharpeningLevel = MathF.Max(0.01f, value);
             }
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Effects/ShaderHelper.cs

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Effects
 {
@@ -6,18 +7,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Effects
     {
         public static int CompileProgram(string shaderCode, ShaderType shaderType)
         {
-            var shader = GL.CreateShader(shaderType);
+            return CompileProgram(new string[] { shaderCode }, shaderType);
-            GL.ShaderSource(shader, shaderCode);
-            GL.CompileShader(shader);
-
-            var program = GL.CreateProgram();
-            GL.AttachShader(program, shader);
-            GL.LinkProgram(program);
-
-            GL.DetachShader(program, shader);
-            GL.DeleteShader(shader);
-
-            return program;
         }
 
         public static int CompileProgram(string[] shaders, ShaderType shaderType)
@@ -26,6 +16,15 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Effects
             GL.ShaderSource(shader, shaders.Length, shaders, (int[])null);
             GL.CompileShader(shader);
 
+            GL.GetShader(shader, ShaderParameter.CompileStatus, out int isCompiled);
+            if (isCompiled == 0)
+            {
+                string log = GL.GetShaderInfoLog(shader);
+                Logger.Error?.Print(LogClass.Gpu, $"Failed to compile effect shader:\n\n{log}\n");
+                GL.DeleteShader(shader);
+                return 0;
+            }
+
             var program = GL.CreateProgram();
             GL.AttachShader(program, shader);
             GL.LinkProgram(program);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Effects/Shaders/area_scaling.glsl

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+#version 430 core
+precision mediump float;
+layout (local_size_x = 16, local_size_y = 16) in;
+layout(rgba8, binding = 0, location=0) uniform image2D imgOutput;
+layout( location=1 ) uniform sampler2D Source;
+layout( location=2 ) uniform float srcX0;
+layout( location=3 ) uniform float srcX1;
+layout( location=4 ) uniform float srcY0;
+layout( location=5 ) uniform float srcY1;
+layout( location=6 ) uniform float dstX0;
+layout( location=7 ) uniform float dstX1;
+layout( location=8 ) uniform float dstY0;
+layout( location=9 ) uniform float dstY1;
+
+/***** Area Sampling *****/
+
+// By Sam Belliveau and Filippo Tarpini. Public Domain license.
+// Effectively a more accurate sharp bilinear filter when upscaling,
+// that also works as a mathematically perfect downscale filter.
+// https://entropymine.com/imageworsener/pixelmixing/
+// https://github.com/obsproject/obs-studio/pull/1715
+// https://legacy.imagemagick.org/Usage/filter/
+vec4 AreaSampling(vec2 xy)
+{
+    // Determine the sizes of the source and target images.
+    vec2 source_size = vec2(abs(srcX1 - srcX0), abs(srcY1 - srcY0));
+    vec2 target_size = vec2(abs(dstX1 - dstX0), abs(dstY1 - dstY0));
+    vec2 inverted_target_size = vec2(1.0) / target_size;
+
+    // Compute the top-left and bottom-right corners of the target pixel box.
+    vec2 t_beg = floor(xy - vec2(dstX0 < dstX1 ? dstX0 : dstX1, dstY0 < dstY1 ? dstY0 : dstY1));
+    vec2 t_end = t_beg + vec2(1.0, 1.0);
+
+    // Convert the target pixel box to source pixel box.
+    vec2 beg = t_beg * inverted_target_size * source_size;
+    vec2 end = t_end * inverted_target_size * source_size;
+
+    // Compute the top-left and bottom-right corners of the pixel box.
+    ivec2 f_beg = ivec2(beg);
+    ivec2 f_end = ivec2(end);
+
+    // Compute how much of the start and end pixels are covered horizontally & vertically.
+    float area_w = 1.0 - fract(beg.x);
+    float area_n = 1.0 - fract(beg.y);
+    float area_e = fract(end.x);
+    float area_s = fract(end.y);
+
+    // Compute the areas of the corner pixels in the pixel box.
+    float area_nw = area_n * area_w;
+    float area_ne = area_n * area_e;
+    float area_sw = area_s * area_w;
+    float area_se = area_s * area_e;
+
+    // Initialize the color accumulator.
+    vec4 avg_color = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+
+    // Accumulate corner pixels.
+    avg_color += area_nw * texelFetch(Source, ivec2(f_beg.x, f_beg.y), 0);
+    avg_color += area_ne * texelFetch(Source, ivec2(f_end.x, f_beg.y), 0);
+    avg_color += area_sw * texelFetch(Source, ivec2(f_beg.x, f_end.y), 0);
+    avg_color += area_se * texelFetch(Source, ivec2(f_end.x, f_end.y), 0);
+
+    // Determine the size of the pixel box.
+    int x_range = int(f_end.x - f_beg.x - 0.5);
+    int y_range = int(f_end.y - f_beg.y - 0.5);
+
+    // Accumulate top and bottom edge pixels.
+    for (int x = f_beg.x + 1; x <= f_beg.x + x_range; ++x)
+    {
+        avg_color += area_n * texelFetch(Source, ivec2(x, f_beg.y), 0);
+        avg_color += area_s * texelFetch(Source, ivec2(x, f_end.y), 0);
+    }
+
+    // Accumulate left and right edge pixels and all the pixels in between.
+    for (int y = f_beg.y + 1; y <= f_beg.y + y_range; ++y)
+    {
+        avg_color += area_w * texelFetch(Source, ivec2(f_beg.x, y), 0);
+        avg_color += area_e * texelFetch(Source, ivec2(f_end.x, y), 0);
+
+        for (int x = f_beg.x + 1; x <= f_beg.x + x_range; ++x)
+        {
+            avg_color += texelFetch(Source, ivec2(x, y), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Compute the area of the pixel box that was sampled.
+    float area_corners = area_nw + area_ne + area_sw + area_se;
+    float area_edges = float(x_range) * (area_n + area_s) + float(y_range) * (area_w + area_e);
+    float area_center = float(x_range) * float(y_range);
+
+    // Return the normalized average color.
+    return avg_color / (area_corners + area_edges + area_center);
+}
+
+float insideBox(vec2 v, vec2 bLeft, vec2 tRight) {
+    vec2 s = step(bLeft, v) - step(tRight, v);
+    return s.x * s.y;
+}
+
+vec2 translateDest(vec2 pos) {
+    vec2 translatedPos = vec2(pos.x, pos.y);
+    translatedPos.x = dstX1 < dstX0 ? dstX1 - translatedPos.x : translatedPos.x;
+    translatedPos.y = dstY0 > dstY1 ? dstY0 + dstY1 - translatedPos.y - 1 : translatedPos.y;
+    return translatedPos;
+}
+
+void main()
+{
+    vec2 bLeft = vec2(dstX0 < dstX1 ? dstX0 : dstX1, dstY0 < dstY1 ? dstY0 : dstY1);
+    vec2 tRight = vec2(dstX1 > dstX0 ? dstX1 : dstX0, dstY1 > dstY0 ? dstY1 : dstY0);
+    ivec2 loc = ivec2(gl_GlobalInvocationID.x, gl_GlobalInvocationID.y);
+    if (insideBox(loc, bLeft, tRight) == 0) {
+        imageStore(imgOutput, loc, vec4(0, 0, 0, 1));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    vec4 outColor = AreaSampling(loc);
+    imageStore(imgOutput, ivec2(translateDest(loc)), vec4(outColor.rgb, 1));
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Effects/Shaders/fsr_scaling.glsl

@@ -85,4 +85,4 @@ void main() {
     CurrFilter(gxy);
     gxy.x -= 8u;
     CurrFilter(gxy);
-}
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/ImageArray.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
-using System;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
 {
@@ -19,14 +18,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
             _images = new TextureRef[size];
         }
 
-        public void SetFormats(int index, GAL.Format[] imageFormats)
-        {
-            for (int i = 0; i < imageFormats.Length; i++)
-            {
-                _images[index + i].Format = imageFormats[i];
-            }
-        }
-
         public void SetImages(int index, ITexture[] images)
         {
             for (int i = 0; i < images.Length; i++)
@@ -36,6 +27,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
                 if (image is TextureBase imageBase)
                 {
                     _images[index + i].Handle = imageBase.Handle;
+                    _images[index + i].Format = imageBase.Format;
                 }
                 else
                 {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/TextureBuffer.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using System;
-using System.Buffers;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
 {
@@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
-            var dataSpan = data.Memory.Span;
+            var dataSpan = data.Span;
 
             Buffer.SetData(_buffer, _bufferOffset, dataSpan[..Math.Min(dataSpan.Length, _bufferSize)]);
 
@@ -65,13 +65,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             throw new NotSupportedException();
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             throw new NotSupportedException();
         }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Image/TextureView.cs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 using OpenTK.Graphics.OpenGL;
 using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using System;
-using System.Buffers;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
@@ -448,13 +448,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
             }
         }
 
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
             using (data = EnsureDataFormat(data))
             {
                 unsafe
                 {
-                    var dataSpan = data.Memory.Span;
+                    var dataSpan = data.Span;
                     fixed (byte* ptr = dataSpan)
                     {
                         ReadFrom((IntPtr)ptr, dataSpan.Length);
@@ -463,13 +463,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
             }
         }
 
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             using (data = EnsureDataFormat(data))
             {
                 unsafe
                 {
-                    fixed (byte* ptr = data.Memory.Span)
+                    fixed (byte* ptr = data.Span)
                     {
                         int width = Math.Max(Info.Width >> level, 1);
                         int height = Math.Max(Info.Height >> level, 1);
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
             }
         }
 
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             using (data = EnsureDataFormat(data))
             {
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
 
                 unsafe
                 {
-                    fixed (byte* ptr = data.Memory.Span)
+                    fixed (byte* ptr = data.Span)
                     {
                         ReadFrom2D(
                             (IntPtr)ptr,
@@ -522,13 +522,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.Image
             ReadFrom2D(data, layer, level, x, y, width, height, mipSize);
         }
 
-        private IMemoryOwner<byte> EnsureDataFormat(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
+        private MemoryOwner<byte> EnsureDataFormat(MemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
             if (Format == Format.S8UintD24Unorm)
             {
                 using (data)
                 {
-                    return FormatConverter.ConvertS8D24ToD24S8(data.Memory.Span);
+                    return FormatConverter.ConvertS8D24ToD24S8(data.Span);
                 }
             }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Pipeline.cs

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
 
         private readonly Vector4<int>[] _fpIsBgra = new Vector4<int>[SupportBuffer.FragmentIsBgraCount];
 
-        private readonly (TextureBase, Format)[] _images;
+        private readonly TextureBase[] _images;
         private TextureBase _unit0Texture;
         private Sampler _unit0Sampler;
 
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             _fragmentOutputMap = uint.MaxValue;
             _componentMasks = uint.MaxValue;
 
-            _images = new (TextureBase, Format)[SavedImages];
+            _images = new TextureBase[SavedImages];
 
             _tfbs = new BufferHandle[Constants.MaxTransformFeedbackBuffers];
             _tfbTargets = new BufferRange[Constants.MaxTransformFeedbackBuffers];
@@ -935,11 +935,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
             SetFrontFace(_frontFace = frontFace.Convert());
         }
 
-        public void SetImage(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture, Format imageFormat)
+        public void SetImage(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture texture)
         {
             if ((uint)binding < SavedImages)
             {
-                _images[binding] = (texture as TextureBase, imageFormat);
+                _images[binding] = texture as TextureBase;
             }
 
             if (texture == null)
@@ -950,7 +950,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
 
             TextureBase texBase = (TextureBase)texture;
 
-            SizedInternalFormat format = FormatTable.GetImageFormat(imageFormat);
+            SizedInternalFormat format = FormatTable.GetImageFormat(texBase.Format);
 
             if (format != 0)
             {
@@ -1622,11 +1622,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
         {
             for (int i = 0; i < SavedImages; i++)
             {
-                (TextureBase texBase, Format imageFormat) = _images[i];
+                TextureBase texBase = _images[i];
 
                 if (texBase != null)
                 {
-                    SizedInternalFormat format = FormatTable.GetImageFormat(imageFormat);
+                    SizedInternalFormat format = FormatTable.GetImageFormat(texBase.Format);
 
                     if (format != 0)
                     {

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL.csproj

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\Shaders\ffx_fsr1.h" />
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\Shaders\ffx_a.h" />
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\Shaders\fsr_scaling.glsl" />
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\Shaders\area_scaling.glsl" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL/Window.cs

@@ -373,6 +373,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.OpenGL
                         _isLinear = false;
                         _scalingFilter.Level = _scalingFilterLevel;
 
+                        RecreateUpscalingTexture();
+                        break;
+                    case ScalingFilter.Area:
+                        if (_scalingFilter is not AreaScalingFilter)
+                        {
+                            _scalingFilter?.Dispose();
+                            _scalingFilter = new AreaScalingFilter(_renderer);
+                        }
+                        _isLinear = false;
+
                         RecreateUpscalingTexture();
                         break;
                 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader/Instructions/InstEmitMemory.cs

@@ -222,30 +222,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                         context.TranslatorContext.GpuAccessor.Log($"Invalid reduction type: {type}.");
                     }
                     break;
-                case AtomOp.And:
+                case AtomOp.Min:
-                    if (type == AtomSize.S32 || type == AtomSize.U32)
+                    if (type == AtomSize.S32)
                     {
-                        res = context.AtomicAnd(storageKind, e0, e1, value);
+                        res = context.AtomicMinS32(storageKind, e0, e1, value);
                     }
-                    else
+                    else if (type == AtomSize.U32)
                     {
-                        context.TranslatorContext.GpuAccessor.Log($"Invalid reduction type: {type}.");
+                        res = context.AtomicMinU32(storageKind, e0, e1, value);
-                    }
-                    break;
-                case AtomOp.Xor:
-                    if (type == AtomSize.S32 || type == AtomSize.U32)
-                    {
-                        res = context.AtomicXor(storageKind, e0, e1, value);
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        context.TranslatorContext.GpuAccessor.Log($"Invalid reduction type: {type}.");
-                    }
-                    break;
-                case AtomOp.Or:
-                    if (type == AtomSize.S32 || type == AtomSize.U32)
-                    {
-                        res = context.AtomicOr(storageKind, e0, e1, value);
                     }
                     else
                     {
@@ -266,20 +250,49 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Instructions
                         context.TranslatorContext.GpuAccessor.Log($"Invalid reduction type: {type}.");
                     }
                     break;
-                case AtomOp.Min:
+                case AtomOp.And:
-                    if (type == AtomSize.S32)
+                    if (type == AtomSize.S32 || type == AtomSize.U32)
                     {
-                        res = context.AtomicMinS32(storageKind, e0, e1, value);
+                        res = context.AtomicAnd(storageKind, e0, e1, value);
-                    }
-                    else if (type == AtomSize.U32)
-                    {
-                        res = context.AtomicMinU32(storageKind, e0, e1, value);
                     }
                     else
                     {
                         context.TranslatorContext.GpuAccessor.Log($"Invalid reduction type: {type}.");
                     }
                     break;
+                case AtomOp.Or:
+                    if (type == AtomSize.S32 || type == AtomSize.U32)
+                    {
+                        res = context.AtomicOr(storageKind, e0, e1, value);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        context.TranslatorContext.GpuAccessor.Log($"Invalid reduction type: {type}.");
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case AtomOp.Xor:
+                    if (type == AtomSize.S32 || type == AtomSize.U32)
+                    {
+                        res = context.AtomicXor(storageKind, e0, e1, value);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        context.TranslatorContext.GpuAccessor.Log($"Invalid reduction type: {type}.");
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case AtomOp.Exch:
+                    if (type == AtomSize.S32 || type == AtomSize.U32)
+                    {
+                        res = context.AtomicSwap(storageKind, e0, e1, value);
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        context.TranslatorContext.GpuAccessor.Log($"Invalid reduction type: {type}.");
+                    }
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    context.TranslatorContext.GpuAccessor.Log($"Invalid atomic operation: {op}.");
+                    break;
             }
 
             return res;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/DescriptorSetUpdater.cs

@@ -82,7 +82,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         private readonly ImageRef[] _imageRefs;
         private readonly TextureBuffer[] _bufferTextureRefs;
         private readonly TextureBuffer[] _bufferImageRefs;
-        private readonly Format[] _bufferImageFormats;
 
         private ArrayRef<TextureArray>[] _textureArrayRefs;
         private ArrayRef<ImageArray>[] _imageArrayRefs;
@@ -141,7 +140,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _imageRefs = new ImageRef[Constants.MaxImageBindings * 2];
             _bufferTextureRefs = new TextureBuffer[Constants.MaxTextureBindings * 2];
             _bufferImageRefs = new TextureBuffer[Constants.MaxImageBindings * 2];
-            _bufferImageFormats = new Format[Constants.MaxImageBindings * 2];
 
             _textureArrayRefs = Array.Empty<ArrayRef<TextureArray>>();
             _imageArrayRefs = Array.Empty<ArrayRef<ImageArray>>();
@@ -391,17 +389,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _dirty = DirtyFlags.All;
         }
 
-        public void SetImage(
+        public void SetImage(CommandBufferScoped cbs, ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture image)
-            CommandBufferScoped cbs,
-            ShaderStage stage,
-            int binding,
-            ITexture image,
-            Format imageFormat)
         {
             if (image is TextureBuffer imageBuffer)
             {
                 _bufferImageRefs[binding] = imageBuffer;
-                _bufferImageFormats[binding] = imageFormat;
             }
             else if (image is TextureView view)
             {
@@ -410,13 +402,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 iRef.View?.ClearUsage(FeedbackLoopHazards);
                 view?.PrepareForUsage(cbs, stage.ConvertToPipelineStageFlags(), FeedbackLoopHazards);
 
-                iRef = new(stage, view, view.GetView(imageFormat).GetIdentityImageView());
+                iRef = new(stage, view, view.GetIdentityImageView());
             }
             else
             {
                 _imageRefs[binding] = default;
                 _bufferImageRefs[binding] = null;
-                _bufferImageFormats[binding] = default;
             }
 
             SignalDirty(DirtyFlags.Image);
@@ -923,7 +914,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
                             for (int i = 0; i < count; i++)
                             {
-                                bufferImages[i] = _bufferImageRefs[binding + i]?.GetBufferView(cbs, _bufferImageFormats[binding + i], true) ?? default;
+                                bufferImages[i] = _bufferImageRefs[binding + i]?.GetBufferView(cbs, true) ?? default;
                             }
 
                             tu.Push<BufferView>(bufferImages[..count]);

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/Effects/AreaScalingFilter.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader;
+using Ryujinx.Graphics.Shader.Translation;
+using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
+using System;
+using Extent2D = Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Extents2D;
+using Format = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Format;
+using SamplerCreateInfo = Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.SamplerCreateInfo;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan.Effects
+{
+    internal class AreaScalingFilter : IScalingFilter
+    {
+        private readonly VulkanRenderer _renderer;
+        private PipelineHelperShader _pipeline;
+        private ISampler _sampler;
+        private ShaderCollection _scalingProgram;
+        private Device _device;
+
+        public float Level { get; set; }
+
+        public AreaScalingFilter(VulkanRenderer renderer, Device device)
+        {
+            _device = device;
+            _renderer = renderer;
+
+            Initialize();
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _pipeline.Dispose();
+            _scalingProgram.Dispose();
+            _sampler.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        public void Initialize()
+        {
+            _pipeline = new PipelineHelperShader(_renderer, _device);
+
+            _pipeline.Initialize();
+
+            var scalingShader = EmbeddedResources.Read("Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/Effects/Shaders/AreaScaling.spv");
+
+            var scalingResourceLayout = new ResourceLayoutBuilder()
+                .Add(ResourceStages.Compute, ResourceType.UniformBuffer, 2)
+                .Add(ResourceStages.Compute, ResourceType.TextureAndSampler, 1)
+                .Add(ResourceStages.Compute, ResourceType.Image, 0, true).Build();
+
+            _sampler = _renderer.CreateSampler(SamplerCreateInfo.Create(MinFilter.Linear, MagFilter.Linear));
+
+            _scalingProgram = _renderer.CreateProgramWithMinimalLayout(new[]
+            {
+                new ShaderSource(scalingShader, ShaderStage.Compute, TargetLanguage.Spirv),
+            }, scalingResourceLayout);
+        }
+
+        public void Run(
+            TextureView view,
+            CommandBufferScoped cbs,
+            Auto<DisposableImageView> destinationTexture,
+            Format format,
+            int width,
+            int height,
+            Extent2D source,
+            Extent2D destination)
+        {
+            _pipeline.SetCommandBuffer(cbs);
+            _pipeline.SetProgram(_scalingProgram);
+            _pipeline.SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage.Compute, 1, view, _sampler);
+
+            ReadOnlySpan<float> dimensionsBuffer = stackalloc float[]
+            {
+                source.X1,
+                source.X2,
+                source.Y1,
+                source.Y2,
+                destination.X1,
+                destination.X2,
+                destination.Y1,
+                destination.Y2,
+            };
+
+            int rangeSize = dimensionsBuffer.Length * sizeof(float);
+            using var buffer = _renderer.BufferManager.ReserveOrCreate(_renderer, cbs, rangeSize);
+            buffer.Holder.SetDataUnchecked(buffer.Offset, dimensionsBuffer);
+
+            int threadGroupWorkRegionDim = 16;
+            int dispatchX = (width + (threadGroupWorkRegionDim - 1)) / threadGroupWorkRegionDim;
+            int dispatchY = (height + (threadGroupWorkRegionDim - 1)) / threadGroupWorkRegionDim;
+
+            _pipeline.SetUniformBuffers(stackalloc[] { new BufferAssignment(2, buffer.Range) });
+            _pipeline.SetImage(0, destinationTexture);
+            _pipeline.DispatchCompute(dispatchX, dispatchY, 1);
+            _pipeline.ComputeBarrier();
+
+            _pipeline.Finish();
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/Effects/FsrScalingFilter.cs

@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan.Effects
             int dispatchY = (height + (threadGroupWorkRegionDim - 1)) / threadGroupWorkRegionDim;
 
             _pipeline.SetUniformBuffers(stackalloc[] { new BufferAssignment(2, buffer.Range) });
-            _pipeline.SetImage(ShaderStage.Compute, 0, _intermediaryTexture, FormatTable.ConvertRgba8SrgbToUnorm(view.Info.Format));
+            _pipeline.SetImage(ShaderStage.Compute, 0, _intermediaryTexture.GetView(FormatTable.ConvertRgba8SrgbToUnorm(view.Info.Format)));
             _pipeline.DispatchCompute(dispatchX, dispatchY, 1);
             _pipeline.ComputeBarrier();
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/Effects/FxaaPostProcessingEffect.cs

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan.Effects
             var dispatchX = BitUtils.DivRoundUp(view.Width, IPostProcessingEffect.LocalGroupSize);
             var dispatchY = BitUtils.DivRoundUp(view.Height, IPostProcessingEffect.LocalGroupSize);
 
-            _pipeline.SetImage(ShaderStage.Compute, 0, _texture, FormatTable.ConvertRgba8SrgbToUnorm(view.Info.Format));
+            _pipeline.SetImage(ShaderStage.Compute, 0, _texture.GetView(FormatTable.ConvertRgba8SrgbToUnorm(view.Info.Format)));
             _pipeline.DispatchCompute(dispatchX, dispatchY, 1);
 
             _pipeline.ComputeBarrier();

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/Effects/Shaders/AreaScaling.glsl

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+// Scaling
+
+#version 430 core
+layout (local_size_x = 16, local_size_y = 16) in;
+layout( rgba8, binding = 0, set = 3) uniform image2D imgOutput;
+layout( binding = 1, set = 2) uniform sampler2D Source;
+layout( binding = 2 ) uniform dimensions{
+ float srcX0;
+ float srcX1;
+ float srcY0;
+ float srcY1;
+ float dstX0;
+ float dstX1;
+ float dstY0;
+ float dstY1;
+};
+
+/***** Area Sampling *****/
+
+// By Sam Belliveau and Filippo Tarpini. Public Domain license.
+// Effectively a more accurate sharp bilinear filter when upscaling,
+// that also works as a mathematically perfect downscale filter.
+// https://entropymine.com/imageworsener/pixelmixing/
+// https://github.com/obsproject/obs-studio/pull/1715
+// https://legacy.imagemagick.org/Usage/filter/
+vec4 AreaSampling(vec2 xy)
+{
+    // Determine the sizes of the source and target images.
+    vec2 source_size = vec2(abs(srcX1 - srcX0), abs(srcY1 - srcY0));
+    vec2 target_size = vec2(abs(dstX1 - dstX0), abs(dstY1 - dstY0));
+    vec2 inverted_target_size = vec2(1.0) / target_size;
+
+    // Compute the top-left and bottom-right corners of the target pixel box.
+    vec2 t_beg = floor(xy - vec2(dstX0 < dstX1 ? dstX0 : dstX1, dstY0 < dstY1 ? dstY0 : dstY1));
+    vec2 t_end = t_beg + vec2(1.0, 1.0);
+
+    // Convert the target pixel box to source pixel box.
+    vec2 beg = t_beg * inverted_target_size * source_size;
+    vec2 end = t_end * inverted_target_size * source_size;
+
+    // Compute the top-left and bottom-right corners of the pixel box.
+    ivec2 f_beg = ivec2(beg);
+    ivec2 f_end = ivec2(end);
+
+    // Compute how much of the start and end pixels are covered horizontally & vertically.
+    float area_w = 1.0 - fract(beg.x);
+    float area_n = 1.0 - fract(beg.y);
+    float area_e = fract(end.x);
+    float area_s = fract(end.y);
+
+    // Compute the areas of the corner pixels in the pixel box.
+    float area_nw = area_n * area_w;
+    float area_ne = area_n * area_e;
+    float area_sw = area_s * area_w;
+    float area_se = area_s * area_e;
+
+    // Initialize the color accumulator.
+    vec4 avg_color = vec4(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+
+    // Accumulate corner pixels.
+    avg_color += area_nw * texelFetch(Source, ivec2(f_beg.x, f_beg.y), 0);
+    avg_color += area_ne * texelFetch(Source, ivec2(f_end.x, f_beg.y), 0);
+    avg_color += area_sw * texelFetch(Source, ivec2(f_beg.x, f_end.y), 0);
+    avg_color += area_se * texelFetch(Source, ivec2(f_end.x, f_end.y), 0);
+
+    // Determine the size of the pixel box.
+    int x_range = int(f_end.x - f_beg.x - 0.5);
+    int y_range = int(f_end.y - f_beg.y - 0.5);
+
+    // Accumulate top and bottom edge pixels.
+    for (int x = f_beg.x + 1; x <= f_beg.x + x_range; ++x)
+    {
+        avg_color += area_n * texelFetch(Source, ivec2(x, f_beg.y), 0);
+        avg_color += area_s * texelFetch(Source, ivec2(x, f_end.y), 0);
+    }
+
+    // Accumulate left and right edge pixels and all the pixels in between.
+    for (int y = f_beg.y + 1; y <= f_beg.y + y_range; ++y)
+    {
+        avg_color += area_w * texelFetch(Source, ivec2(f_beg.x, y), 0);
+        avg_color += area_e * texelFetch(Source, ivec2(f_end.x, y), 0);
+
+        for (int x = f_beg.x + 1; x <= f_beg.x + x_range; ++x)
+        {
+            avg_color += texelFetch(Source, ivec2(x, y), 0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Compute the area of the pixel box that was sampled.
+    float area_corners = area_nw + area_ne + area_sw + area_se;
+    float area_edges = float(x_range) * (area_n + area_s) + float(y_range) * (area_w + area_e);
+    float area_center = float(x_range) * float(y_range);
+
+    // Return the normalized average color.
+    return avg_color / (area_corners + area_edges + area_center);
+}
+
+float insideBox(vec2 v, vec2 bLeft, vec2 tRight) {
+    vec2 s = step(bLeft, v) - step(tRight, v);
+    return s.x * s.y;
+}
+
+vec2 translateDest(vec2 pos) {
+    vec2 translatedPos = vec2(pos.x, pos.y);
+    translatedPos.x = dstX1 < dstX0 ? dstX1 - translatedPos.x : translatedPos.x;
+    translatedPos.y = dstY0 < dstY1 ? dstY1 + dstY0 - translatedPos.y - 1 : translatedPos.y;
+    return translatedPos;
+}
+
+void main()
+{
+    vec2 bLeft = vec2(dstX0 < dstX1 ? dstX0 : dstX1, dstY0 < dstY1 ? dstY0 : dstY1);
+    vec2 tRight = vec2(dstX1 > dstX0 ? dstX1 : dstX0, dstY1 > dstY0 ? dstY1 : dstY0);
+    ivec2 loc = ivec2(gl_GlobalInvocationID.x, gl_GlobalInvocationID.y);
+    if (insideBox(loc, bLeft, tRight) == 0) {
+        imageStore(imgOutput, loc, vec4(0, 0, 0, 1));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    vec4 outColor = AreaSampling(loc);
+    imageStore(imgOutput, ivec2(translateDest(loc)), vec4(outColor.rgb, 1));
+}

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/Effects/SmaaPostProcessingEffect.cs

@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan.Effects
 
             buffer.Holder.SetDataUnchecked(buffer.Offset, resolutionBuffer);
             _pipeline.SetUniformBuffers(stackalloc[] { new BufferAssignment(2, buffer.Range) });
-            _pipeline.SetImage(ShaderStage.Compute, 0, _edgeOutputTexture, FormatTable.ConvertRgba8SrgbToUnorm(view.Info.Format));
+            _pipeline.SetImage(ShaderStage.Compute, 0, _edgeOutputTexture.GetView(FormatTable.ConvertRgba8SrgbToUnorm(view.Info.Format)));
             _pipeline.DispatchCompute(dispatchX, dispatchY, 1);
             _pipeline.ComputeBarrier();
 
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan.Effects
             _pipeline.SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage.Compute, 1, _edgeOutputTexture, _samplerLinear);
             _pipeline.SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage.Compute, 3, _areaTexture, _samplerLinear);
             _pipeline.SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage.Compute, 4, _searchTexture, _samplerLinear);
-            _pipeline.SetImage(ShaderStage.Compute, 0, _blendOutputTexture, FormatTable.ConvertRgba8SrgbToUnorm(view.Info.Format));
+            _pipeline.SetImage(ShaderStage.Compute, 0, _blendOutputTexture.GetView(FormatTable.ConvertRgba8SrgbToUnorm(view.Info.Format)));
             _pipeline.DispatchCompute(dispatchX, dispatchY, 1);
             _pipeline.ComputeBarrier();
 
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan.Effects
             _pipeline.Specialize(_specConstants);
             _pipeline.SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage.Compute, 3, _blendOutputTexture, _samplerLinear);
             _pipeline.SetTextureAndSampler(ShaderStage.Compute, 1, view, _samplerLinear);
-            _pipeline.SetImage(ShaderStage.Compute, 0, _outputTexture, FormatTable.ConvertRgba8SrgbToUnorm(view.Info.Format));
+            _pipeline.SetImage(ShaderStage.Compute, 0, _outputTexture.GetView(FormatTable.ConvertRgba8SrgbToUnorm(view.Info.Format)));
             _pipeline.DispatchCompute(dispatchX, dispatchY, 1);
             _pipeline.ComputeBarrier();
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/HelperShader.cs

@@ -1039,7 +1039,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     var dstView = Create2DLayerView(dst, dstLayer + z, dstLevel + l);
 
                     _pipeline.SetTextureAndSamplerIdentitySwizzle(ShaderStage.Compute, 0, srcView, null);
-                    _pipeline.SetImage(ShaderStage.Compute, 0, dstView, dstFormat);
+                    _pipeline.SetImage(ShaderStage.Compute, 0, dstView.GetView(dstFormat));
 
                     int dispatchX = (Math.Min(srcView.Info.Width, dstView.Info.Width) + 31) / 32;
                     int dispatchY = (Math.Min(srcView.Info.Height, dstView.Info.Height) + 31) / 32;
@@ -1168,7 +1168,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                     var dstView = Create2DLayerView(dst, dstLayer + z, 0);
 
                     _pipeline.SetTextureAndSamplerIdentitySwizzle(ShaderStage.Compute, 0, srcView, null);
-                    _pipeline.SetImage(ShaderStage.Compute, 0, dstView, format);
+                    _pipeline.SetImage(ShaderStage.Compute, 0, dstView.GetView(format));
 
                     _pipeline.DispatchCompute(dispatchX, dispatchY, 1);
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/ImageArray.cs

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         {
             public TextureStorage Storage;
             public TextureView View;
-            public GAL.Format ImageFormat;
         }
 
         private readonly TextureRef[] _textureRefs;
@@ -52,16 +51,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             _isBuffer = isBuffer;
         }
 
-        public void SetFormats(int index, GAL.Format[] imageFormats)
-        {
-            for (int i = 0; i < imageFormats.Length; i++)
-            {
-                _textureRefs[index + i].ImageFormat = imageFormats[i];
-            }
-
-            SetDirty();
-        }
-
         public void SetImages(int index, ITexture[] images)
         {
             for (int i = 0; i < images.Length; i++)
@@ -142,7 +131,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 ref var texture = ref textures[i];
                 ref var refs = ref _textureRefs[i];
 
-                if (i > 0 && _textureRefs[i - 1].View == refs.View && _textureRefs[i - 1].ImageFormat == refs.ImageFormat)
+                if (i > 0 && _textureRefs[i - 1].View == refs.View)
                 {
                     texture = textures[i - 1];
 
@@ -150,7 +139,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
                 }
 
                 texture.ImageLayout = ImageLayout.General;
-                texture.ImageView = refs.View?.GetView(refs.ImageFormat).GetIdentityImageView().Get(cbs).Value ?? default;
+                texture.ImageView = refs.View?.GetIdentityImageView().Get(cbs).Value ?? default;
 
                 if (texture.ImageView.Handle == 0)
                 {
@@ -167,7 +156,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
             for (int i = 0; i < bufferTextures.Length; i++)
             {
-                bufferTextures[i] = _bufferTextureRefs[i]?.GetBufferView(cbs, _textureRefs[i].ImageFormat, true) ?? default;
+                bufferTextures[i] = _bufferTextureRefs[i]?.GetBufferView(cbs, true) ?? default;
             }
 
             return bufferTextures;

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/PipelineBase.cs

@@ -836,9 +836,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
             SignalStateChange();
         }
 
-        public void SetImage(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture image, Format imageFormat)
+        public void SetImage(ShaderStage stage, int binding, ITexture image)
         {
-            _descriptorSetUpdater.SetImage(Cbs, stage, binding, image, imageFormat);
+            _descriptorSetUpdater.SetImage(Cbs, stage, binding, image);
         }
 
         public void SetImage(int binding, Auto<DisposableImageView> image)

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan.csproj

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
   <ItemGroup>
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\Textures\SmaaAreaTexture.bin" />
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\Textures\SmaaSearchTexture.bin" />
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\Shaders\AreaScaling.spv" />
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\Shaders\FsrScaling.spv" />
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\Shaders\FsrSharpening.spv" />
     <EmbeddedResource Include="Effects\Shaders\Fxaa.spv" />

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/TextureBuffer.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
 using System;
-using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using Format = Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL.Format;
 using VkFormat = Silk.NET.Vulkan.Format;
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         private int _offset;
         private int _size;
         private Auto<DisposableBufferView> _bufferView;
-        private Dictionary<Format, Auto<DisposableBufferView>> _selfManagedViews;
 
         private int _bufferCount;
 
@@ -80,35 +79,25 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
         private void ReleaseImpl()
         {
-            if (_selfManagedViews != null)
-            {
-                foreach (var bufferView in _selfManagedViews.Values)
-                {
-                    bufferView.Dispose();
-                }
-
-                _selfManagedViews = null;
-            }
-
             _bufferView?.Dispose();
             _bufferView = null;
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
-            _gd.SetBufferData(_bufferHandle, _offset, data.Memory.Span);
+            _gd.SetBufferData(_bufferHandle, _offset, data.Span);
             data.Dispose();
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
             throw new NotSupportedException();
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
             throw new NotSupportedException();
         }
@@ -137,28 +126,5 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
             return _bufferView?.Get(cbs, _offset, _size, write).Value ?? default;
         }
-
-        public BufferView GetBufferView(CommandBufferScoped cbs, Format format, bool write)
-        {
-            var vkFormat = FormatTable.GetFormat(format);
-            if (vkFormat == VkFormat)
-            {
-                return GetBufferView(cbs, write);
-            }
-
-            if (_selfManagedViews != null && _selfManagedViews.TryGetValue(format, out var bufferView))
-            {
-                return bufferView.Get(cbs, _offset, _size, write).Value;
-            }
-
-            bufferView = _gd.BufferManager.CreateView(_bufferHandle, vkFormat, _offset, _size, ReleaseImpl);
-
-            if (bufferView != null)
-            {
-                (_selfManagedViews ??= new Dictionary<Format, Auto<DisposableBufferView>>()).Add(format, bufferView);
-            }
-
-            return bufferView?.Get(cbs, _offset, _size, write).Value ?? default;
-        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/TextureView.cs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+using Ryujinx.Common.Memory;
 using Ryujinx.Graphics.GAL;
 using Silk.NET.Vulkan;
 using System;
-using System.Buffers;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading;
@@ -746,23 +746,23 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data)
         {
-            SetData(data.Memory.Span, 0, 0, Info.GetLayers(), Info.Levels, singleSlice: false);
+            SetData(data.Span, 0, 0, Info.GetLayers(), Info.Levels, singleSlice: false);
             data.Dispose();
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level)
         {
-            SetData(data.Memory.Span, layer, level, 1, 1, singleSlice: true);
+            SetData(data.Span, layer, level, 1, 1, singleSlice: true);
             data.Dispose();
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc/>
-        public void SetData(IMemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
+        public void SetData(MemoryOwner<byte> data, int layer, int level, Rectangle<int> region)
         {
-            SetData(data.Memory.Span, layer, level, 1, 1, singleSlice: true, region);
+            SetData(data.Span, layer, level, 1, 1, singleSlice: true, region);
             data.Dispose();
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan/Window.cs

@@ -568,6 +568,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.Graphics.Vulkan
 
                         _scalingFilter.Level = _scalingFilterLevel;
                         break;
+                    case ScalingFilter.Area:
+                        if (_scalingFilter is not AreaScalingFilter)
+                        {
+                            _scalingFilter?.Dispose();
+                            _scalingFilter = new AreaScalingFilter(_gd, _device);
+                        }
+                        break;
                 }
             }
         }

src/Ryujinx.Gtk3/UI/MainWindow.cs

@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI
             }
 
             var memoryConfiguration = ConfigurationState.Instance.System.ExpandRam.Value
-                ? HLE.MemoryConfiguration.MemoryConfiguration6GiB
+                ? HLE.MemoryConfiguration.MemoryConfiguration8GiB
                 : HLE.MemoryConfiguration.MemoryConfiguration4GiB;
 
             IntegrityCheckLevel fsIntegrityCheckLevel = ConfigurationState.Instance.System.EnableFsIntegrityChecks ? IntegrityCheckLevel.ErrorOnInvalid : IntegrityCheckLevel.None;
@@ -677,7 +677,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI
                 ConfigurationState.Instance.System.AudioVolume,
                 ConfigurationState.Instance.System.UseHypervisor,
                 ConfigurationState.Instance.Multiplayer.LanInterfaceId.Value,
-                ConfigurationState.Instance.Multiplayer.Mode);
+                ConfigurationState.Instance.Multiplayer.Mode,
+                ConfigurationState.Instance.Debug.EnableGdbStub,
+                ConfigurationState.Instance.Debug.GdbStubPort,
+                ConfigurationState.Instance.Debug.DebuggerSuspendOnStart);
 
             _emulationContext = new HLE.Switch(configuration);
         }
@@ -790,6 +793,24 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI
 
                 shadersDumpWarningDialog.Dispose();
             }
+
+            if (ConfigurationState.Instance.Debug.EnableGdbStub.Value)
+            {
+                MessageDialog gdbStubWarningDialog = new MessageDialog(this, DialogFlags.Modal, MessageType.Warning, ButtonsType.YesNo, null)
+                {
+                    Title = "Ryujinx - Warning",
+                    Text = "You have the GDB stub enabled, which is designed to be used by developers only.",
+                    SecondaryText = "For optimal performance, it's recommended to disable the GDB stub. Would you like to disable the GDB stub now?"
+                };
+
+                if (gdbStubWarningDialog.Run() == (int)ResponseType.Yes)
+                {
+                    ConfigurationState.Instance.Debug.EnableGdbStub.Value = false;
+                    SaveConfig();
+                }
+
+                gdbStubWarningDialog.Dispose();
+            }
         }
 
         private bool LoadApplication(string path, ulong applicationId, bool isFirmwareTitle)
@@ -1056,9 +1077,11 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI
             RendererWidget.WaitEvent.WaitOne();
 
             RendererWidget.Start();
+            _pauseEmulation.Sensitive = false;
+            _resumeEmulation.Sensitive = false;
+            UpdateMenuItem.Sensitive = true;
 
             _emulationContext.Dispose();
-            _deviceExitStatus.Set();
 
             // NOTE: Everything that is here will not be executed when you close the UI.
             Application.Invoke(delegate
@@ -1153,7 +1176,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI
                     RendererWidget.Exit();
 
                     // Wait for the other thread to dispose the HLE context before exiting.
-                    _deviceExitStatus.WaitOne();
+                    _emulationContext.ExitStatus.WaitOne();
                     RendererWidget.Dispose();
                 }
             }
@@ -1491,9 +1514,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI
                 UpdateGameMetadata(_emulationContext.Processes.ActiveApplication.ProgramIdText);
             }
 
-            _pauseEmulation.Sensitive = false;
-            _resumeEmulation.Sensitive = false;
-            UpdateMenuItem.Sensitive = true;
             RendererWidget?.Exit();
         }
 

src/Ryujinx.Gtk3/UI/RendererWidgetBase.cs

@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI
 
         public static event EventHandler<StatusUpdatedEventArgs> StatusUpdatedEvent;
 
-        private bool _isActive;
         private bool _isStopped;
 
         private bool _toggleFullscreen;
@@ -464,7 +463,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI
 
                 (Toplevel as MainWindow)?.ActivatePauseMenu();
 
-                while (_isActive)
+                while (Device.IsActive)
                 {
                     if (_isStopped)
                     {
@@ -524,7 +523,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI
         {
             _chrono.Restart();
 
-            _isActive = true;
+            Device.IsActive = true;
 
             Gtk.Window parent = Toplevel as Gtk.Window;
 
@@ -578,9 +577,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI
 
             _isStopped = true;
 
-            if (_isActive)
+            if (Device.IsActive)
             {
-                _isActive = false;
+                Device.IsActive = false;
 
                 _exitEvent.WaitOne();
                 _exitEvent.Dispose();
@@ -589,7 +588,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI
 
         private void NvidiaStutterWorkaround()
         {
-            while (_isActive)
+            while (Device.IsActive)
             {
                 // When NVIDIA Threaded Optimization is on, the driver will snapshot all threads in the system whenever the application creates any new ones.
                 // The ThreadPool has something called a "GateThread" which terminates itself after some inactivity.
@@ -608,7 +607,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI
 
         public void MainLoop()
         {
-            while (_isActive)
+            while (Device.IsActive)
             {
                 UpdateFrame();
 
@@ -621,7 +620,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI
 
         private bool UpdateFrame()
         {
-            if (!_isActive)
+            if (!Device.IsActive)
             {
                 return true;
             }

src/Ryujinx.Gtk3/UI/Windows/SettingsWindow.cs

@@ -117,7 +117,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI.Windows
         [GUI] ToggleButton _configureController7;
         [GUI] ToggleButton _configureController8;
         [GUI] ToggleButton _configureControllerH;
-
+        [GUI] ToggleButton _gdbStubToggle;
+        [GUI] ToggleButton _suspendOnStartToggle;
+        [GUI] Adjustment _gdbStubPortSpinAdjustment;
 #pragma warning restore CS0649, IDE0044
 
         public SettingsWindow(MainWindow parent, VirtualFileSystem virtualFileSystem, ContentManager contentManager) : this(parent, new Builder("Ryujinx.Gtk3.UI.Windows.SettingsWindow.glade"), virtualFileSystem, contentManager) { }
@@ -316,6 +318,16 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI.Windows
                 _custThemeToggle.Click();
             }
 
+            if (ConfigurationState.Instance.Debug.EnableGdbStub)
+            {
+                _gdbStubToggle.Click();
+            }
+
+            if (ConfigurationState.Instance.Debug.DebuggerSuspendOnStart)
+            {
+                _suspendOnStartToggle.Click();
+            }
+
             // Custom EntryCompletion Columns. If added to glade, need to override more signals
             ListStore tzList = new(typeof(string), typeof(string), typeof(string));
             _systemTimeZoneCompletion.Model = tzList;
@@ -375,6 +387,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI.Windows
             _fsLogSpinAdjustment.Value = ConfigurationState.Instance.System.FsGlobalAccessLogMode;
             _systemTimeOffset = ConfigurationState.Instance.System.SystemTimeOffset;
 
+            _gdbStubPortSpinAdjustment.Value = ConfigurationState.Instance.Debug.GdbStubPort;
+
             _gameDirsBox.AppendColumn("", new CellRendererText(), "text", 0);
             _gameDirsBoxStore = new ListStore(typeof(string));
             _gameDirsBox.Model = _gameDirsBoxStore;
@@ -659,6 +673,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.UI.Windows
             ConfigurationState.Instance.Graphics.ScalingFilter.Value = Enum.Parse<ScalingFilter>(_scalingFilter.ActiveId);
             ConfigurationState.Instance.Graphics.ScalingFilterLevel.Value = (int)_scalingFilterLevel.Value;
             ConfigurationState.Instance.Multiplayer.LanInterfaceId.Value = _multiLanSelect.ActiveId;
+            ConfigurationState.Instance.Debug.EnableGdbStub.Value = _gdbStubToggle.Active;
+            ConfigurationState.Instance.Debug.GdbStubPort.Value = (ushort)_gdbStubPortSpinAdjustment.Value;
+            ConfigurationState.Instance.Debug.DebuggerSuspendOnStart.Value = _suspendOnStartToggle.Active;
 
             _previousVolumeLevel = ConfigurationState.Instance.System.AudioVolume.Value;
 

src/Ryujinx.Gtk3/UI/Windows/SettingsWindow.glade

@@ -46,6 +46,12 @@
     <property name="inline-completion">True</property>
     <property name="inline-selection">True</property>
   </object>
+  <object class="GtkAdjustment" id="_gdbStubPortSpinAdjustment">
+    <property name="lower">1</property>
+    <property name="upper">65535</property>
+    <property name="step-increment">1</property>
+    <property name="page-increment">5</property>
+  </object>
   <object class="GtkWindow" id="_settingsWin">
     <property name="can-focus">False</property>
     <property name="title" translatable="yes">Ryujinx - Settings</property>
@@ -3146,6 +3152,155 @@
                         <property name="tab-fill">False</property>
                       </packing>
                     </child>
+                    <child>
+                      <object class="GtkBox" id="TabDebug">
+                        <property name="visible">True</property>
+                        <property name="can-focus">False</property>
+                        <property name="margin-left">5</property>
+                        <property name="margin-right">10</property>
+                        <property name="margin-top">5</property>
+                        <property name="orientation">vertical</property>
+                        <child>
+                          <object class="GtkBox" id="CatDebug">
+                            <property name="visible">True</property>
+                            <property name="can-focus">False</property>
+                            <property name="margin-left">5</property>
+                            <property name="margin-right">5</property>
+                            <property name="orientation">vertical</property>
+                            <child>
+                              <object class="GtkLabel">
+                                <property name="visible">True</property>
+                                <property name="can-focus">False</property>
+                                <property name="halign">start</property>
+                                <property name="margin-bottom">5</property>
+                                <property name="label" translatable="yes">Debug (WARNING: For Developer Use Only)</property>
+                                <attributes>
+                                  <attribute name="weight" value="bold"/>
+                                </attributes>
+                              </object>
+                              <packing>
+                                <property name="expand">False</property>
+                                <property name="fill">True</property>
+                                <property name="position">0</property>
+                              </packing>
+                            </child>
+                            <child>
+                              <object class="GtkBox" id="DebugOptions">
+                                <property name="visible">True</property>
+                                <property name="can-focus">False</property>
+                                <property name="valign">start</property>
+                                <property name="margin-left">10</property>
+                                <property name="margin-right">10</property>
+                                <property name="orientation">vertical</property>
+                                <child>
+                                  <object class="GtkCheckButton" id="_gdbStubToggle">
+                                    <property name="label" translatable="yes">Enable GDB Stub</property>
+                                    <property name="visible">True</property>
+                                    <property name="can-focus">True</property>
+                                    <property name="receives-default">False</property>
+                                    <property name="tooltip-text" translatable="yes">Enables or disables GDB stub (for developer use only)</property>
+                                    <property name="halign">start</property>
+                                    <property name="margin-top">5</property>
+                                    <property name="margin-bottom">5</property>
+                                    <property name="draw-indicator">True</property>
+                                  </object>
+                                  <packing>
+                                    <property name="expand">False</property>
+                                    <property name="fill">True</property>
+                                    <property name="position">0</property>
+                                  </packing>
+                                </child>
+                                <child>
+                                  <object class="GtkBox">
+                                    <property name="visible">True</property>
+                                    <property name="can-focus">False</property>
+                                    <child>
+                                      <object class="GtkLabel">
+                                        <property name="visible">True</property>
+                                        <property name="can-focus">False</property>
+                                        <property name="tooltip-text" translatable="yes">Specifies which TCP port for the GDB stub to listen on. Possible values are 1-65535.</property>
+                                        <property name="label" translatable="yes">GDB Stub Port</property>
+                                      </object>
+                                      <packing>
+                                        <property name="expand">False</property>
+                                        <property name="fill">True</property>
+                                        <property name="padding">5</property>
+                                        <property name="position">0</property>
+                                      </packing>
+                                    </child>
+                                    <child>
+                                      <object class="GtkSpinButton">
+                                        <property name="visible">True</property>
+                                        <property name="can-focus">True</property>
+                                        <property name="tooltip-text" translatable="yes">Specifies which TCP port for the GDB stub to listen on. Possible values are 1-65535.</property>
+                                        <property name="text" translatable="yes">55555</property>
+                                        <property name="input-purpose">number</property>
+                                        <property name="adjustment">_gdbStubPortSpinAdjustment</property>
+                                        <property name="numeric">True</property>
+                                      </object>
+                                      <packing>
+                                        <property name="expand">True</property>
+                                        <property name="fill">True</property>
+                                        <property name="position">1</property>
+                                      </packing>
+                                    </child>
+                                  </object>
+                                  <packing>
+                                    <property name="expand">False</property>
+                                    <property name="fill">True</property>
+                                    <property name="padding">5</property>
+                                    <property name="position">9</property>
+                                  </packing>
+                                </child>
+                                <child>
+                                  <object class="GtkCheckButton" id="_suspendOnStartToggle">
+                                    <property name="label" translatable="yes">Suspend application on start</property>
+                                    <property name="visible">True</property>
+                                    <property name="can-focus">True</property>
+                                    <property name="receives-default">False</property>
+                                    <property name="tooltip-text" translatable="yes">Suspends the application before executing the first instruction, allowing for debugging from the earliest point.</property>
+                                    <property name="halign">start</property>
+                                    <property name="margin-top">5</property>
+                                    <property name="margin-bottom">5</property>
+                                    <property name="draw-indicator">True</property>
+                                  </object>
+                                  <packing>
+                                    <property name="expand">False</property>
+                                    <property name="fill">True</property>
+                                    <property name="position">0</property>
+                                  </packing>
+                                </child>
+                              </object>
+                              <packing>
+                                <property name="expand">True</property>
+                                <property name="fill">True</property>
+                                <property name="position">1</property>
+                              </packing>
+                            </child>
+                          </object>
+                          <packing>
+                            <property name="expand">False</property>
+                            <property name="fill">True</property>
+                            <property name="padding">5</property>
+                            <property name="position">0</property>
+                          </packing>
+                        </child>
+                      </object>
+                      <packing>
+                        <property name="position">6</property>
+                      </packing>
+                    </child>
+                    <child type="tab">
+                      <object class="GtkLabel">
+                        <property name="visible">True</property>
+                        <property name="can-focus">False</property>
+                        <property name="label" translatable="yes">Debug</property>
+                      </object>
+                      <packing>
+                        <property name="position">6</property>
+                        <property name="tab-fill">False</property>
+                      </packing>
+                    </child>
                   </object>
                 </child>
               </object>

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/DebugState.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger
+{
+    public enum DebugState
+    {
+        Running,
+        Stopping,
+        Stopped,
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/Debugger.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,900 @@
+using ARMeilleure.State;
+using Ryujinx.Common;
+using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
+using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel;
+using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading;
+using Ryujinx.Memory;
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Net;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Text;
+using System.Threading;
+using IExecutionContext = Ryujinx.Cpu.IExecutionContext;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger
+{
+    public class Debugger : IDisposable
+    {
+        internal Switch Device { get; private set; }
+
+        public ushort GdbStubPort { get; private set; }
+
+        private TcpListener ListenerSocket;
+        private Socket ClientSocket = null;
+        private NetworkStream ReadStream = null;
+        private NetworkStream WriteStream = null;
+        private BlockingCollection<IMessage> Messages = new BlockingCollection<IMessage>(1);
+        private Thread DebuggerThread;
+        private Thread MessageHandlerThread;
+        private bool _shuttingDown = false;
+
+        private ulong? cThread;
+        private ulong? gThread;
+
+        public Debugger(Switch device, ushort port)
+        {
+            Device = device;
+            GdbStubPort = port;
+
+            ARMeilleure.Optimizations.EnableDebugging = true;
+
+            DebuggerThread = new Thread(DebuggerThreadMain);
+            DebuggerThread.Start();
+            MessageHandlerThread = new Thread(MessageHandlerMain);
+            MessageHandlerThread.Start();
+        }
+
+        private IDebuggableProcess DebugProcess => Device.System.DebugGetApplicationProcess();
+        private KThread[] GetThreads() => DebugProcess.GetThreadUids().Select(x => DebugProcess.GetThread(x)).ToArray();
+        private bool IsProcessAarch32 => DebugProcess.GetThread(gThread.Value).Context.IsAarch32;
+        private KernelContext KernelContext => Device.System.KernelContext;
+
+        const int GdbRegisterCount64 = 68;
+        const int GdbRegisterCount32 = 66;
+        /* FPCR = FPSR & ~FpcrMask
+        All of FPCR's bits are reserved in FPCR and vice versa,
+        see ARM's documentation. */
+        private const uint FpcrMask = 0xfc1fffff;
+
+        private string GdbReadRegister64(IExecutionContext state, int gdbRegId)
+        {
+            switch (gdbRegId)
+            {
+                case >= 0 and <= 31:
+                    return ToHex(BitConverter.GetBytes(state.GetX(gdbRegId)));
+                case 32:
+                    return ToHex(BitConverter.GetBytes(state.DebugPc));
+                case 33:
+                    return ToHex(BitConverter.GetBytes(state.Pstate));
+                case >= 34 and <= 65:
+                    return ToHex(state.GetV(gdbRegId - 34).ToArray());
+                case 66:
+                    return ToHex(BitConverter.GetBytes((uint)state.Fpsr));
+                case 67:
+                    return ToHex(BitConverter.GetBytes((uint)state.Fpcr));
+                default:
+                    return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private bool GdbWriteRegister64(IExecutionContext state, int gdbRegId, StringStream ss)
+        {
+            switch (gdbRegId)
+            {
+                case >= 0 and <= 31:
+                    {
+                        ulong value = ss.ReadLengthAsHex(16);
+                        state.SetX(gdbRegId, value);
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                case 32:
+                    {
+                        ulong value = ss.ReadLengthAsHex(16);
+                        state.DebugPc = value;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                case 33:
+                    {
+                        ulong value = ss.ReadLengthAsHex(8);
+                        state.Pstate = (uint)value;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                case >= 34 and <= 65:
+                    {
+                        ulong value0 = ss.ReadLengthAsHex(16);
+                        ulong value1 = ss.ReadLengthAsHex(16);
+                        state.SetV(gdbRegId - 34, new V128(value0, value1));
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                case 66:
+                    {
+                        ulong value = ss.ReadLengthAsHex(8);
+                        state.Fpsr = (uint)value;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                case 67:
+                    {
+                        ulong value = ss.ReadLengthAsHex(8);
+                        state.Fpcr = (uint)value;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                default:
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private string GdbReadRegister32(IExecutionContext state, int gdbRegId)
+        {
+            switch (gdbRegId)
+            {
+                case >= 0 and <= 14:
+                    return ToHex(BitConverter.GetBytes((uint)state.GetX(gdbRegId)));
+                case 15:
+                    return ToHex(BitConverter.GetBytes((uint)state.DebugPc));
+                case 16:
+                    return ToHex(BitConverter.GetBytes((uint)state.Pstate));
+                case >= 17 and <= 32:
+                    return ToHex(state.GetV(gdbRegId - 17).ToArray());
+                case >= 33 and <= 64:
+                    int reg = (gdbRegId - 33);
+                    int n = reg / 2;
+                    int shift = reg % 2;
+                    ulong value = state.GetV(n).Extract<ulong>(shift);
+                    return ToHex(BitConverter.GetBytes(value));
+                case 65:
+                    uint fpscr = (uint)state.Fpsr | (uint)state.Fpcr;
+                    return ToHex(BitConverter.GetBytes(fpscr));
+                default:
+                    return null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private bool GdbWriteRegister32(IExecutionContext state, int gdbRegId, StringStream ss)
+        {
+            switch (gdbRegId)
+            {
+                case >= 0 and <= 14:
+                    {
+                        ulong value = ss.ReadLengthAsHex(8);
+                        state.SetX(gdbRegId, value);
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                case 15:
+                    {
+                        ulong value = ss.ReadLengthAsHex(8);
+                        state.DebugPc = value;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                case 16:
+                    {
+                        ulong value = ss.ReadLengthAsHex(8);
+                        state.Pstate = (uint)value;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                case >= 17 and <= 32:
+                    {
+                        ulong value0 = ss.ReadLengthAsHex(16);
+                        ulong value1 = ss.ReadLengthAsHex(16);
+                        state.SetV(gdbRegId - 17, new V128(value0, value1));
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                case >= 33 and <= 64:
+                    {
+                        ulong value = ss.ReadLengthAsHex(16);
+                        int regId = (gdbRegId - 33);
+                        int regNum = regId / 2;
+                        int shift = regId % 2;
+                        V128 reg = state.GetV(regNum);
+                        reg.Insert(shift, value);
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                case 65:
+                    {
+                        ulong value = ss.ReadLengthAsHex(8);
+                        state.Fpsr = (uint)value & FpcrMask;
+                        state.Fpcr = (uint)value & ~FpcrMask;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                default:
+                    return false;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void MessageHandlerMain()
+        {
+            while (!_shuttingDown)
+            {
+                IMessage msg = Messages.Take();
+                switch (msg)
+                {
+                    case BreakInMessage:
+                        Logger.Notice.Print(LogClass.GdbStub, "Break-in requested");
+                        CommandQuery();
+                        break;
+
+                    case SendNackMessage:
+                        WriteStream.WriteByte((byte)'-');
+                        break;
+
+                    case CommandMessage { Command: var cmd }:
+                        Logger.Debug?.Print(LogClass.GdbStub, $"Received Command: {cmd}");
+                        WriteStream.WriteByte((byte)'+');
+                        ProcessCommand(cmd);
+                        break;
+
+                    case ThreadBreakMessage { Context: var ctx }:
+                        DebugProcess.DebugStop();
+                        Reply($"T05thread:{ctx.ThreadUid:x};");
+                        break;
+
+                    case KillMessage:
+                        return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void ProcessCommand(string cmd)
+        {
+            StringStream ss = new StringStream(cmd);
+
+            switch (ss.ReadChar())
+            {
+                case '!':
+                    if (!ss.IsEmpty())
+                    {
+                        goto unknownCommand;
+                    }
+
+                    // Enable extended mode
+                    ReplyOK();
+                    break;
+                case '?':
+                    if (!ss.IsEmpty())
+                    {
+                        goto unknownCommand;
+                    }
+
+                    CommandQuery();
+                    break;
+                case 'c':
+                    CommandContinue(ss.IsEmpty() ? null : ss.ReadRemainingAsHex());
+                    break;
+                case 'D':
+                    if (!ss.IsEmpty())
+                    {
+                        goto unknownCommand;
+                    }
+
+                    CommandDetach();
+                    break;
+                case 'g':
+                    if (!ss.IsEmpty())
+                    {
+                        goto unknownCommand;
+                    }
+
+                    CommandReadRegisters();
+                    break;
+                case 'G':
+                    CommandWriteRegisters(ss);
+                    break;
+                case 'H':
+                    {
+                        char op = ss.ReadChar();
+                        ulong? threadId = ss.ReadRemainingAsThreadUid();
+                        CommandSetThread(op, threadId);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                case 'k':
+                    Logger.Notice.Print(LogClass.GdbStub, "Kill request received");
+                    Reply("");
+                    Device.IsActive = false;
+                    Device.ExitStatus.WaitOne();
+                    break;
+                case 'm':
+                    {
+                        ulong addr = ss.ReadUntilAsHex(',');
+                        ulong len = ss.ReadRemainingAsHex();
+                        CommandReadMemory(addr, len);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                case 'M':
+                    {
+                        ulong addr = ss.ReadUntilAsHex(',');
+                        ulong len = ss.ReadUntilAsHex(':');
+                        CommandWriteMemory(addr, len, ss);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                case 'p':
+                    {
+                        ulong gdbRegId = ss.ReadRemainingAsHex();
+                        CommandReadRegister((int)gdbRegId);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                case 'P':
+                    {
+                        ulong gdbRegId = ss.ReadUntilAsHex('=');
+                        CommandWriteRegister((int)gdbRegId, ss);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                case 'q':
+                    if (ss.ConsumeRemaining("GDBServerVersion"))
+                    {
+                        Reply($"name:Ryujinx;version:{ReleaseInformation.Version};");
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    if (ss.ConsumeRemaining("HostInfo"))
+                    {
+                        if (IsProcessAarch32)
+                        {
+                            Reply(
+                                $"triple:{ToHex("arm-unknown-linux-android")};endian:little;ptrsize:4;hostname:{ToHex("Ryujinx")};");
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            Reply(
+                                $"triple:{ToHex("aarch64-unknown-linux-android")};endian:little;ptrsize:8;hostname:{ToHex("Ryujinx")};");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    if (ss.ConsumeRemaining("ProcessInfo"))
+                    {
+                        if (IsProcessAarch32)
+                        {
+                            Reply(
+                                $"pid:1;cputype:12;cpusubtype:0;triple:{ToHex("arm-unknown-linux-android")};ostype:unknown;vendor:none;endian:little;ptrsize:4;");
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            Reply(
+                                $"pid:1;cputype:100000c;cpusubtype:0;triple:{ToHex("aarch64-unknown-linux-android")};ostype:unknown;vendor:none;endian:little;ptrsize:8;");
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    if (ss.ConsumePrefix("Supported:") || ss.ConsumeRemaining("Supported"))
+                    {
+                        Reply("PacketSize=10000;qXfer:features:read+");
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    if (ss.ConsumeRemaining("fThreadInfo"))
+                    {
+                        Reply($"m{string.Join(",", DebugProcess.GetThreadUids().Select(x => $"{x:x}"))}");
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    if (ss.ConsumeRemaining("sThreadInfo"))
+                    {
+                        Reply("l");
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    if (ss.ConsumePrefix("ThreadExtraInfo,"))
+                    {
+                        ulong? threadId = ss.ReadRemainingAsThreadUid();
+                        if (threadId == null)
+                        {
+                            ReplyError();
+                            break;
+                        }
+
+                        if (DebugProcess.GetDebugState() == DebugState.Stopped)
+                        {
+                            Reply(ToHex("Stopped"));
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            Reply(ToHex("Not stopped"));
+                        }
+                        break;
+                    }
+
+                    if (ss.ConsumePrefix("Xfer:features:read:"))
+                    {
+                        string feature = ss.ReadUntil(':');
+                        ulong addr = ss.ReadUntilAsHex(',');
+                        ulong len = ss.ReadRemainingAsHex();
+
+                        if (feature == "target.xml")
+                        {
+                            feature = IsProcessAarch32 ? "target32.xml" : "target64.xml";
+                        }
+
+                        string data;
+                        if (RegisterInformation.Features.TryGetValue(feature, out data))
+                        {
+                            if (addr >= (ulong)data.Length)
+                            {
+                                Reply("l");
+                                break;
+                            }
+
+                            if (len >= (ulong)data.Length - addr)
+                            {
+                                Reply("l" + ToBinaryFormat(data.Substring((int)addr)));
+                                break;
+                            }
+                            else
+                            {
+                                Reply("m" + ToBinaryFormat(data.Substring((int)addr, (int)len)));
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            Reply("E00"); // Invalid annex
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    goto unknownCommand;
+                case 'Q':
+                    goto unknownCommand;
+                case 's':
+                    CommandStep(ss.IsEmpty() ? null : ss.ReadRemainingAsHex());
+                    break;
+                case 'T':
+                    {
+                        ulong? threadId = ss.ReadRemainingAsThreadUid();
+                        CommandIsAlive(threadId);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                default:
+                unknownCommand:
+                    Logger.Notice.Print(LogClass.GdbStub, $"Unknown command: {cmd}");
+                    Reply("");
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void CommandQuery()
+        {
+            // GDB is performing initial contact. Stop everything.
+            DebugProcess.DebugStop();
+            gThread = cThread = DebugProcess.GetThreadUids().First();
+            Reply($"T05thread:{cThread:x};");
+        }
+
+        void CommandContinue(ulong? newPc)
+        {
+            if (newPc.HasValue)
+            {
+                if (cThread == null)
+                {
+                    ReplyError();
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                DebugProcess.GetThread(cThread.Value).Context.DebugPc = newPc.Value;
+            }
+
+            DebugProcess.DebugContinue();
+        }
+
+        void CommandDetach()
+        {
+            // TODO: Remove all breakpoints
+            CommandContinue(null);
+        }
+
+        void CommandReadRegisters()
+        {
+            if (gThread == null)
+            {
+                ReplyError();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var ctx = DebugProcess.GetThread(gThread.Value).Context;
+            string registers = "";
+            if (IsProcessAarch32)
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < GdbRegisterCount32; i++)
+                {
+                    registers += GdbReadRegister32(ctx, i);
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < GdbRegisterCount64; i++)
+                {
+                    registers += GdbReadRegister64(ctx, i);
+                }
+            }
+
+            Reply(registers);
+        }
+
+        void CommandWriteRegisters(StringStream ss)
+        {
+            if (gThread == null)
+            {
+                ReplyError();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var ctx = DebugProcess.GetThread(gThread.Value).Context;
+            if (IsProcessAarch32)
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < GdbRegisterCount32; i++)
+                {
+                    if (!GdbWriteRegister32(ctx, i, ss))
+                    {
+                        ReplyError();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                for (int i = 0; i < GdbRegisterCount64; i++)
+                {
+                    if (!GdbWriteRegister64(ctx, i, ss))
+                    {
+                        ReplyError();
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (ss.IsEmpty())
+            {
+                ReplyOK();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                ReplyError();
+            }
+        }
+
+        void CommandSetThread(char op, ulong? threadId)
+        {
+            if (threadId == 0 || threadId == null)
+            {
+                threadId = GetThreads().First().ThreadUid;
+            }
+
+            if (DebugProcess.GetThread(threadId.Value) == null)
+            {
+                ReplyError();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            switch (op)
+            {
+                case 'c':
+                    cThread = threadId;
+                    ReplyOK();
+                    return;
+                case 'g':
+                    gThread = threadId;
+                    ReplyOK();
+                    return;
+                default:
+                    ReplyError();
+                    return;
+            }
+        }
+
+        void CommandReadMemory(ulong addr, ulong len)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var data = new byte[len];
+                DebugProcess.CpuMemory.Read(addr, data);
+                Reply(ToHex(data));
+            }
+            catch (InvalidMemoryRegionException)
+            {
+                ReplyError();
+            }
+        }
+
+        void CommandWriteMemory(ulong addr, ulong len, StringStream ss)
+        {
+            try
+            {
+                var data = new byte[len];
+                for (ulong i = 0; i < len; i++)
+                {
+                    data[i] = (byte)ss.ReadLengthAsHex(2);
+                }
+
+                DebugProcess.CpuMemory.Write(addr, data);
+                DebugProcess.InvalidateCacheRegion(addr, len);
+                ReplyOK();
+            }
+            catch (InvalidMemoryRegionException)
+            {
+                ReplyError();
+            }
+        }
+
+        void CommandReadRegister(int gdbRegId)
+        {
+            if (gThread == null)
+            {
+                ReplyError();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var ctx = DebugProcess.GetThread(gThread.Value).Context;
+            string result;
+            if (IsProcessAarch32)
+            {
+                result = GdbReadRegister32(ctx, gdbRegId);
+                if (result != null)
+                {
+                    Reply(result);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ReplyError();
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                result = GdbReadRegister64(ctx, gdbRegId);
+                if (result != null)
+                {
+                    Reply(result);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ReplyError();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        void CommandWriteRegister(int gdbRegId, StringStream ss)
+        {
+            if (gThread == null)
+            {
+                ReplyError();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var ctx = DebugProcess.GetThread(gThread.Value).Context;
+            if (IsProcessAarch32)
+            {
+                if (GdbWriteRegister32(ctx, gdbRegId, ss) && ss.IsEmpty())
+                {
+                    ReplyOK();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ReplyError();
+                }
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                if (GdbWriteRegister64(ctx, gdbRegId, ss) && ss.IsEmpty())
+                {
+                    ReplyOK();
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    ReplyError();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CommandStep(ulong? newPc)
+        {
+            if (cThread == null)
+            {
+                ReplyError();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var thread = DebugProcess.GetThread(cThread.Value);
+
+            if (newPc.HasValue)
+            {
+                thread.Context.DebugPc = newPc.Value;
+            }
+
+            if (!DebugProcess.DebugStep(thread))
+            {
+                ReplyError();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Reply($"T05thread:{thread.ThreadUid:x};");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void CommandIsAlive(ulong? threadId)
+        {
+            if (GetThreads().Any(x => x.ThreadUid == threadId))
+            {
+                ReplyOK();
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                Reply("E00");
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Reply(string cmd)
+        {
+            Logger.Debug?.Print(LogClass.GdbStub, $"Reply: {cmd}");
+            WriteStream.Write(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes($"${cmd}#{CalculateChecksum(cmd):x2}"));
+        }
+
+        private void ReplyOK()
+        {
+            Reply("OK");
+        }
+
+        private void ReplyError()
+        {
+            Reply("E01");
+        }
+
+        private void DebuggerThreadMain()
+        {
+            var endpoint = new IPEndPoint(IPAddress.Any, GdbStubPort);
+            ListenerSocket = new TcpListener(endpoint);
+            ListenerSocket.Start();
+            Logger.Notice.Print(LogClass.GdbStub, $"Currently waiting on {endpoint} for GDB client");
+
+            while (!_shuttingDown)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    ClientSocket = ListenerSocket.AcceptSocket();
+                }
+                catch (SocketException)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+                ClientSocket.NoDelay = true;
+                ReadStream = new NetworkStream(ClientSocket, System.IO.FileAccess.Read);
+                WriteStream = new NetworkStream(ClientSocket, System.IO.FileAccess.Write);
+                Logger.Notice.Print(LogClass.GdbStub, "GDB client connected");
+
+                while (true)
+                {
+                    try
+                    {
+                        switch (ReadStream.ReadByte())
+                        {
+                            case -1:
+                                goto eof;
+                            case '+':
+                                continue;
+                            case '-':
+                                Logger.Notice.Print(LogClass.GdbStub, "NACK received!");
+                                continue;
+                            case '\x03':
+                                Messages.Add(new BreakInMessage());
+                                break;
+                            case '$':
+                                string cmd = "";
+                                while (true)
+                                {
+                                    int x = ReadStream.ReadByte();
+                                    if (x == -1)
+                                        goto eof;
+                                    if (x == '#')
+                                        break;
+                                    cmd += (char)x;
+                                }
+
+                                string checksum = $"{(char)ReadStream.ReadByte()}{(char)ReadStream.ReadByte()}";
+                                if (checksum == $"{CalculateChecksum(cmd):x2}")
+                                {
+                                    Messages.Add(new CommandMessage(cmd));
+                                }
+                                else
+                                {
+                                    Messages.Add(new SendNackMessage());
+                                }
+
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    catch (IOException)
+                    {
+                        goto eof;
+                    }
+                }
+
+            eof:
+                Logger.Notice.Print(LogClass.GdbStub, "GDB client lost connection");
+                ReadStream.Close();
+                ReadStream = null;
+                WriteStream.Close();
+                WriteStream = null;
+                ClientSocket.Close();
+                ClientSocket = null;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private byte CalculateChecksum(string cmd)
+        {
+            byte checksum = 0;
+            foreach (char x in cmd)
+            {
+                unchecked
+                {
+                    checksum += (byte)x;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return checksum;
+        }
+
+        private string ToHex(byte[] bytes)
+        {
+            return string.Join("", bytes.Select(x => $"{x:x2}"));
+        }
+
+        private string ToHex(string str)
+        {
+            return ToHex(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(str));
+        }
+
+        private string ToBinaryFormat(byte[] bytes)
+        {
+            return string.Join("", bytes.Select(x =>
+                x switch
+                {
+                    (byte)'#' => "}\x03",
+                    (byte)'$' => "}\x04",
+                    (byte)'*' => "}\x0a",
+                    (byte)'}' => "}\x5d",
+                    _ => Convert.ToChar(x).ToString(),
+                }
+            ));
+        }
+
+        private string ToBinaryFormat(string str)
+        {
+            return ToBinaryFormat(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(str));
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            Dispose(true);
+        }
+
+        protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
+        {
+            if (disposing)
+            {
+                _shuttingDown = true;
+
+                ListenerSocket.Stop();
+                ClientSocket?.Shutdown(SocketShutdown.Both);
+                ClientSocket?.Close();
+                ReadStream?.Close();
+                WriteStream?.Close();
+                DebuggerThread.Join();
+                Messages.Add(new KillMessage());
+                MessageHandlerThread.Join();
+                Messages.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void BreakHandler(IExecutionContext ctx, ulong address, int imm)
+        {
+            Logger.Notice.Print(LogClass.GdbStub, $"Break hit on thread {ctx.ThreadUid} at pc {address:x016}");
+
+            Messages.Add(new ThreadBreakMessage(ctx, address, imm));
+            DebugProcess.DebugInterruptHandler(ctx);
+        }
+
+        public void StepHandler(IExecutionContext ctx)
+        {
+            DebugProcess.DebugInterruptHandler(ctx);
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/GdbSignal.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger
+{
+    enum GdbSignal
+    {
+        Zero = 0,
+        Int = 2,
+        Quit = 3,
+        Trap = 5,
+        Abort = 6,
+        Alarm = 14,
+        IO = 23,
+        XCPU = 24,
+        Unknown = 143
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/GdbXml/aarch64-core.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2009-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+     Contributed by ARM Ltd.
+     Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
+     are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
+     notice and this notice are preserved.  -->
+
+<!DOCTYPE feature SYSTEM "gdb-target.dtd">
+<feature name="org.gnu.gdb.aarch64.core">
+  <reg name="x0" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x1" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x2" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x3" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x4" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x5" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x6" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x7" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x8" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x9" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x10" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x11" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x12" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x13" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x14" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x15" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x16" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x17" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x18" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x19" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x20" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x21" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x22" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x23" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x24" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x25" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x26" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x27" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x28" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x29" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="x30" bitsize="64"/>
+  <reg name="sp" bitsize="64" type="data_ptr"/>
+
+  <reg name="pc" bitsize="64" type="code_ptr"/>
+
+  <flags id="cpsr_flags" size="4">
+    <!-- Stack Pointer.  -->
+    <field name="SP" start="0" end="0"/>
+
+    <!-- Exception Level.  -->
+    <field name="EL" start="2" end="3"/>
+    <!-- Execution state.  -->
+    <field name="nRW" start="4" end="4"/>
+
+    <!-- FIQ interrupt mask.  -->
+    <field name="F" start="6" end="6"/>
+    <!-- IRQ interrupt mask.  -->
+    <field name="I" start="7" end="7"/>
+    <!-- SError interrupt mask.  -->
+    <field name="A" start="8" end="8"/>
+    <!-- Debug exception mask.  -->
+    <field name="D" start="9" end="9"/>
+
+    <!-- ARMv8.5-A: Branch Target Identification BTYPE.  -->
+    <field name="BTYPE" start="10" end="11"/>
+
+    <!-- ARMv8.0-A: Speculative Store Bypass.  -->
+    <field name="SSBS" start="12" end="12"/>
+
+    <!-- Illegal Execution state.  -->
+    <field name="IL" start="20" end="20"/>
+    <!-- Software Step.  -->
+    <field name="SS" start="21" end="21"/>
+    <!-- ARMv8.1-A: Privileged Access Never.  -->
+    <field name="PAN" start="22" end="22"/>
+    <!-- ARMv8.2-A: User Access Override.  -->
+    <field name="UAO" start="23" end="23"/>
+    <!-- ARMv8.4-A: Data Independent Timing.  -->
+    <field name="DIT" start="24" end="24"/>
+    <!-- ARMv8.5-A: Tag Check Override.  -->
+    <field name="TCO" start="25" end="25"/>
+
+    <!-- Overflow Condition flag.  -->
+    <field name="V" start="28" end="28"/>
+    <!-- Carry Condition flag.  -->
+    <field name="C" start="29" end="29"/>
+    <!-- Zero Condition flag.  -->
+    <field name="Z" start="30" end="30"/>
+    <!-- Negative Condition flag.  -->
+    <field name="N" start="31" end="31"/>
+  </flags>
+  <reg name="cpsr" bitsize="32" type="cpsr_flags"/>
+
+</feature>

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/GdbXml/aarch64-fpu.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2009-2022 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+     Contributed by ARM Ltd.
+     Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
+     are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
+     notice and this notice are preserved.  -->
+
+<!DOCTYPE feature SYSTEM "gdb-target.dtd">
+<feature name="org.gnu.gdb.aarch64.fpu">
+  <vector id="v2d" type="ieee_double" count="2"/>
+  <vector id="v2u" type="uint64" count="2"/>
+  <vector id="v2i" type="int64" count="2"/>
+  <vector id="v4f" type="ieee_single" count="4"/>
+  <vector id="v4u" type="uint32" count="4"/>
+  <vector id="v4i" type="int32" count="4"/>
+  <vector id="v8f" type="ieee_half" count="8"/>
+  <vector id="v8u" type="uint16" count="8"/>
+  <vector id="v8i" type="int16" count="8"/>
+  <vector id="v8bf16" type="bfloat16" count="8"/>
+  <vector id="v16u" type="uint8" count="16"/>
+  <vector id="v16i" type="int8" count="16"/>
+  <vector id="v1u" type="uint128" count="1"/>
+  <vector id="v1i" type="int128" count="1"/>
+  <union id="vnd">
+    <field name="f" type="v2d"/>
+    <field name="u" type="v2u"/>
+    <field name="s" type="v2i"/>
+  </union>
+  <union id="vns">
+    <field name="f" type="v4f"/>
+    <field name="u" type="v4u"/>
+    <field name="s" type="v4i"/>
+  </union>
+  <union id="vnh">
+    <field name="bf" type="v8bf16"/>
+    <field name="f" type="v8f"/>
+    <field name="u" type="v8u"/>
+    <field name="s" type="v8i"/>
+  </union>
+  <union id="vnb">
+    <field name="u" type="v16u"/>
+    <field name="s" type="v16i"/>
+  </union>
+  <union id="vnq">
+    <field name="u" type="v1u"/>
+    <field name="s" type="v1i"/>
+  </union>
+  <union id="aarch64v">
+    <field name="d" type="vnd"/>
+    <field name="s" type="vns"/>
+    <field name="h" type="vnh"/>
+    <field name="b" type="vnb"/>
+    <field name="q" type="vnq"/>
+  </union>
+  <reg name="v0" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v" regnum="34"/>
+  <reg name="v1" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v" />
+  <reg name="v2" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v" />
+  <reg name="v3" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v" />
+  <reg name="v4" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v" />
+  <reg name="v5" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v" />
+  <reg name="v6" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v" />
+  <reg name="v7" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v" />
+  <reg name="v8" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v" />
+  <reg name="v9" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v" />
+  <reg name="v10" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v11" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v12" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v13" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v14" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v15" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v16" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v17" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v18" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v19" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v20" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v21" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v22" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v23" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v24" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v25" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v26" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v27" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v28" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v29" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v30" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+  <reg name="v31" bitsize="128" type="aarch64v"/>
+
+  <flags id="fpsr_flags" size="4">
+    <!-- Invalid Operation cumulative floating-point exception bit.  -->
+    <field name="IOC" start="0" end="0"/>
+    <!-- Divide by Zero cumulative floating-point exception bit.  -->
+    <field name="DZC" start="1" end="1"/>
+    <!-- Overflow cumulative floating-point exception bit.  -->
+    <field name="OFC" start="2" end="2"/>
+    <!-- Underflow cumulative floating-point exception bit.  -->
+    <field name="UFC" start="3" end="3"/>
+    <!-- Inexact cumulative floating-point exception bit..  -->
+    <field name="IXC" start="4" end="4"/>
+    <!-- Input Denormal cumulative floating-point exception bit.  -->
+    <field name="IDC" start="7" end="7"/>
+    <!-- Cumulative saturation bit, Advanced SIMD only.  -->
+    <field name="QC" start="27" end="27"/>
+    <!-- When AArch32 is supported at any Exception level and AArch32
+         floating-point is implemented: Overflow condition flag for AArch32
+         floating-point comparison operations.  -->
+    <field name="V" start="28" end="28"/>
+    <!-- When AArch32 is supported at any Exception level and AArch32
+         floating-point is implemented:
+         Carry condition flag for AArch32 floating-point comparison operations.
+         -->
+    <field name="C" start="29" end="29"/>
+    <!-- When AArch32 is supported at any Exception level and AArch32
+         floating-point is implemented:
+         Zero condition flag for AArch32 floating-point comparison operations.
+         -->
+    <field name="Z" start="30" end="30"/>
+    <!-- When AArch32 is supported at any Exception level and AArch32
+         floating-point is implemented:
+         Negative condition flag for AArch32 floating-point comparison
+         operations.  -->
+    <field name="N" start="31" end="31"/>
+  </flags>
+  <reg name="fpsr" bitsize="32" type="fpsr_flags"/>
+
+  <flags id="fpcr_flags" size="4">
+    <!-- Flush Inputs to Zero (part of Armv8.7).  -->
+    <field name="FIZ" start="0" end="0"/>
+    <!-- Alternate Handling (part of Armv8.7).  -->
+    <field name="AH" start="1" end="1"/>
+    <!-- Controls how the output elements other than the lowest element of the
+         vector are determined for Advanced SIMD scalar instructions (part of
+         Armv8.7).  -->
+    <field name="NEP" start="2" end="2"/>
+    <!-- Invalid Operation floating-point exception trap enable.  -->
+    <field name="IOE" start="8" end="8"/>
+    <!-- Divide by Zero floating-point exception trap enable.  -->
+    <field name="DZE" start="9" end="9"/>
+    <!-- Overflow floating-point exception trap enable.  -->
+    <field name="OFE" start="10" end="10"/>
+    <!-- Underflow floating-point exception trap enable.  -->
+    <field name="UFE" start="11" end="11"/>
+    <!-- Inexact floating-point exception trap enable.  -->
+    <field name="IXE" start="12" end="12"/>
+    <!-- Input Denormal floating-point exception trap enable.  -->
+    <field name="IDE" start="15" end="15"/>
+    <!-- Flush-to-zero mode control bit on half-precision data-processing
+         instructions.  -->
+    <field name="FZ16" start="19" end="19"/>
+    <!-- Rounding Mode control field.  -->
+    <field name="RMode" start="22" end="23"/>
+    <!-- Flush-to-zero mode control bit.  -->
+    <field name="FZ" start="24" end="24"/>
+    <!-- Default NaN mode control bit.  -->
+    <field name="DN" start="25" end="25"/>
+    <!-- Alternative half-precision control bit.  -->
+    <field name="AHP" start="26" end="26"/>
+  </flags>
+  <reg name="fpcr" bitsize="32" type="fpcr_flags"/>
+</feature>

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/GdbXml/arm-core.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+     Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
+     are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
+     notice and this notice are preserved.  -->
+
+<!DOCTYPE feature SYSTEM "gdb-target.dtd">
+<feature name="org.gnu.gdb.arm.core">
+  <reg name="r0" bitsize="32"/>
+  <reg name="r1" bitsize="32"/>
+  <reg name="r2" bitsize="32"/>
+  <reg name="r3" bitsize="32"/>
+  <reg name="r4" bitsize="32"/>
+  <reg name="r5" bitsize="32"/>
+  <reg name="r6" bitsize="32"/>
+  <reg name="r7" bitsize="32"/>
+  <reg name="r8" bitsize="32"/>
+  <reg name="r9" bitsize="32"/>
+  <reg name="r10" bitsize="32"/>
+  <reg name="r11" bitsize="32"/>
+  <reg name="r12" bitsize="32"/>
+  <reg name="sp" bitsize="32" type="data_ptr"/>
+  <reg name="lr" bitsize="32"/>
+  <reg name="pc" bitsize="32" type="code_ptr"/>
+  <reg name="cpsr" bitsize="32" />
+</feature>

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/GdbXml/arm-neon.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+     Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
+     are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
+     notice and this notice are preserved.  -->
+<!DOCTYPE feature SYSTEM "gdb-target.dtd">
+<feature name="org.gnu.gdb.arm.vfp">
+  <vector id="neon_uint8x8" type="uint8" count="8"/>
+  <vector id="neon_uint16x4" type="uint16" count="4"/>
+  <vector id="neon_uint32x2" type="uint32" count="2"/>
+  <vector id="neon_float32x2" type="ieee_single" count="2"/>
+  <union id="neon_d">
+    <field name="u8" type="neon_uint8x8"/>
+    <field name="u16" type="neon_uint16x4"/>
+    <field name="u32" type="neon_uint32x2"/>
+    <field name="u64" type="uint64"/>
+    <field name="f32" type="neon_float32x2"/>
+    <field name="f64" type="ieee_double"/>
+  </union>
+  <vector id="neon_uint8x16" type="uint8" count="16"/>
+  <vector id="neon_uint16x8" type="uint16" count="8"/>
+  <vector id="neon_uint32x4" type="uint32" count="4"/>
+  <vector id="neon_uint64x2" type="uint64" count="2"/>
+  <vector id="neon_float32x4" type="ieee_single" count="4"/>
+  <vector id="neon_float64x2" type="ieee_double" count="2"/>
+  <union id="neon_q">
+    <field name="u8" type="neon_uint8x16"/>
+    <field name="u16" type="neon_uint16x8"/>
+    <field name="u32" type="neon_uint32x4"/>
+    <field name="u64" type="neon_uint64x2"/>
+    <field name="f32" type="neon_float32x4"/>
+    <field name="f64" type="neon_float64x2"/>
+  </union>
+  <reg name="d0" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d1" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d2" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d3" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d4" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d5" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d6" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d7" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d8" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d9" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d10" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d11" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d12" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d13" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d14" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d15" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d16" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d17" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d18" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d19" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d20" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d21" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d22" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d23" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d24" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d25" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d26" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d27" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d28" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d29" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d30" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+  <reg name="d31" bitsize="64" type="neon_d"/>
+
+  <reg name="q0" bitsize="128" type="neon_q"/>
+  <reg name="q1" bitsize="128" type="neon_q"/>
+  <reg name="q2" bitsize="128" type="neon_q"/>
+  <reg name="q3" bitsize="128" type="neon_q"/>
+  <reg name="q4" bitsize="128" type="neon_q"/>
+  <reg name="q5" bitsize="128" type="neon_q"/>
+  <reg name="q6" bitsize="128" type="neon_q"/>
+  <reg name="q7" bitsize="128" type="neon_q"/>
+  <reg name="q8" bitsize="128" type="neon_q"/>
+  <reg name="q9" bitsize="128" type="neon_q"/>
+  <reg name="q10" bitsize="128" type="neon_q"/>
+  <reg name="q11" bitsize="128" type="neon_q"/>
+  <reg name="q12" bitsize="128" type="neon_q"/>
+  <reg name="q13" bitsize="128" type="neon_q"/>
+  <reg name="q14" bitsize="128" type="neon_q"/>
+  <reg name="q15" bitsize="128" type="neon_q"/>
+
+  <reg name="fpscr" bitsize="32" type="int" group="float"/>
+</feature>

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/GdbXml/target32.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2009-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+     Contributed by ARM Ltd.
+
+     Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
+     are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
+     notice and this notice are preserved.  -->
+
+<!DOCTYPE target SYSTEM "gdb-target.dtd">
+<target>
+  <architecture>arm</architecture>
+  <xi:include href="arm-core.xml"/>
+  <xi:include href="arm-neon.xml"/>
+</target>

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/GdbXml/target64.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<?xml version="1.0"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2009-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+     Contributed by ARM Ltd.
+
+     Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification,
+     are permitted in any medium without royalty provided the copyright
+     notice and this notice are preserved.  -->
+
+<!DOCTYPE target SYSTEM "gdb-target.dtd">
+<target>
+  <architecture>aarch64</architecture>
+  <xi:include href="aarch64-core.xml"/>
+  <xi:include href="aarch64-fpu.xml"/>
+</target>

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/IDebuggableProcess.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+using Ryujinx.Cpu;
+using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading;
+using Ryujinx.Memory;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger
+{
+    internal interface IDebuggableProcess
+    {
+        void DebugStop();
+        void DebugContinue();
+        bool DebugStep(KThread thread);
+        KThread GetThread(ulong threadUid);
+        DebugState GetDebugState();
+        ulong[] GetThreadUids();
+        public void DebugInterruptHandler(IExecutionContext ctx);
+        IVirtualMemoryManager CpuMemory { get; }
+        void InvalidateCacheRegion(ulong address, ulong size);
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/Message/BreakInMessage.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger
+{
+    struct BreakInMessage : IMessage
+    {
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/Message/CommandMessage.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger
+{
+    struct CommandMessage : IMessage
+    {
+        public string Command;
+
+        public CommandMessage(string cmd)
+        {
+            Command = cmd;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/Message/IMessage.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger
+{
+    interface IMessage
+    {
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/Message/KillMessage.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger
+{
+    struct KillMessage : IMessage
+    {
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/Message/SendNackMessage.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+namespace Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger
+{
+    struct SendNackMessage : IMessage
+    {
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/Message/ThreadBreakMessage.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+using IExecutionContext = Ryujinx.Cpu.IExecutionContext;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger
+{
+    public class ThreadBreakMessage : IMessage
+    {
+        public IExecutionContext Context { get; }
+        public ulong Address { get; }
+        public int Opcode { get; }
+
+        public ThreadBreakMessage(IExecutionContext context, ulong address, int opcode)
+        {
+            Context = context;
+            Address = address;
+            Opcode = opcode;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/RegisterInformation.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.IO;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger
+{
+    class RegisterInformation
+    {
+        public static readonly Dictionary<string, string> Features = new()
+        {
+            { "target64.xml", GetEmbeddedResourceContent("target64.xml") },
+            { "target32.xml", GetEmbeddedResourceContent("target32.xml") },
+            { "aarch64-core.xml", GetEmbeddedResourceContent("aarch64-core.xml") },
+            { "aarch64-fpu.xml", GetEmbeddedResourceContent("aarch64-fpu.xml") },
+            { "arm-core.xml", GetEmbeddedResourceContent("arm-core.xml") },
+            { "arm-neon.xml", GetEmbeddedResourceContent("arm-neon.xml") },
+        };
+
+        private static string GetEmbeddedResourceContent(string resourceName)
+        {
+            Stream stream = System.Reflection.Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().GetManifestResourceStream("Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger.GdbXml." + resourceName);
+            StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(stream);
+            string result = reader.ReadToEnd();
+            reader.Dispose();
+            stream.Dispose();
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.HLE/Debugger/StringStream.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+using System.Diagnostics;
+using System.Globalization;
+
+namespace Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger
+{
+    class StringStream
+    {
+        private readonly string Data;
+        private int Position;
+
+        public StringStream(string s)
+        {
+            Data = s;
+        }
+
+        public char ReadChar()
+        {
+            return Data[Position++];
+        }
+
+        public string ReadUntil(char needle)
+        {
+            int needlePos = Data.IndexOf(needle, Position);
+
+            if (needlePos == -1)
+            {
+                needlePos = Data.Length;
+            }
+
+            string result = Data.Substring(Position, needlePos - Position);
+            Position = needlePos + 1;
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public string ReadLength(int len)
+        {
+            string result = Data.Substring(Position, len);
+            Position += len;
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public string ReadRemaining()
+        {
+            string result = Data.Substring(Position);
+            Position = Data.Length;
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ulong ReadRemainingAsHex()
+        {
+            return ulong.Parse(ReadRemaining(), NumberStyles.HexNumber);
+        }
+
+        public ulong ReadUntilAsHex(char needle)
+        {
+            return ulong.Parse(ReadUntil(needle), NumberStyles.HexNumber);
+        }
+
+        public ulong ReadLengthAsHex(int len)
+        {
+            return ulong.Parse(ReadLength(len), NumberStyles.HexNumber);
+        }
+
+        public ulong ReadLengthAsLEHex(int len)
+        {
+            Debug.Assert(len % 2 == 0);
+
+            ulong result = 0;
+            int pos = 0;
+            while (pos < len)
+            {
+                result += ReadLengthAsHex(2) << (4 * pos);
+                pos += 2;
+            }
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        public ulong? ReadRemainingAsThreadUid()
+        {
+            string s = ReadRemaining();
+            return s == "-1" ? null : ulong.Parse(s, NumberStyles.HexNumber);
+        }
+
+        public bool ConsumePrefix(string prefix)
+        {
+            if (Data.Substring(Position).StartsWith(prefix))
+            {
+                Position += prefix.Length;
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public bool ConsumeRemaining(string match)
+        {
+            if (Data.Substring(Position) == match)
+            {
+                Position += match.Length;
+                return true;
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        public bool IsEmpty()
+        {
+            return Position >= Data.Length;
+        }
+    }
+}

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HLEConfiguration.cs

@@ -169,6 +169,21 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE
         /// </summary>
         public Action RefreshInputConfig { internal get; set; }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Enables gdbstub to allow for debugging of the guest .
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool EnableGdbStub { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// A TCP port to use to expose a gdbstub for a debugger to connect to.
+        /// </summary>
+        public ushort GdbStubPort { get; internal set; }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Suspend execution when starting an application
+        /// </summary>
+        public bool DebuggerSuspendOnStart { get; internal set; }
+
         public HLEConfiguration(VirtualFileSystem virtualFileSystem,
                                 LibHacHorizonManager libHacHorizonManager,
                                 ContentManager contentManager,
@@ -194,7 +209,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE
                                 float audioVolume,
                                 bool useHypervisor,
                                 string multiplayerLanInterfaceId,
-                                MultiplayerMode multiplayerMode)
+                                MultiplayerMode multiplayerMode,
+                                bool enableGdbStub,
+                                ushort gdbStubPort,
+                                bool debuggerSuspendOnStart)
         {
             VirtualFileSystem = virtualFileSystem;
             LibHacHorizonManager = libHacHorizonManager;
@@ -222,6 +240,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE
             UseHypervisor = useHypervisor;
             MultiplayerLanInterfaceId = multiplayerLanInterfaceId;
             MultiplayerMode = multiplayerMode;
+            EnableGdbStub = enableGdbStub;
+            GdbStubPort = gdbStubPort;
+            DebuggerSuspendOnStart = debuggerSuspendOnStart;
         }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Horizon.cs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ using LibHac.Fs.Shim;
 using LibHac.FsSystem;
 using LibHac.Tools.FsSystem;
 using Ryujinx.Cpu;
+using Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.FileSystem;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Memory;
@@ -473,5 +474,13 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS
             }
             IsPaused = pause;
         }
+
+        internal IDebuggableProcess DebugGetApplicationProcess()
+        {
+            lock (KernelContext.Processes)
+            {
+                return KernelContext.Processes.Values.FirstOrDefault(x => x.IsApplication)?.DebugInterface;
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Common/KSystemControl.cs

@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Common
                 MemoryArrange.MemoryArrange4GiBSystemDev or
                 MemoryArrange.MemoryArrange6GiBAppletDev => 3285 * MiB,
                 MemoryArrange.MemoryArrange4GiBAppletDev => 2048 * MiB,
-                MemoryArrange.MemoryArrange6GiB or
+                MemoryArrange.MemoryArrange6GiB => 4916 * MiB,
-                MemoryArrange.MemoryArrange8GiB => 4916 * MiB,
+                MemoryArrange.MemoryArrange8GiB => 6964 * MiB,
                 _ => throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid memory arrange \"{arrange}\"."),
             };
         }
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Common
                 MemoryArrange.MemoryArrange4GiBAppletDev => 1554 * MiB,
                 MemoryArrange.MemoryArrange4GiBSystemDev => 448 * MiB,
                 MemoryArrange.MemoryArrange6GiB => 562 * MiB,
-                MemoryArrange.MemoryArrange6GiBAppletDev or
+                MemoryArrange.MemoryArrange6GiBAppletDev => 2193 * MiB,
-                MemoryArrange.MemoryArrange8GiB => 2193 * MiB,
+                MemoryArrange.MemoryArrange8GiB => 562 * MiB,
                 _ => throw new ArgumentException($"Invalid memory arrange \"{arrange}\"."),
             };
         }

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Process/KProcess.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common;
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
 using Ryujinx.Cpu;
+using Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.Exceptions;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Common;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Memory;
@@ -11,6 +12,8 @@ using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading;
+using ExceptionCallback = Ryujinx.Cpu.ExceptionCallback;
+using ExceptionCallbackNoArgs = Ryujinx.Cpu.ExceptionCallbackNoArgs;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Process
 {
@@ -89,6 +92,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Process
         public IVirtualMemoryManager CpuMemory => Context.AddressSpace;
 
         public HleProcessDebugger Debugger { get; private set; }
+        public IDebuggableProcess DebugInterface { get; private set; }
+        protected int debugState = (int)DebugState.Running;
 
         public KProcess(KernelContext context, bool allowCodeMemoryForJit = false) : base(context)
         {
@@ -110,6 +115,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Process
             _threads = new LinkedList<KThread>();
 
             Debugger = new HleProcessDebugger(this);
+            DebugInterface = new DebuggerInterface(this);
         }
 
         public Result InitializeKip(
@@ -680,6 +686,12 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Process
 
                 SetState(newState);
 
+                if (KernelContext.Device.Configuration.DebuggerSuspendOnStart && IsApplication)
+                {
+                    mainThread.Suspend(ThreadSchedState.ThreadPauseFlag);
+                    debugState = (int)DebugState.Stopped;
+                }
+
                 result = mainThread.Start();
 
                 if (result != Result.Success)
@@ -728,9 +740,19 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Process
 
         public IExecutionContext CreateExecutionContext()
         {
+            ExceptionCallback breakCallback = null;
+            ExceptionCallbackNoArgs stepCallback = null;
+
+            if (KernelContext.Device.Configuration.EnableGdbStub)
+            {
+                breakCallback = KernelContext.Device.Debugger.BreakHandler;
+                stepCallback = KernelContext.Device.Debugger.StepHandler;
+            }
+
             return Context?.CreateExecutionContext(new ExceptionCallbacks(
                 InterruptHandler,
-                null,
+                breakCallback,
+                stepCallback,
                 KernelContext.SyscallHandler.SvcCall,
                 UndefinedInstructionHandler));
         }
@@ -1175,5 +1197,154 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Process
         {
             return Capabilities.IsSvcPermitted(svcId);
         }
+
+        private class DebuggerInterface : IDebuggableProcess
+        {
+            private Barrier StepBarrier;
+            private readonly KProcess _parent;
+            private readonly KernelContext _kernelContext;
+            private KThread steppingThread;
+
+            public DebuggerInterface(KProcess p)
+            {
+                _parent = p;
+                _kernelContext = p.KernelContext;
+                StepBarrier = new(2);
+            }
+
+            public void DebugStop()
+            {
+                if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _parent.debugState, (int)DebugState.Stopping,
+                        (int)DebugState.Running) != (int)DebugState.Running)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                _kernelContext.CriticalSection.Enter();
+                lock (_parent._threadingLock)
+                {
+                    foreach (KThread thread in _parent._threads)
+                    {
+                        thread.Suspend(ThreadSchedState.ThreadPauseFlag);
+                        thread.Context.RequestInterrupt();
+                        thread.DebugHalt.WaitOne();
+                    }
+                }
+
+                _parent.debugState = (int)DebugState.Stopped;
+                _kernelContext.CriticalSection.Leave();
+            }
+
+            public void DebugContinue()
+            {
+                if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref _parent.debugState, (int)DebugState.Running,
+                        (int)DebugState.Stopped) != (int)DebugState.Stopped)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                _kernelContext.CriticalSection.Enter();
+                lock (_parent._threadingLock)
+                {
+                    foreach (KThread thread in _parent._threads)
+                    {
+                        thread.Resume(ThreadSchedState.ThreadPauseFlag);
+                    }
+                }
+                _kernelContext.CriticalSection.Leave();
+            }
+
+            public bool DebugStep(KThread target)
+            {
+                if (_parent.debugState != (int)DebugState.Stopped)
+                {
+                    return false;
+                }
+                _kernelContext.CriticalSection.Enter();
+                steppingThread = target;
+                bool waiting = target.MutexOwner != null || target.WaitingSync || target.WaitingInArbitration;
+                target.Context.RequestDebugStep();
+                if (waiting)
+                {
+                    lock (_parent._threadingLock)
+                    {
+                        foreach (KThread thread in _parent._threads)
+                        {
+                            thread.Resume(ThreadSchedState.ThreadPauseFlag);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    target.Resume(ThreadSchedState.ThreadPauseFlag);
+                }
+                _kernelContext.CriticalSection.Leave();
+
+                StepBarrier.SignalAndWait();
+
+                _kernelContext.CriticalSection.Enter();
+                steppingThread = null;
+                if (waiting)
+                {
+                    lock (_parent._threadingLock)
+                    {
+                        foreach (KThread thread in _parent._threads)
+                        {
+                            thread.Suspend(ThreadSchedState.ThreadPauseFlag);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    target.Suspend(ThreadSchedState.ThreadPauseFlag);
+                }
+                _kernelContext.CriticalSection.Leave();
+                StepBarrier.SignalAndWait();
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            public DebugState GetDebugState()
+            {
+                return (DebugState)_parent.debugState;
+            }
+
+            public ulong[] GetThreadUids()
+            {
+                lock (_parent._threadingLock)
+                {
+                    var threads = _parent._threads.Where(x => !x.TerminationRequested).ToArray();
+                    return threads.Select(x => x.ThreadUid).ToArray();
+                }
+            }
+
+            public KThread GetThread(ulong threadUid)
+            {
+                lock (_parent._threadingLock)
+                {
+                    var threads = _parent._threads.Where(x => !x.TerminationRequested).ToArray();
+                    return threads.FirstOrDefault(x => x.ThreadUid == threadUid);
+                }
+            }
+
+            public void DebugInterruptHandler(IExecutionContext ctx)
+            {
+                _kernelContext.CriticalSection.Enter();
+                bool stepping = steppingThread != null;
+                _kernelContext.CriticalSection.Leave();
+                if (stepping)
+                {
+                    StepBarrier.SignalAndWait();
+                    StepBarrier.SignalAndWait();
+                }
+                _parent.InterruptHandler(ctx);
+            }
+
+            public IVirtualMemoryManager CpuMemory { get { return _parent.CpuMemory; } }
+
+            public void InvalidateCacheRegion(ulong address, ulong size)
+            {
+                _parent.Context.InvalidateCacheRegion(address, size);
+            }
+        }
     }
 }

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Process/ProcessExecutionContext.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using ARMeilleure.State;
 using Ryujinx.Cpu;
+using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Process
 {
@@ -17,10 +18,14 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Process
 
         public bool IsAarch32 { get => false; set { } }
 
+        public ulong ThreadUid { get; set; }
+
         public bool Running { get; private set; } = true;
 
         private readonly ulong[] _x = new ulong[32];
 
+        public ulong DebugPc { get; set; }
+
         public ulong GetX(int index) => _x[index];
         public void SetX(int index, ulong value) => _x[index] = value;
 
@@ -31,6 +36,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Process
         {
         }
 
+        public void RequestDebugStep()
+        {
+        }
+
         public void StopRunning()
         {
             Running = false;

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Threading/KScheduler.cs

@@ -296,6 +296,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
 
             currentThread.SchedulerWaitEvent.Reset();
             currentThread.ThreadContext.Unlock();
+            currentThread.DebugHalt.Set();
 
             // Wake all the threads that might be waiting until this thread context is unlocked.
             for (int core = 0; core < CpuCoresCount; core++)

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Kernel/Threading/KThread.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 using Ryujinx.Common.Logging;
 using Ryujinx.Cpu;
+using Ryujinx.HLE.Debugger;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Common;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Process;
 using Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.SupervisorCall;
@@ -114,6 +115,8 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
 
         private readonly object _activityOperationLock = new();
 
+        internal readonly ManualResetEvent DebugHalt = new(false);
+
         public KThread(KernelContext context) : base(context)
         {
             WaitSyncObjects = new KSynchronizationObject[MaxWaitSyncObjects];
@@ -202,8 +205,10 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
             }
 
             Context.TpidrroEl0 = (long)_tlsAddress;
+            Context.DebugPc = _entrypoint;
 
             ThreadUid = KernelContext.NewThreadUid();
+            Context.ThreadUid = ThreadUid;
 
             HostThread.Name = customThreadStart != null ? $"HLE.OsThread.{ThreadUid}" : $"HLE.GuestThread.{ThreadUid}";
 
@@ -307,7 +312,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
         {
             KernelContext.CriticalSection.Enter();
 
-            if (Owner != null && Owner.PinnedThreads[KernelStatic.GetCurrentThread().CurrentCore] == this)
+            KThread currentThread = KernelStatic.GetCurrentThread();
+
+            if (Owner != null && currentThread != null && Owner.PinnedThreads[currentThread.CurrentCore] == this)
             {
                 Owner.UnpinThread(this);
             }
@@ -362,7 +369,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
         {
             ThreadSchedState state = PrepareForTermination();
 
-            if (state != ThreadSchedState.TerminationPending)
+            if (KernelStatic.GetCurrentThread() == this && state != ThreadSchedState.TerminationPending)
             {
                 KernelContext.Synchronization.WaitFor(new KSynchronizationObject[] { this }, -1, out _);
             }
@@ -1248,6 +1255,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Kernel.Threading
         private void ThreadStart()
         {
             _schedulerWaitEvent.WaitOne();
+            DebugHalt.Reset();
             KernelStatic.SetKernelContext(KernelContext, this);
 
             if (_customThreadStart != null)

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/SurfaceFlinger/Parcel.cs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.SurfaceFlinger
     {
         private readonly MemoryOwner<byte> _rawDataOwner;
 
-        private Span<byte> Raw => _rawDataOwner.Memory.Span;
+        private Span<byte> Raw => _rawDataOwner.Span;
 
         private ref ParcelHeader Header => ref MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, ParcelHeader>(Raw)[0];
 

src/Ryujinx.HLE/HOS/Services/SurfaceFlinger/SurfaceFlinger.cs

@@ -412,9 +412,9 @@ namespace Ryujinx.HLE.HOS.Services.SurfaceFlinger
 
             Format format = ConvertColorFormat(item.GraphicBuffer.Object.Buffer.Surfaces[0].ColorFormat);
 
-            int bytesPerPixel =
+            byte bytesPerPixel =
                 format == Format.B5G6R5Unorm ||
-                format == Format.R4G4B4A4Unorm ? 2 : 4;
+                format == Format.R4G4B4A4Unorm ? (byte)2 : (byte)4;
 
             int gobBlocksInY = 1 << item.GraphicBuffer.Object.Buffer.Surfaces[0].BlockHeightLog2;