auto PPU::Line::renderBackground(PPU::IO::Background& self, uint8 source) -> void {
  if(!self.aboveEnable && !self.belowEnable) return;
  if(self.tileMode == TileMode::Mode7) return renderMode7(self, source);
  if(self.tileMode == TileMode::Inactive) return;

  bool windowAbove[256];
  bool windowBelow[256];
  renderWindow(self.window, self.window.aboveEnable, windowAbove);
  renderWindow(self.window, self.window.belowEnable, windowBelow);

  bool hires = io.bgMode == 5 || io.bgMode == 6;
  bool offsetPerTileMode = io.bgMode == 2 || io.bgMode == 4 || io.bgMode == 6;
  bool directColorMode = io.col.directColor && source == Source::BG1 && (io.bgMode == 3 || io.bgMode == 4);
  uint colorShift = 3 + self.tileMode;
  int width = 256 << hires;

  uint tileHeight = 3 + self.tileSize;
  uint tileWidth = !hires ? tileHeight : 4;
  uint tileMask = 0x0fff >> self.tileMode;
  uint tiledataIndex = self.tiledataAddress >> 3 + self.tileMode;

  uint paletteBase = io.bgMode == 0 ? source << 5 : 0;
  uint paletteShift = 2 << self.tileMode;

  uint hscroll = self.hoffset;
  uint vscroll = self.voffset;
  uint hmask = (width << self.tileSize << !!(self.screenSize & 1)) - 1;
  uint vmask = (width << self.tileSize << !!(self.screenSize & 2)) - 1;

  uint y = this->y;

  if(hires) {
    hscroll <<= 1;
    if(io.interlace) y = y << 1 | (field() && !self.mosaicEnable);
  }
  if(self.mosaicEnable) {
    y -= (io.mosaic.size - io.mosaic.counter) << (hires && io.interlace);
  }

  uint mosaicCounter = 1;
  uint mosaicPalette = 0;
  uint8 mosaicPriority = 0;
  uint16 mosaicColor = 0;

  int x = 0 - (hscroll & 7);
  while(x < width) {
    uint hoffset = x + hscroll;
    uint voffset = y + vscroll;
    if(offsetPerTileMode) {
      uint validBit = 0x2000 << source;
      uint offsetX = x + (hscroll & 7);
      if(offsetX >= 8) {  //first column is exempt
        uint hlookup = getTile(io.bg3, (offsetX - 8) + (io.bg3.hoffset & ~7), io.bg3.voffset + 0);
        if(io.bgMode == 4) {
          if(hlookup & validBit) {
            if(!(hlookup & 0x8000)) {
              hoffset = offsetX + (hlookup & ~7);
            } else {
              voffset = y + hlookup;
            }
          }
        } else {
          uint vlookup = getTile(io.bg3, (offsetX - 8) + (io.bg3.hoffset & ~7), io.bg3.voffset + 8);
          if(hlookup & validBit) {
            hoffset = offsetX + (hlookup & ~7);
          }
          if(vlookup & validBit) {
            voffset = y + vlookup;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    hoffset &= hmask;
    voffset &= vmask;

    uint tileNumber = getTile(self, hoffset, voffset);
    uint mirrorY = tileNumber & 0x8000 ? 7 : 0;
    uint mirrorX = tileNumber & 0x4000 ? 7 : 0;
    uint8 tilePriority = self.priority_enabled[bool(tileNumber & 0x2000)] ? self.priority[bool(tileNumber & 0x2000)] : 0;
    uint paletteNumber = tileNumber >> 10 & 7;
    uint paletteIndex = paletteBase + (paletteNumber << paletteShift) & 0xff;

    if(tileWidth  == 4 && (bool(hoffset & 8) ^ bool(mirrorX))) tileNumber +=  1;
    if(tileHeight == 4 && (bool(voffset & 8) ^ bool(mirrorY))) tileNumber += 16;
    tileNumber = (tileNumber & 0x03ff) + tiledataIndex & tileMask;

    uint16 address;
    address = (tileNumber << colorShift) + (voffset & 7 ^ mirrorY) & 0x7fff;

    uint64 data;
    data  = (uint64)ppu.vram[address +  0] <<  0;
    data |= (uint64)ppu.vram[address +  8] << 16;
    data |= (uint64)ppu.vram[address + 16] << 32;
    data |= (uint64)ppu.vram[address + 24] << 48;

    for(uint tileX = 0; tileX < 8; tileX++, x++) {
      if(x & width) continue;  //x < 0 || x >= width
      if(--mosaicCounter == 0) {
        uint color, shift = mirrorX ? tileX : 7 - tileX;
      /*if(self.tileMode >= TileMode::BPP2)*/ {
          color  = data >> shift +  0 &   1;
          color += data >> shift +  7 &   2;
        }
        if(self.tileMode >= TileMode::BPP4) {
          color += data >> shift + 14 &   4;
          color += data >> shift + 21 &   8;
        }
        if(self.tileMode >= TileMode::BPP8) {
          color += data >> shift + 28 &  16;
          color += data >> shift + 35 &  32;
          color += data >> shift + 42 &  64;
          color += data >> shift + 49 & 128;
        }

        mosaicCounter = self.mosaicEnable ? io.mosaic.size << hires : 1;
        mosaicPalette = color;
        mosaicPriority = tilePriority;
        if(directColorMode) {
          mosaicColor = directColor(paletteNumber, mosaicPalette);
        } else {
          mosaicColor = cgram[paletteIndex + mosaicPalette];
        }
      }
      if(!mosaicPalette) continue;

      if(!hires) {
        if(self.aboveEnable && !windowAbove[x]) plotAbove(x, source, mosaicPriority, mosaicColor);
        if(self.belowEnable && !windowBelow[x]) plotBelow(x, source, mosaicPriority, mosaicColor);
      } else {
        uint X = x >> 1;
        if(!ppu.hd()) {
          if(x & 1) {
            if(self.aboveEnable && !windowAbove[X]) plotAbove(X, source, mosaicPriority, mosaicColor);
          } else {
            if(self.belowEnable && !windowBelow[X]) plotBelow(X, source, mosaicPriority, mosaicColor);
          }
        } else {
          if(self.aboveEnable && !windowAbove[X]) plotHD(above, X, source, mosaicPriority, mosaicColor, true, x & 1);
          if(self.belowEnable && !windowBelow[X]) plotHD(below, X, source, mosaicPriority, mosaicColor, true, x & 1);
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

auto PPU::Line::getTile(PPU::IO::Background& self, uint hoffset, uint voffset) -> uint {
  bool hires = io.bgMode == 5 || io.bgMode == 6;
  uint tileHeight = 3 + self.tileSize;
  uint tileWidth = !hires ? tileHeight : 4;
  uint screenX = self.screenSize & 1 ? 32 << 5 : 0;
  uint screenY = self.screenSize & 2 ? 32 << 5 + (self.screenSize & 1) : 0;
  uint tileX = hoffset >> tileWidth;
  uint tileY = voffset >> tileHeight;
  uint offset = (tileY & 0x1f) << 5 | (tileX & 0x1f);
  if(tileX & 0x20) offset += screenX;
  if(tileY & 0x20) offset += screenY;
  return ppu.vram[self.screenAddress + offset & 0x7fff];
}